pembangunan Indonesia dari masa ke masa

Summary

This presentation explores the development of Indonesia from 1945 to the reform era in 1998, highlighting the challenges and achievements under the leadership of Presidents Soekarno, Soeharto, and BJ Habibie. The 'Old Order' era faced political instability and economic crises, while the 'New Order' brought stability but was marred by corruption and human rights violations. The reform period marked a shift towards democracy, transparency, and decentralization. Each president defined development differently, emphasizing justice, planned transformation, and technological advancement as key factors in Indonesia's progress.

Takeaways

• 😀 The presentation discusses the development of Indonesia from the Old Order period (1945-1966) under President Soekarno's leadership, focusing on the political instability and ineffective economic policies.
• 😀 The Old Order era faced political instability, economic crises, social tensions, and foreign policy challenges.
• 😀 The New Order (1966-1998) under President Soeharto replaced the Old Order, bringing political stability, economic growth, and infrastructure development, but also faced corruption, human rights violations, and social inequalities.
• 😀 Key positives of the New Order included political stability, rapid economic growth, infrastructure development, family planning success, and improvements in education and healthcare.
• 😀 Key negatives of the New Order included corruption, nepotism, authoritarianism, human rights violations, power centralization, social and economic inequality, and the 1997-1998 financial crisis.
• 😀 The Reformasi era (1998 onwards) marked the transition to democracy after the fall of the New Order, with key changes like democratic elections, transparent governance, decentralization, and legal reforms.
• 😀 President Soekarno defined development as an effort to create a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and mutual cooperation.
• 😀 President Soeharto defined development as a planned and continuous process to improve the welfare of the people.
• 😀 President BJ Habibie viewed development as a transformation towards an advanced and independent society, with science and technology as key factors.
• 😀 The presentation concludes that Indonesia's development over time has been dynamic, with significant challenges and achievements shaping its progress.

Q & A

What were the primary challenges faced by Indonesia during the Old Order (1945–1966)?

The main challenges included political instability, economic crises, social unrest, and ineffective foreign policies. These factors contributed to a turbulent period under President Soekarno's leadership.

How did President Soekarno define development during the Old Order period?

Soekarno defined development as the effort to create a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila (the state philosophy) and mutual cooperation (gotong royong).

What characterized the New Order period (1966–1998) in Indonesia?

The New Order, under President Soeharto, was characterized by political stability, rapid economic growth, centralized power, infrastructure development, and social improvements, but also by corruption, collusion, nepotism (KKN), and human rights violations.

What were the advantages of the New Order period?

The advantages included political and security stability, rapid economic growth, infrastructure development, successful family planning programs, and improvements in education and healthcare.

What were the drawbacks of the New Order period?

The New Order was marred by corruption, collusion, and nepotism, authoritarianism, human rights violations, economic inequality, and a major financial crisis in 1997–1998.

How did President Soeharto define development?

Soeharto described development as a planned and continuous process aimed at improving the welfare of the people, focusing on both economic and social progress.

What marked the Reformasi period in Indonesia, starting from 1998?

The Reformasi period began after the fall of President Soeharto and was characterized by a transition toward democracy, the end of authoritarianism, transparent elections, decentralization of power, and legal reforms.

How did President BJ Habibi define development?

BJ Habibi defined development as a transformation towards an advanced and independent society, with a strong emphasis on science and technology as key factors for progress.

What was the role of decentralization in the Reformasi period?

Decentralization played a significant role in the Reformasi period by shifting power from the central government to local authorities, allowing for more localized governance and decision-making.

What was the significance of the 1997–1998 financial crisis during the New Order period?

The 1997–1998 financial crisis was a critical event that contributed to the downfall of President Soeharto's regime. It exposed the economic vulnerabilities of Indonesia and led to widespread social unrest, ultimately resulting in the end of the New Order and the beginning of the Reformasi period.