El CUBISMO explicado: características, etapas, autores y obras🎨
Summary
TLDREl Cubismo es un movimiento artístico nacido en Francia en 1907, caracterizado por técnicas pictóricas innovadoras que mostraban múltiples puntos de vista de la realidad y el uso de figuras geométricas. Se alejó de la representación tradicional, buscando una percepción mental del objeto. Influenciado por esculturas africanas y el pensamiento científico, Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque lo crearon. Cubismo se desarrolló en etapas como el Analítico y el Sintético, con artistas como Juan Gris y Fernand Léger contribuyendo a su evolución. Este movimiento fue fundamental para futurismo, surrealismo y técnicas abstractas, cambiando la historia del arte y ofreciendo nuevas perspectivas en la pintura.
Takeaways
- 🎨 El Cubismo es un movimiento artístico nacido en Francia en 1907, caracterizado por la representación de múltiples puntos de vista y el uso de figuras geométricas como el círculo, cilindro y cubo.
- 🖌️ Los pintores cubistas, como Picasso y Braque, rechazaban definir completamente las figuras en sus obras, lo que a menudo hace que las pinturas sean difíciles de entender.
- 👤 Picasso's 'Mujer con un mandolín' (1910) es un ejemplo famoso del Cubismo, mostrando partes del cuerpo de una mujer desde ángulos diferentes.
- 🤔 El Cubismo se basó en un ejercicio mental, donde los artistas representaban objetos no como eran, sino como los imaginaban.
- 🔑 El término 'Cubismo' fue creado por Louis Vauxcelles inicialmente como una crítica, pero el movimiento fue fundamental para el surgimiento del futurismo, el surrealismo y otras técnicas abstractas.
- 🌟 Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque fueron los principales iniciadores del Cubismo, influenciados por la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico de Einstein.
- 🖼️ Las obras de Picasso en el Cubismo se caracterizan por colores neutros y representaciones innovadoras de seres y elementos tradicionales.
- 🌈 Braque, en contraste con Picasso, utilizó colores vibrantes en sus pinturas cubistas, buscando dar profundidad a través del color.
- 🔍 Los Cubistas exploraron formas abiertas, mostrando objetos desde varios ángulos y mezclando el primer y el fondo de la obra.
- 📚 Cubismo estuvo dividido en etapas: Primitivo (1907-1909), Analítico (1910-1912) y Sintético (1913-1914), cada una con sus propias características y avances.
- 👥 Además de Picasso y Braque, otros artistas como Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Louis Marcoussis y Albert Gleizes contribuyeron significativamente al desarrollo del Cubismo.
Q & A
¿Cuándo nació el movimiento del Cubismo en Francia?
-El movimiento del Cubismo nació en Francia en 1907.
¿Qué elementos caracterizan las técnicas pictóricas del Cubismo?
-Las técnicas pictóricas del Cubismo se caracterizan por el uso de nuevas perspectivas de la realidad y la utilización de figuras geométricas como el círculo, el cilindro y el cubo.
¿Por qué a veces las pinturas cubistas pueden ser difíciles de entender?
-Las pinturas cubistas pueden ser difíciles de entender porque los artistas se negaban a crear obras donde las figuras estuvieran completamente definidas, y buscaban mostrar objetos desde múltiples puntos de vista.
¿Cómo se puede entender una obra como 'Niña con un mandolín' de Pablo Picasso?
-Para entender una obra como 'Niña con un mandolín', se debe mirar cada pieza por separado y luego organizarlas como un todo, considerando que algunas partes del cuerpo de la mujer están en perfil mientras que otras están desde la frente.
¿Cómo se relaciona el Cubismo con el desarrollo de ideas modernas?
-El Cubismo se relaciona con el desarrollo de ideas modernas porque los artistas no representaban objetos como eran o como parecían, sino como los imaginaban, lo que reflejaba un cambio en la percepción artística y la valoración de la creatividad.
¿Quién creó el término 'Cubismo' y en qué contexto?
-Louis Vauxcelles creó el término 'Cubismo' al principio del siglo XX para nombrar aquellas pinturas que consideraba inferiores, ya que decía que los artistas de este movimiento solo dibujaban cubos deformes.
¿Cómo influyó el Cubismo en otros movimientos artísticos posteriores?
-El Cubismo fue esencial para el surgimiento del futurismo, el surrealismo y otras técnicas abstractas, al cambiar la forma en que se entendía la representación artística.
¿Cuáles fueron las influencias clave en el nacimiento del Cubismo?
-El Cubismo nació con la intención de que los pintores no imitaran la naturaleza, y para su nacimiento fue importante la influencia de la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico, especialmente la teoría de Albert Einstein sobre la percepción de colores, movimientos y formas.
¿Qué pintores fueron los iniciadores del Cubismo?
-Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque fueron los iniciadores del Cubismo, decidiendo diseñar obras que se ajustaran a la nueva realidad.
¿Cómo se caracterizan las obras de Georges Braque en comparación con las de Picasso?
-Las obras de Georges Braque se caracterizan por ser muy coloridas, utilizando tonos como el amarillo, el verde y el rojo oscuro, y buscaban dar profundidad a las obras a través del color, contrastando tonos brillantes con tonos neutros.
¿Qué representaba el Cubismo en términos de la percepción del espacio y el tiempo?
-El Cubismo representaba una respuesta a la experiencia cambiante del espacio, el movimiento y el tiempo en el mundo moderno, explorando formas abiertas, fusionando primer y segundo plano y mostrando objetos desde varios ángulos.
¿Cuáles fueron las fases del Cubismo y cuáles son sus características?
-El Cubismo estuvo dividido en fases como el Primitivo Cubismo (1907-1909), caracterizado por el uso de colores neutros y la representación de objetos y personas; el Analítico Cubismo (1910-1912), también conocido como Hermetic Cubism, donde los artistas analizaban eventos cotidianos de manera fragmentada; y el Sintético Cubismo (1913-1914), donde se incluyó el collage y se utilizó una variedad de materiales para dar textura a las pinturas.
¿Qué artistas, además de Picasso y Braque, destacaron en el Cubismo?
-Además de Picasso y Braque, artistas como Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Louis Marcoussis, Albert Gleizes y Diego Rivera destacaron en el Cubismo, aportando sus propias técnicas y estilos al movimiento.
¿Cómo se diferenciaba el estilo de Cubismo de Diego Rivera de sus murales más conocidos?
-Diego Rivera, aunque más conocido por sus murales, tuvo un brillante periodo Cubista en los años 1910 en París. Sin embargo, se cree que él no estaba particularmente orgulloso de estas obras y trató de mantenerlas en secreto, ya que más adelante continuó experimentando con otras técnicas vanguardistas como el postimpresionismo.
Outlines
🎨 El Nacimiento y Características del Cubismo
El Cubismo, nacido en Francia en 1907, fue una revolución artística que empleó técnicas pictóricas innovadoras para mostrar múltiples perspectivas de la realidad. Se caracterizó por el uso de figuras geométricas y la rechazo a definir completamente las figuras en las obras. Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque, influidos por la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico de Einstein, crearon esta técnica que desafiaba las convenciones artísticas tradicionales. Picasso, con su obra 'Mujer con un Mandolín', y Braque, con su uso de colores y texturas, pusieron de manifiesto la idea de ver las cosas no como son, sino como se imaginan, lo que llevó a una comprensión más abstracta del arte.
🖌️ Influencias y Desarrollo del Cubismo
El Cubismo fue una respuesta a la necesidad de no imitar la naturaleza en el arte. La escultura africana, el avance tecnológico y el pensamiento científico influyeron en Picasso y Braque para crear obras que reflejaran una nueva realidad. Picasso, con su pintura 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon', y Braque con sus paisajes y objetos cotidianos, exploraron nuevas formas de representar la realidad. El Cubismo se dividió en etapas: el Cubismo Primitivo, el Analítico, y el Sintético, cada una con sus propias características y avances en la técnica artística.
🌐 Características y Etapas del Cubismo
Los cubistas experimentaron con la percepción de objetos y espacio, abandonando la perspectiva y la realismo. Se enfocaron en la naturaleza imaginada y la representación de múltiples puntos de vista. La importancia de los contenidos y la representación de escenas cotidianas fue clave en el Cubismo. Las etapas del movimiento, desde el Cubismo Primitivo con su uso limitado de colores, hasta el Analítico con su estructura de rompecabezas y el Sintético con la introducción de técnicas de collage y la incorporación de materiales diversos, reflejan la evolución del movimiento y su impacto en el arte del siglo XX.
👨🎨 Representantes y Obras del Cubismo
El Cubismo, aunque de corta duración, tuvo un impacto duradero en el arte, dando lugar a nuevas expresiones artísticas. Picasso y Braque fueron los principales exponentes, pero también se destacaron artistas como Juan Gris, con su técnica de collage y su incorporación de elementos caricaturescos, y Fernand Léger, conocido por su uso deprimarias y su representación de figuras mecánicas. Otros artistas como Louis Marcoussis, Albert Gleizes y Diego Rivera también contribuyeron al movimiento con sus propias interpretaciones del Cubismo, demostrando la riqueza y diversidad de esta corriente artística.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cubismo
💡Técnicas pictóricas
💡Figuras geométricas
💡Pablo Picasso
💡Georges Braque
💡African sculpture
💡Tecnología
💡Pensamiento científico
💡Perspectiva
💡Naturaleza desde la imaginación
💡Fases del Cubismo
Highlights
Cubism was born in France in 1907, characterized by new pictorial techniques and the use of geometric figures.
Cubist paintings often appear difficult to understand due to the refusal to define figures completely.
Pablo Picasso's 'Girl with a Mandolin' exemplifies Cubism with its puzzle-like structure.
Cubism was a mental exercise where painters portrayed objects as they imagined them, not as they saw them.
The term 'Cubism' was initially derogatory, coined by Louis Vauxcelles to describe what he saw as misshapen cubes.
Cubism was essential for the emergence of futurism, surrealism, and other abstract techniques.
Cubism aimed to break away from traditional art and the imitation of nature.
African sculpture influenced Cubism by challenging the concept of artistic beauty.
Technological development, particularly the photographic camera, influenced Cubism by highlighting the changing world.
Albert Einstein's scientific thought influenced Cubism by showing different perceptions of colors, movements, and shapes.
Pablo Picasso and George Braque were the initiators of Cubism, aiming to represent reality in a new way.
Picasso's 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon' is considered foundational to Cubism, featuring African masks and angular lines.
Georges Braque was a key figure in developing Cubism, known for his colorful and interpretive paintings.
Cubism experimented with open forms and multiple viewpoints, responding to the modern experience of space and time.
Cubists abandoned traditional perspective and realism in favor of a more imaginative portrayal of nature.
Cubism emphasized the content and emotional connection of everyday scenes over traditional subject matter.
Cubism had three stages: Primitive, Analytical, and Synthetic, each with distinct characteristics and developments.
Juan Gris contributed to Cubism with his colorful and flat paintings, and the inclusion of caricature effects.
Fernand Léger was known for his Cubist paintings featuring robots and machines, symbolizing the consumption of humanity.
Louis Marcoussis, though primarily a Cubist, also explored other artistic techniques such as engraving and impressionism.
Albert Gleizes was a Parisian artist who transitioned from Impressionism to Cubism, influenced by artists like Marcel Duchamp.
Diego Rivera, known for his murals, also had a Cubist period influenced by his time in Paris during the movement's peak.
Transcripts
Cubism is an artistic manifestation that was born in France in 1907. This movement
was characterized by the use of new pictorial techniques that showed other points of view
of reality. Likewise, he stood out for the use of geometric figures, such as the circle,
the cylinder and the cube. The purpose of this new technique was to change the elements
that were used in traditional art. Cubist painters refused to create
works where the figures were completely defined. For this reason,
the paintings made by the cubists –sometimes– are difficult to understand. An example is
Pablo Picasso's painting entitled Girl with a Mandolin (1910), which has the structure
of a puzzle that has not yet been put together. What is interesting about this work is that some parts
of the woman's body are in profile, while the others are from the front. How
to understand it? The idea is to look at each piece separately and then organize them as a whole.
It is claimed that the Cubist movement was based on a mental exercise, since painters
did not portray objects as they were or as they looked, but as they imagined them. Therefore,
cubism was a manifestation that valued the development of modern ideas.
The term cubism was created at the beginning of the 20th century by Louis Vauxcelles to name
those paintings that he considered inferior, since he said that the artists who belonged to
this movement only drew misshapen cubes. However, this artistic manifestation was
essential for the emergence of futurism, surrealism and other abstract techniques.
Initiators of Cubism Cubism was born with the purpose that
painters do not imitate nature when creating their works. For this
artistic movement to be born, the influence of African sculpture,
technological development and scientific thought was important. For example: thanks to African sculpture,
painters realized that the concept of artistic beauty could be modified: works did not have
to be perfect to convey a message. On the other hand, technological development
–especially the invention of the photographic camera– made artists
understand that the world was changing, since photos were replacing portraits.
Scientific thought—specifically that put forward by Albert Einstein—was essential
for the authors to understand that people perceive colors,
movements, and shapes in different ways. Following those aspects, Pablo Picasso and
George Braque decided to design some works that will fit the new reality.
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973) He is one of the best known painters in the
world. He was born in Malaga, a city located in Spain. He moved to Madrid to study at the
San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts; but in 1900 he moved to Paris, where he continued his studies.
At first his artistic works were classical, but in 1906 he began to produce his painting Les
Demoiselles d'Avignon, which – according to critics – founded Cubism. This painting was
exhibited in 1907 and is composed of 5 nude women: 4 are standing and 1 is sitting.
Apparently, 3 ladies have their faces disfigured; but when they are
observed in detail, it is perceived that they wear African masks. This work stands out for
being flat at first sight; however, the angular lines give it depth.
Piccaso's cubist works are characterized by having neutral colors, black,
gray, white and brown stand out; but he also used dark blue and red.
His purpose was to represent in a different way the beings or elements that he considered had
been widely used in traditional art, which is why he focused on painting women and still lifes.
Georges Braque (1882-1963) This artist was one of
Pablo Picasso's main followers, even joining him in developing cubist painting. He was born in
Le Havre, a town in France. His artistic life began in his father's workshop,
where he was related to primary and compound colors. In 1889 he
moved to Paris to study at the Humbert Academy and the School of Fine Arts.
Unlike Picasso, Braque's cubist paintings are characterized by being very colorful,
as he used yellow, green and dark red. His goal was to give the works depth
through color, which is why he contrasted bright tones with neutral ones. His creations are
difficult to interpret because the lines are not precise or one overlaps another.
Looking at a painting by Braque is like looking at a school bulletin board where numerous
papers have been placed in no order. For this painter, the important thing was that the viewer organize the
cubist works through imagination. Throughout his career, he painted
withered landscapes, musical instruments, and simple objects such as pipes, glasses,
bottles, and fruit bowls. Another fundamental aspect of his paintings was that he included the letters; that is,
some of his pieces show a written message. Characteristics of Cubism
They experimented with figures and objects Cubists explored open forms,
piercing figures and objects, letting space flow through them,
blending foreground and background, and showing objects from various angles.
Some historians have argued that these innovations represent a response to the
changing experience of space, movement, and time in the modern world. This first phase
of the movement was called Analytical Cubism. Abandonment of perspective and realism
Artists abandoned perspective, which had been used to represent
space since the Renaissance, and also moved away from realistic modeling of figures.
Nature from the imagination The cubists sought to paint
nature as they imagined it and not as they saw it daily. That is why it is appreciated that each
artist portrayed the landscape differently. However, everyone thought that the world was
made up of geometric figures, which is why they used cylinders, cubes,
circles and triangles to create their drawings. Seeking multiple points of view
Painters wanted their works to have multiple points of view. For this reason, it is observed
that the characters or objects in some paintings are found in different positions.
For example, they were able to paint a man from behind with his face from the front,
while the mouth and eyes were in profile. To create this effect, they made their
paintings as if they were a collage. Importance is given to the content
They gave greater importance to the content of the work. In other words,
for cubist artists, what was important was not what they drew, but what the painting conveyed.
Everyday scenes They did not worry about portraying the
subjects that were considered important, such as religious and political ones,
but instead focused on painting everyday scenes such as a guitar or a vase of flowers. The
goal was for viewers to emotionally bond with the images they saw.
Stages of cubism Cubism had
the purpose of breaking with the artistic works that had been done previously,
especially with those made by the authors of the neoclassical movement,
whose paintings stood out for being a copy of nature and its beauty.
This is how Pablo Picasso, determined not to follow an artistic manifestation that was realistic,
not only focused on studying African art and technological advances,
but also examined in detail the paintings of the French painter Paul Cézanne,
which were characterized by being few defined . . Cézanne did not use the third-dimensional technique
and the figures that stood out in his works were the spheres. Influenced by these ideas of
representation, Picasso developed Cubism, which comprised three stages:
Primitive Cubism (1907-1909) Many authors say that this
primitive period cannot be included within the stages of Cubism, because it was only a moment
of experimentation . However, it was during this stage when the painters began to define the
characteristics that would identify their paintings, among them were the following:
- It was decided to use only black and white colors. If it was desired to use other tones,
then grays and browns were valid. - It was preferable to paint objects and
people instead of landscapes. - It was not necessary for the paintings
to have thickness or depth. Analytical Cubism (1910-1912)
Also called Hermetic Cubism, since it was very difficult to understand
the image and the order of the painting. This stage was important because the
artists focused on analyzing the events of daily life to recreate them; that is,
they observed a specific scene, imagined it in a fragmented way and painted it that way.
That is why the paintings that were made during Analytical Cubism resemble
puzzles. The aspects that
stood out throughout this period will be mentioned below: - Artists did not seek their
paintings to have a single meaning. - The use of curved lines was
increasingly common, an element that gave a certain depth to the work.
- Yellow, green and blue tones began to be used to
contrast them with neutral colors. - Landscapes
began to be included in the paintings. Synthetic Cubism (1913-1914)
This stage was also called reintegration cubism, because the artists already
had more thematic freedom when painting. The most important author of this
manifestation was George Braque, who invented the collage or patch technique.
In order to give texture to the paintings and increase the value of the decoration,
Braque dedicated himself to cutting out pieces of paper and using paint to paste them on the work.
That event caused cubist portraits to have a greater impact on viewers.
From that moment on, artists not only used oil and
acrylic paints to make their paintings, but also used materials such as canvas, sand, and glass.
Representatives and their works Cubism was a manifestation that
lasted a few years; however, his influence was essential for the birth of new
artistic expressions. For this reason, it is claimed that the movement initiated by Picasso and Braque not only
changed the history of art, but also demonstrated that there are different techniques for painting.
But Braque and Picasso were not the only representatives of Cubism,
Juan Gris and Fernand Léger also stood out: - José Victoriano González Pérez (1887-1927)
Better known as Juan Gris, he was a painter born in Madrid. From 1904 to 1906 he studied
at the School of Arts and Manufactures and took courses at the workshop of José Moreno Carbonero.
He moved to Paris in 1906, as he was fleeing the military and the Spanish government. In that
city he got lodging in the same building where Picasso and Braque lived.
In 1910 he made his first Cubist paintings, which were not well received
because they had depth. From 1911 his works stood out for being colorful and flat.
Thanks to this painter, the caricature effect was included in the paintings, and he also made
the portraits look wider and longer. An example is his work Harlequin with guitar
(1919), where the elongated figure of a man is seen with his body facing forward,
but looking to the left. The painting is made up of rectangles,
triangles and some wavy lines that give the sensation of movement:
as if the character were playing the musical instrument.
Paintings Juan Gris
was not only dedicated to improving the style of cubist paintings, he also created his own
collage technique where he joined newspaper with cardboard. Among his most important paintings are:
- Portrait of Pablo Picasso (1912). - Violin and chessboard (1913).
- Still life with shutter (1914). - Amadeo Modigliani (1915).
- Fernand Léger (1881-1955) was born in Argente, a province
located in France. In 1900 he moved to Paris where he was assistant architect and studied at
the Académie Julián. He admired Paul Cézanne and from 1907 focused on studying his works.
His first cubist pictures were painted in 1908;
although it is necessary to mention that his style was not as developed as that of Juan Gris. Still,
he stood out for the way he used primary colors, which he used
to bring out the shadows of cylindrical figures and give texture to his paintings.
Another important characteristic of Léger's works was that he did not portray people,
but instead drew robots and machines that were consuming humanity. This is how it is seen
in his painting Nudes in the Forest (1909), where a deposit filled with metallic objects is observed;
the geometric figures that stand out in the work are the cone and the cylinder.
In this picture there is not even an empty space; it is as if the
painter wanted to say that man was being replaced by technology.
Paintings Fernand
Léger's goal was to paint the beginning of a new world, which is why he used bronze and gray tones,
as they were the colors of the machines. Some of his most important works are:
- The railway crossing (1919). - Woman with a cat (1921).
- Three Women (1921). - La Gioconda with the keys (1930).
- Louis Marcoussis (1878-1941) Ludwik Kazimierz Wladyslaw Markus, as he was
really called, was born in Poland, but soon moved to Paris. After studying law,
he showed interest in painting by entering the Julian Academy. In 1905 he exhibited for the first time,
being the beginning of a quite remarkable career. He was lucky enough to meet artists such as Braque,
Degas or Pablo Picasso, which influenced him to experiment with Cubism.
During this time he presented in various exhibitions works of still life, landscapes
of the Breton coast or views of Paris. In addition to cubism, he also developed
engraving, illustration and impressionism techniques until his death in 1941.
Paintings - Le
bar du port (1913). - Violon, bouteilles de Marc et cartes (1919).
- Figures on a Beach (1930). - The Musicians (1914).
- Albert Gleizes (1881-1953) Parisian by birth,
since childhood he was a bohemian boy who preferred to spend his afternoons writing poetry by the
cemetery instead of playing or going to school. After a period in the army, he began as
an apprentice painter in his father's workshop, where landscapes were his first works.
Although his initial style was Impressionist, as he interacted with the artists of the
Montparnasse neighborhood he became interested in Cubism, a movement to which he has been
most closely linked during his artistic life. He joined the Puteaux Group and was always
closely linked to other geniuses such as Marcel Duchamp, Jean Metzinger or Jacques Villon.
Paintings - Cubist Landscape (1914).
- Portrait of Jacques Nayral (1911). - Figure Cubiste (1921).
-Sitting nude (1909). - Diego Rivera (1886-1957)
Although he was best known for his murals, this prominent Mexican painter also had
a brilliant Cubist period. The reason was that, being settled in Paris in the 1910s,
he was caught by this movement at its strongest. Although Rivera's Cubist works are many,
scholars believe that he was not particularly proud of them and tried
to keep them a secret. Later he continued to experiment with other avant-garde techniques such
as post-impressionism. Paintings
- Portrait of Ramón Gómez de la Serna (1915). - The Woman at the Well (1913).
-Portrait of Two Women (1914). - Maternity, Angelina and the child Diego (1916).
関連動画をさらに表示
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