Quantum Computing Expert Explains One Concept in 5 Levels of Difficulty | WIRED
Summary
TLDRIn this engaging script, Talia Gershon, a scientist at IBM Research, introduces quantum computing, a revolutionary approach to problem-solving. She explains the fundamental principles of superposition, entanglement, and interference, which enable quantum computers to perform complex calculations beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Gershon discusses the current state of quantum computing, its potential applications in fields like medicine and machine learning, and the challenges faced in scaling and error correction. The script also highlights the accessibility of quantum computers through the cloud and the ongoing exploration of their practical uses.
Takeaways
- 🌟 Quantum computing is a fundamentally new approach to computation that can potentially solve problems beyond the reach of classical computers.
- 💻 Classical computers use a binary system of zeros and ones to process information, while quantum computers use qubits that can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to quantum properties.
- 🔮 Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, forms the basis of quantum computing, allowing for the study and manipulation of very small, well-isolated, and cold particles.
- 🪙 The concept of superposition in quantum computing allows qubits to be in a state that is a combination of 0 and 1, unlike classical bits that are strictly 0 or 1.
- 🤝 Entanglement is another quantum property where two qubits become connected in such a way that the state of one immediately affects the state of the other, regardless of distance.
- 🧊 Quantum computers require extremely low temperatures to function, using devices like dilution refrigerators to cool the quantum chips and maintain quantum states.
- 🔬 Quantum computers are being explored for complex tasks such as simulating chemical bonds and accelerating machine learning processes, which are challenging for classical computers.
- 🛠️ The development of quantum computing involves creating new layers of abstraction and programming languages to make it accessible for programmers.
- 🔄 Quantum error correction and achieving fault tolerance are significant challenges in the field, as quantum systems are highly sensitive to environmental disturbances.
- 🚀 Quantum computing is still in its early stages, with the current state of the technology being compared to the early days of classical computing with vacuum tubes or transistors.
- 🔒 While quantum computers have the potential to break certain encryption methods, this is not an immediate concern, and there are alternative encryption schemes that are not based on factoring.
Q & A
What is quantum computing?
-Quantum computing is a type of computing that uses quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. It has the potential to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers.
What makes quantum computers different from classical computers?
-Quantum computers differ from classical computers in that they use qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition) and can be entangled with each other, allowing for a fundamentally different approach to solving problems.
What is the significance of the term 'superposition' in quantum computing?
-Superposition is a quantum property where a quantum bit (qubit) can be in a combination of states at the same time, unlike classical bits which are either 0 or 1. This allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of possibilities simultaneously.
Can you explain the concept of 'entanglement' in quantum computing?
-Entanglement is a quantum phenomenon where two or more qubits become interconnected in such a way that the state of one qubit can instantly affect the state of another, regardless of the distance between them. This property is key to quantum computing's power for certain tasks.
What is the role of a dilution refrigerator in quantum computing?
-A dilution refrigerator is used to cool quantum chips to extremely low temperatures, which is necessary to maintain the quantum states of qubits and prevent them from losing their quantum properties due to environmental interference.
How does quantum computing address the issue of 'running out of space' in classical computing?
-Quantum computing can handle problems that may cause classical computers to 'run out of space' by using qubits that can represent multiple states simultaneously, thus offering a much larger computational space for complex problems.
What are some potential applications of quantum computing?
-Potential applications of quantum computing include simulating chemical bonding for drug discovery, accelerating machine learning algorithms, and potentially breaking encryption algorithms like RSA, although this is still far from current capabilities.
How can one access quantum computers if they are not yet widely available?
-Quantum computers can be accessed through the cloud, where several quantum computers are available for free to anyone around the world, allowing users to experiment with and learn about quantum computing.
What is the current state of quantum computing in terms of qubit count and stability?
-As of the script's recording, quantum computers have around 50 qubits, which is a significant achievement. However, they are still prone to errors and decoherence, limiting the duration for which quantum information can be maintained.
What are some of the challenges faced in developing quantum computers?
-Challenges in developing quantum computers include maintaining quantum coherence, error correction, scaling up the number of qubits, and creating algorithms that can take advantage of quantum computing's unique properties.
How can someone get involved in the field of quantum computing?
-Individuals can get involved in quantum computing by learning about it, experimenting with available quantum computers through the cloud, and considering research or development opportunities in academia or industry.
Outlines
🚀 Introduction to Quantum Computing
Talia Gershon, a scientist at IBM Research, introduces the concept of quantum computing, a revolutionary approach to computation that operates fundamentally differently from classical computing. She aims to explain quantum computing at various complexity levels, hoping to make the audience understand this new technology. The video uses the analogy of a 'chandelier' to describe a quantum computer, highlighting its uniqueness and the fact that it calculates using a different set of rules. The script also humorously compares binary computation to flipping a coin, emphasizing the quantum computer's ability to exist in a superposition of states, unlike classical computers that operate in a binary state of 0 or 1.
🌐 Quantum Properties: Superposition and Entanglement
This paragraph delves into the quantum properties of superposition and entanglement. Superposition is explained using the spinning penny analogy, illustrating how a quantum object can exist in a combination of states simultaneously. Entanglement is introduced as a phenomenon where two quantum objects become interconnected, such that the state of one instantly influences the state of the other, regardless of the distance separating them. The script discusses the practical applications of these properties in quantum computing, such as simulating chemical bonds and the potential for quantum computers to tackle complex problems that are currently intractable for classical computers.
❄️ The Challenge of Quantum State Manipulation
The script explains the technical challenges of maintaining quantum states, such as superposition and entanglement, which require extremely cold conditions to prevent decoherence. It describes the use of a dilution refrigerator to cool quantum chips to near absolute zero temperatures. The paragraph also touches on the potential applications of quantum computers in various fields, including accelerating machine learning algorithms and simulating nature for scientific discovery. It emphasizes the need for new algorithms tailored for quantum computing and the current limitations of quantum hardware, such as the small number of qubits available for use.
🔍 Quantum Computing Research and Future Prospects
This section discusses the ongoing research in quantum computing, focusing on quantum error correction and the quest for fault tolerance. It addresses the myths and misconceptions surrounding quantum computing, such as the belief that quantum computers will quickly solve complex global issues or break encryption systems. The script highlights the early stage of quantum computing development, comparing it to the early days of classical computing with vacuum tubes and transistors. It also emphasizes the importance of building layers of abstraction to make quantum computing more accessible to programmers and the potential for quantum computers to discover new applications as they become more widely available.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Quantum Computing
💡Superposition
💡Entanglement
💡Qubit
💡Quantum Mechanics
💡Dilution Refrigerator
💡Decoherence
💡Quantum Algorithms
💡Fault Tolerance
💡Quantum Error Correction
💡Quantum Cryptography
Highlights
Quantum computing is a fundamentally new approach to computation, offering the potential to solve problems that are currently unsolvable.
Quantum computers use the principles of quantum mechanics to process information differently than traditional computers.
The concept of superposition allows quantum bits (qubits) to exist in multiple states simultaneously, unlike classical bits which are either 0 or 1.
Entanglement is another quantum property where particles become interconnected, affecting each other's state regardless of distance.
Quantum computers operate at extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero, to maintain quantum states and prevent decoherence.
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize fields such as medicine, materials science, and cryptography.
Current quantum computers are in the early stages of development, comparable to the vacuum tube or transistor era of classical computing.
Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm for factoring and Grover's algorithm for search, have been developed but require fault-tolerant quantum computers to be practical.
Quantum error correction is a significant challenge, aiming to create nearly perfect computations from many imperfect quantum components.
Quantum computers are not expected to replace classical computers but to complement them by accelerating specific complex tasks.
Researchers are working on building abstraction layers for quantum computing, making it more accessible to programmers.
Quantum computers can be accessed via the cloud, allowing researchers and enthusiasts worldwide to experiment with them.
Quantum mechanics could enhance privacy through provably secure communication channels based on the laws of physics.
Quantum computing is expected to play a significant role in advancing machine learning and artificial intelligence.
The development of quantum computers involves interdisciplinary collaboration, including physicists, computer scientists, and engineers.
Quantum computing is still in its infancy, with many unknowns and potential applications yet to be discovered.
The field of quantum computing is characterized by a mix of theoretical work, experimental research, and practical applications.
Public misconceptions about quantum computing include the belief that it will quickly solve major global issues or break encryption systems imminently.
Transcripts
hi my name is talia gershon and i'm a
scientist at ibm research today i've
been challenged to explain a topic with
five levels of increasing complexity
it's a completely different kind of
computing called quantum computing
quantum computers approach solving
problems in a fundamentally new way and
we hope that by taking this new approach
to computation we'll be able to start
exploring some problems that we could
never solve any other way hopefully by
the end of today everyone can leave this
discussion understanding quantum
computing at some level
[Music]
what's this yeah what do you think that
is fancy chandelier i think so too we
jokingly call it the chandelier
that's real gold you know
this is a quantum computer
it's a clunt
it's a really special kind of computer
what does it do it calculates things but
in a totally different way to how your
computer calculates things
what do you think this is
a yeah do you know what your computer
thinks that is
zero one
this really specific combination of
zeros and ones everything that your
computer does showing you pink panther
videos on youtube
calculating things searching the
internet it does all of that with a
really specific combination of zeros and
ones which is crazy right that would be
like saying your computer only
understands these quarters for each
quarter you need to tell it that you're
going to use heads tails
and you assign it heads or tails so i
can switch between heads and tails and i
can switch the zeros and ones in my
computer so that it represents what i
wanted to represent like an a and with
quantum computers
we have new rules we get to use too
we can actually spin one of our quarters
so it doesn't have to choose just one or
the other can computers help you with um
your homework your really hard homework
yeah they can especially if doing your
homework involves calculating something
or finding information but what if your
homework was to discover something
totally new
a lot of those discovery questions are
much harder to solve using the computers
we have today so the reason we're
building these kinds of computers is
because we think that maybe one day
they're going to do a lot of really
important things like help us understand
nature better maybe help us create new
medicines to help people
what's your favorite kind of computer
smartphone tablet regular laptop pc i've
got to go with my iphone so what do you
do with your iphone social media
um
use it for your studying have you ever
run out of space on your iphone all the
time me too yeah always when i'm trying
to take a photo so did you know that
there's certain kinds of problems that
computers sort of run out of space
almost like you're trying to solve the
problem and just like how you run out of
space on your iphone when you're trying
to take a picture if you're trying to
solve the problem you just run out of
space
and even if you have the world's biggest
supercomputer did you know that can
still happen
wow so my team is working on building
new kinds of computers all together ones
that operate by totally different set of
rules so do you know what that is i have
no glue
it's a quantum computer
a what
you ever heard of a quantum computer i
haven't have you ever heard of the word
quantum no okay so quantum mechanics is
a branch of science just like any other
branch of science it's a branch of
physics it's the study of things that
are either really really small really
really well isolated and really really
cold and this particular branch of
science is something we're using to
totally reimagine how computing works so
we're building totally new kinds of
computers based on the laws of quantum
mechanics that's what a quantum computer
is huh i'm going to start by telling you
about something called superposition so
i'm going to explain it using this giant
penny
wow is that like worth 100 pennies i
don't know what it's worth but uh i can
put it face up right in that heads i can
put it face down right so at any given
time point in time if i ask you
is my penny heads or tails probably you
could answer it right yeah okay but what
if i spin the penny
hmm so let's do it
okay so while it's spinning is it heads
or tails
head
while it's spinning
oh it i would know
it's sort of it's sort of a combination
of heads and tails right would you say
so superposition is this idea that my
penny is not just either heads or tails
it's in this state which is a
combination of heads and tails this
quantum property is something that we
can have in real real physical objects
in the world so that's super position
and the second thing that we'll talk
about is called entanglement so now i'm
going to give you a penny
wow
when we use the word entangled in
everyday language
what do we mean that something's
intertwined or exactly that there's two
things that are connected in some way
and usually we can separate them again
yeah your hair is tangled or whatever
you can you can untangle it right yeah
but in the quantum world when we
entangle things they're really now
connected it's much much harder to
separate them again so using the same
analogy we spin our pennies and
eventually
eventually they both stop
right and when they stop it's either
heads or tails right so in my case i got
tails and you got heads you see how
they're totally disconnected from each
other right our pennies in the real
world now if our pennies were entangled
and we both spun them together
right
when we stopped them if you measured
your penny to be ahead i would measure
my penny to be ahead and if you measured
your penny to be a tails i would measure
my opinion to be a tails if we measured
it at exactly the same time we would
still find that they were both exactly
correlated that's crazy that's so cool
right oh my god the way that we are able
to actually see these quantum properties
is by making our quantum chips really
really cold so that's what this is all
about actually this is called a dilution
refrigerator and it's a refrigerator it
doesn't look like a normal refrigerator
right but it's something that we use
actually there's usually a case around
it to cool our quantum chips down cold
enough that we can create superpositions
and we can entangle qubits and the
information isn't lost to the
environment like what could those chips
be used to do so one of the things that
we're trying to use quantum computers to
do is simulating chemical bonding use a
quantum system to model a quantum system
yeah i mean i'm definitely going to
impress all my friends when i tell them
about this they're going to be like
quantum what
so what do you think that thing is
is it some sort of conjecture circuit
that is a really good guess there's
parts of that that are definitely about
conducting this is the inside of a
quantum computer
oh wow
yeah this whole infrastructure is all
about creating levels that get
progressively colder as you go from top
to bottom down to the quantum chip which
is how we actually control the state of
the cupids oh wow so when you say cold
or you mean like physically colder yeah
like physically colder so room
temperature is 300 kelvin as you get
down all the way to the bottom of the
fridge it's at 10 milli kelvin oh wow
yeah amanda what do you study so i'm
studying computer science currently a
sophomore and the track that i'm in is
the intelligent systems track machine
learning artificial intelligence you
ever heard of quantum computing from my
understanding with a quantum computer
rather than using transistors is using
spins you can have superposition of
spins so different states
more combinations means more memory so
that's pretty good so you mentioned
superposition but you can also use other
quantum properties like entanglement
have you heard of entanglement i have
not okay so it's this idea that you have
two objects and when you entangle them
together they become connected
and then they're sort of permanently
connected to each other and they behave
in ways that are sort of a system now so
superposition is one quantum property
that we use entanglement is another
quantum property and a third is
interference how much you know about
interference
um not much okay so how do
noise-canceling headphones work um they
read like wave like ambient wavelengths
and then produce like the opposite one
to cancel out they create interference
so you can have constructive
interference and you can have
destructive interference we have
constructive interference you have
amplitudes wave amplitudes that add
until the signal gets larger and if you
have destructive interference the
amplitudes cancel by using a property
like
interference we can control quantum
states and amplify the kinds of signals
that are towards the right answer and
then cancel the types of signals that
are leading to the wrong answer so given
that you know that we're trying to use
superposition entanglement and
interference for computation how do you
think we build these computers
i have no idea so step one is you need
to be able to have an object or physical
device we call it a qubit or quantum bit
that can actually handle those things
can actually be put into superpositions
of states you know two cubit states that
you can physically entangle with each
other that's not really trivial right
and things in our classical world you
can't really entangle things in our
classical world so easily we need to use
devices where they can they can support
a quantum state and we can manipulate
that quantum state atoms ions and in our
case superconducting qubits we make
qubits out of superconducting materials
but as like a programmer how would
quantum computing affect a different way
of writing a program it's a perfect
question i mean it's very early for
quantum computing but we're building
assembly languages we're building layers
of abstraction that are going to get you
to a point as a programmer where you can
interchangeably be programming something
the way that you already do
and then make calls to a quantum
computer so that you can bring it in
when it makes sense we're not
envisioning quantum computers completely
replacing classical computers anytime
soon we think that quantum computing is
going to be used to accelerate the kinds
of things that are really hard for for
classical machines so what exactly are
some of those problems
simulating nature is something that's
really hard because if you take
something like you know modeling atomic
bonding and electronic orbital overlap
instead of now writing out a giant
summation over many terms you try and
actually mimic the system you're trying
to simulate directly on a quantum
computer which we can do for chemistry
and uh we're looking at ways of doing
that for other types of things there's a
lot of exciting research right now on
machine learning trying to use quantum
systems to accelerate machine learning
problems so would it be like in five
years or ten years that i would be able
to have like one of these sitting in my
laptop just in my dorm i don't think
you're going to have one in your dorm
room anytime soon but you'll have access
to one there's three free quantum
computers that are all sitting in this
lab here that anyone in the world can
access through the cloud okay so quantum
computing creates new possibilities and
new ways to approach problems that
classical computers have difficulty
doing couldn't have said it better
myself
so i'm a first year master's student and
i'm studying machine learning so it's in
the computer science department but it
mixes computer science with math and
probability and statistics so have you
come upon sort of any limits to machine
learning certainly depending on the
complexity of your model uh then
computational speed is one thing i have
colleagues here that tell me it can take
up to weeks to train certain neural
networks right sure yeah and actually
machine learning is one research
direction where we're really hoping that
we're going to find um key parts of the
machine learning computation that can be
sped up using quantum computing yeah
it's exciting so in a classical computer
you know you have all sorts of logical
gates that perform operations and they
change an input to some sort of output
but
i guess it's not immediately obvious how
you do that with quantum computers if
you think about even just classical
information like bits right at the end
of the day when you store a bit in your
hard drive there's a
magnetic domain and you have a magnetic
polarization right sure you can change
the magnetization to be pointing up or
pointing down right quantum systems
we're still manipulating
a device and changing the quantum state
of that of that device you can imagine
if it's a spin that you could have spin
up and spin down but you can also
if you isolate it enough you can have a
superposition of up and down sure so
what we do when we try to solve problems
with a quantum computer is we encode
parts of the problem we're trying to
solve into a complex quantum state and
then we manipulate that state to drive
it towards what will eventually
represent the solution so how do we
actually uh encode it to start with yeah
that's a really good question this
actually is a model of the inside of one
of our quantum computers okay so you
need a chip with qubits each qubit is a
carrier of quantum information and the
way we control the state of that qubit
is using microwave pulses you send them
all the way down these cables and we've
calibrated these microwave pulses so
that we know exactly this kind of pulse
what this frequency and this duration
will put the cupid into superposition or
we'll flip the state of the qubit from
zero to one or if we apply a microwave
pulse between two qubits we can entangle
them how do we measure yes exactly also
through microwave signals okay the key
is to come up with algorithms where the
result is deterministic interesting so
what do those algorithms look like
there's sort of two main classes of
quantum algorithms there's algorithms
which were developed for decades right
things like shore's algorithm which is
for factoring grover's algorithm for
unstructured search and these algorithms
were designed assuming that you had a
perfect fault tolerant quantum computer
which is many decades away so we're
currently in a phase where we're
exploring what can we do with these
near-term quantum computers and the
answer is going to be well we need
different kinds of algorithms to really
even explore that question yeah
certainly having a search algorithm is
very useful um factoring those are
definitely useful things that i would
imagine could be done a lot faster on a
quantum computer yeah they also
unfortunately require fault tolerance
right now the algorithms that we know of
today to do those things um on a quantum
computer require you to have millions of
error-corrected qubits today we're at
like 50.
it's actually amazing that we're at 50.
there's things that we know or we have
strong reason to believe um are going to
be faster to do on a quantum computer
and then there's things that we'll
discover just by virtue of having one
sure how could someone like me who's a
grad student get involved in this or
what kinds of challenges are you facing
that someone like me could help out with
i'm glad you're interested
i think the place where lots of people
can get involved right now is by going
and trying it out and thinking about
what they could do with it there's a lot
of opportunity to find these near-term
applications that are only going to be
found by trying things out
i'm a theoretical physicist i started
out in condensed matter theory
theory that studies
superconductors and magnets and i had to
learn
a new field of quantum optics and apply
those ideas one of the nice things about
being a theorist is you get to keep
learning new things so steve tell me
about your research and the work you've
been doing in quantum computing my main
focus right now is quantum error
correction and trying to understand this
concept of fault tolerance which
everybody thinks they know it when they
see it but nobody in the quantum case
can precisely
define it it's something that we've
already figured out for classical
computing like something that amazes me
is all the parallels between what we're
going through now for quantum computing
and what we went through for classical
computing i was asking a computer
scientist recently where to read about
fault tolerance in classical computing
he said oh they don't teach that in
computer science classes anymore because
the hardware has become so reliable in a
quantum system when you look at it or
make measurements it it can change in a
way that's beyond your control we have
the following task build a nearly
perfect computer out of a whole bunch of
imperfect parts
common myth
how many qubits do you have that's the
only thing that matters like just add
more qubits what's the big deal pattern
them on your chip the great power of a
quantum computer is also its achilles
heel that it's very very sensitive to
perturbations and noise and
environmental effects you're just
multiplying your problems if all you're
doing is adding uh exactly so i think
something that frustrates a lot of
people about quantum computing is the
concept of decoherence right you can
only keep your information quantum for
so long right and that limits how many
operations you can do in a row before
you lose your information that's
the challenge i would say as much
progress as we've made it's a
frustration to still be facing it let's
talk about some of the things we think
need to happen between now and fully
fault tolerant quantum computers to get
us to that reality i mean there's so
many things that need to happen in my
mind one of the things we need to do is
build all these different layers of
abstraction that make it easier for
programmers to come in and just enter at
the ground level you know yeah exactly
so i think there's going to be a kind of
co-evolution
of the hardware
and the software up here and the sort of
middleware and the whole stack another
common myth in the next five years
quantum computing will solve climate
change cancer
[Laughter]
right in the next five years there'll be
tremendous progress in the field but
people really have to understand that
we're either at the vacuum tube or
transistor stage we're trying to invent
the integrated circuit and scale up it's
still very very very early in the
development of the field one last myth i
think we should bust steve quantum
computers are on the verge of breaking
into your bank account and breaking
encryption and creative cryptography
there does exist an algorithm shores
algorithm which
has been proven mathematically
that if you had a large enough quantum
computer
you could
find the prime factors of large numbers
the basis of the rsa encryption it's the
most commonly used thing
on the internet first we're far away
from
being able to have a quantum computer
big enough to execute schwarz algorithm
on that scale second
there are plenty of other encryption
schemes that don't use factoring and i
don't think anybody has to be concerned
at the moment and in the end quantum
mechanics goes to the side of privacy
enhancement if you have a quantum
communication channel you can
encode information and send it through
there and
it's
provably secure based on
the laws of physics you know now that
everybody around the world can access a
quantum computer through the cloud
people are doing all kinds of cool
things they're building games we've seen
the emergence of quantum gains right
what do you think people want to do with
them i have no idea what people are
going to
end up using them for i mean if you had
gone back
30 years and handed somebody an iphone
they would have called you a wizard so
things are going to happen that we just
can't foresee
so i hope you enjoyed that foray into
the field of quantum computing i know
i've personally enjoyed getting to see
quantum computing through other people's
eyes coming at it from all these
different levels this is such an
exciting time in the history of quantum
computing only in the last couple years
have real quantum computers become
available to everyone around the world
this is the beginning of a many decade
adventure where we'll discover so many
things about quantum computing and what
it will do we don't even know all the
amazing things it's going to do and to
me that's the most exciting part
[Music]
you
関連する他のビデオを見る
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-UlxHPIEVqA/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEXCJADEOABSFryq4qpAwkIARUAAIhCGAE=&rs=AOn4CLDI1xuPJR0_198USuUgvKQb12SJtA)
The Map of Quantum Computing - Quantum Computing Explained
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/X8MZWCGgIb8/hq720.jpg)
Quantum Computing In 5 Minutes | Quantum Computing Explained | Quantum Computer | Simplilearn
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Jx7IuJMYtJM/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEXCJADEOABSFryq4qpAwkIARUAAIhCGAE=&rs=AOn4CLBpr-9D4iusqWbxbDTi6MGjpUenEg)
How to program a quantum computer using Qiskit
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fkAAbXPEAtU/hq720.jpg)
Quantum Entanglement: Explained in REALLY SIMPLE Words
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LPHEvmBxEjs/hq720.jpg)
Quantum Computing Will Be Bigger Than AI! What You Need To Know!
![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2-XcjIzZgnE/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEmCIAKENAF8quKqQMa8AEB-AH-CYAC0AWKAgwIABABGHIgTCg6MA8=&rs=AOn4CLCPl586VyeYJhGZ8vXdR9t1rjJvPg)
すごすぎて世界中の量子研究者がドン引き。2023年末に起きた量子コンピュータのブレイクスルーとは。
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)