Perkembangan dan Penyebaran Islam di Indonesia: Kerajaan Mataram dan Banten | Part 5

Summary

This video provides an in-depth exploration of the spread of Islam in Indonesia, focusing particularly on the rise and fall of the Islamic Sultanates, such as Mataram and Banten. It covers key events, such as Sultan Agung's military campaigns, the internal conflicts within Mataram, and the eventual division of the kingdom after the Treaty of Giyanti. The video also discusses the economic and political significance of Banten as a trading hub. By examining the strategic shifts and key figures in these Sultanates, the video sheds light on the complex history of Islamic governance in Java.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Mataram Islamic Sultanate, founded by Panembahan Senopati, was a key Islamic kingdom in Java, separate from the Hindu-Buddhist Mataram Kingdom.
• 😀 Sultan Agung is considered the greatest ruler of Mataram Islamic due to his expansion efforts, including conquering the Blambangan region (now Banyuwangi).
• 😀 The introduction of the Javanese calendar, a blend of the Islamic Hijri and Hindu-Buddhist Saka calendars, was a significant contribution from Sultan Agung's reign.
• 😀 Sultan Agung also left behind literary works such as 'gending' literature, showcasing the cultural impact of his rule.
• 😀 Sultan Agung's military efforts to capture Batavia (1628-1629) failed due to lack of resources, as VOC forces burned Mataram's food supplies.
• 😀 After Sultan Agung's death, his son Amangkurat I allied with the VOC, leading to internal strife in the Mataram Sultanate, including the Trunojoyo rebellion.
• 😀 Amangkurat II's reign saw the capital moved from Kotagede to Kartasura, and later to Surakarta under the influence of VOC control.
• 😀 Amangkurat III's opposition to VOC resulted in his exile, leading to the elevation of Pakubuwono I, who sided with the VOC.
• 😀 The final split of Mataram occurred with the 1755 Giyanti Agreement, dividing the kingdom into Yogyakarta and Surakarta, with Hamengkubuwono I and Pakubuwono III as respective rulers.
• 😀 The Salatiga Agreement of 1757 further divided Surakarta into two regions, with Raden Mas Said (later Mangkunegara I) becoming the ruler of Mangkunegara, signaling the decline of the Mataram Sultanate.
• 😀 The Banten Sultanate, founded by Maulana Hasanuddin, was strategically important for trade, especially after the VOC arrived in the region. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa expanded its influence significantly.
• 😀 Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's internal conflict with his son, Pangeran Haji, who sided with the VOC, led to a civil war, eventually resulting in Sultan Ageng's defeat and the rise of Pangeran Haji as Sultan Haji.
• 😀 The Banten Sultanate was absorbed into Dutch colonial rule in 1808 under Daendels, and later dissolved by Raffles in 1813, marking its end as an independent kingdom.

Q & A

What was the initial relationship between Mataram and the Sultanate of Pajang?

Mataram was initially part of the Sultanate of Pajang after the death of Aryo Penangsang, with Panembahan Senopati being appointed as the Adipati (Duke) of Mataram under the rule of Hadiwijaya, the Sultan of Pajang.

What led to Mataram becoming an independent kingdom?

After the death of Joko Tingkir (Hadiwijaya), Panembahan Senopati declared Mataram as an independent Sultanate, breaking away from the Sultanate of Pajang.

Who is considered the greatest king of the Mataram Sultanate and why?

Sultan Agung is considered the greatest king of the Mataram Sultanate due to his military successes, including the expansion of Mataram's territory, the creation of the Javanese calendar, and his attempts to conquer Batavia, though the latter ultimately failed.

What were the reasons behind the failure of Sultan Agung's attacks on Batavia?

The attacks failed primarily because the VOC destroyed food supplies for the Mataram forces, leaving them without sufficient logistics to continue the siege.

How did the relationship between Mataram and the VOC change during the reign of Amangkurat I?

Amangkurat I aligned himself with the VOC, which led to internal turmoil within the Mataram Sultanate, including a rebellion led by Trunojoyo.

What was the outcome of the rebellion led by Trunojoyo?

Trunojoyo initially gained control over Mataram, forcing Amangkurat I to retreat. However, Amangkurat II, his successor, eventually sought VOC's help, which led to the defeat of Trunojoyo.

How did Amangkurat II impact Mataram's capital cities?

Amangkurat II moved the capital of Mataram from Kotagede to Kartasura, and later, Mataram became known as Kasunanan Kartasura after the move.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Giyanti in 1755?

The Treaty of Giyanti in 1755 divided the Mataram Sultanate into two regions: Yogyakarta, which was handed to Pangeran Mangkubumi, and Surakarta, which remained under Pakubuwono III. This division effectively marked the decline of Mataram as a unified kingdom.

What triggered the division of Surakarta in the Treaty of Salatiga in 1757?

The Treaty of Salatiga in 1757 divided Surakarta into two parts, one governed by Pakubuwono III and the other by Mangkunegara, a new title for Raden Mas Said, who became the first Adipati Mangkunegara.

What led to the fall of the Banten Sultanate?

The Banten Sultanate fell after Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's defeat by his son, Pangeran Haji, who was supported by the VOC. This led to the eventual incorporation of Banten into Dutch colonial rule by 1813.