EXPANSÃO MARÍTIMA (Grandes Navegações) - Resumo Desenhado

Summary

In this video, Professor Giovanni Bernier explores the Age of Maritime Expansion, also known as the Great Voyages or Commercial Expansion. Focusing on the 15th and 16th centuries, he explains how Portugal and Spain led the way in discovering new trade routes and territories for precious metals and spices. The video delves into the challenges of navigation, the importance of new technologies like the caravel, and the impact of national states. It also touches on colonialism, the spread of Christianity, and the darker side of this period, including the expansion of slavery. The video provides a rich overview of these transformative events in history.

Takeaways

• 😀 Maritime expansion, also known as great voyages or commercial expansion, refers to the process of European nations launching into the Atlantic Ocean for trade and exploration.
• 😀 The key countries involved in the great voyages were Portugal and Spain, which began their maritime expeditions to seek new trade routes and precious metals.
• 😀 European maritime trade was initially confined to the Mediterranean, but national states, particularly Portugal and Spain, formed during this period, pushing them to expand into the Atlantic.
• 😀 The primary motivations for maritime expansion were the search for new trade routes, the acquisition of precious metals, and the spread of Christianity.
• 😀 The dangers of these maritime voyages included the belief that the Earth was flat, fear of sea monsters, as well as real threats such as hunger, diseases like cholera and scurvy, and violent storms.
• 😀 Portugal and Spain’s geographical location in the Iberian Peninsula, between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, played a crucial role in their ability to engage in these long-distance voyages.
• 😀 The rise of national monarchies and the development of advanced navigation instruments, such as the compass and astrolabe, supported maritime expansion by preventing ships from getting lost at sea.
• 😀 The development of the caravel, a faster and more agile ship, enabled these countries to successfully navigate the Atlantic Ocean, changing maritime travel.
• 😀 A new mentality emerged during this era, with people learning that the Earth was not flat, the ocean was navigable, and cultures outside Europe existed.
• 😀 The great voyages laid the groundwork for colonialism, with Portugal and Spain establishing vast empires, and the expansion of the transatlantic slave trade, primarily for economic purposes.

Q & A

What are the three terms used to describe the same historical process in the video?

The three terms used to describe the same process are maritime expansion, great voyages, and commercial expansion.

Why was the Atlantic Ocean significant for European nations during the Age of Exploration?

The Atlantic Ocean was significant because it provided a route for European nations like Portugal and Spain to explore new trade routes and reach regions previously inaccessible due to the closure of land trade routes by the Turkish Empire.

What role did national states play in maritime expansion?

National states, particularly Portugal and Spain, played a crucial role in maritime expansion by having strong centralized governments, which supported and funded explorations to find new territories and trade routes.

What were the main objectives of Portugal and Spain during their maritime explorations?

The main objectives were to find new trade routes, extract precious metals, and spread Christianity to counteract the influence of Islam.

What were the dangers faced by explorers during the great voyages?

Explorers faced various dangers such as the fear of falling off the edge of the Earth, sea monsters, storms, hunger, disease (like cholera and scurvy), and the sinking of ships due to rough weather.

How did advancements in technology contribute to the success of maritime exploration?

Technological advancements, like the development of navigation tools such as the compass, astrolabe, and quadrant, along with innovations in ship design (like the caravel), made it possible for explorers to navigate the vast ocean and avoid getting lost.

What were the key features of the caravel that made it suitable for oceanic navigation?

The caravel was faster, more agile, and designed with triangular sails, allowing it to sail against the wind, making it ideal for navigating the Atlantic Ocean.

How did the closing of trade routes by the Turkish Empire impact European trade?

The closing of trade routes by the Turkish Empire forced European countries to search for new sea routes to the East in order to access valuable spices and goods, which were essential for trade.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and why was it significant?

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between the two countries. It played a significant role in shaping the colonial empires of both nations.

How did the Age of Exploration contribute to the rise of colonialism and slavery?

The Age of Exploration led to the establishment of European colonies in the Americas, which created a demand for labor. This resulted in the expansion of the transatlantic slave trade, as enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to work in the colonies.