Le Problème de la France...
Summary
TLDRCe script aborde la problématique de la centralité de Paris par rapport au reste de la France, un sujet qui a dicté le développement territorial du pays pendant des décennies. Il décrit la diversité du territoire français, y compris les territoires d'outre-mer, et la structure de la population autour de Paris et d'autres grandes villes. Le texte explore également les efforts de décentralisation et de développement des villes provinciales, ainsi que les plans visant à revitaliser le tourisme côtier et hivernal. Il met en évidence les défis de la dépopulation dans la 'Diagonale du Vide' et les politiques mises en place pour tenter de rééquilibrer la croissance économique et démographique à travers la France.
Takeaways
- 🇫🇷 La France est confrontée à un problème de centralisation autour de Paris, qui a dicté le développement territorial du pays pendant 50 ans sans succès réel.
- 🌍 La France est composée de deux parties : la métropole européenne et les territoires d'outre-mer, avec une population de 65 millions pour la métropole et environ 3 millions pour les outre-mer.
- 🏙️ Le terme officiel pour la métropole française est désormais 'Hexagone', et la France est un ensemble de territoires diversifiés avec des langues et cultures différentes.
- 🏞️ La géographie physique de la France est avantageuse, avec des montagnes, des rivières et un climat tempéré, ce qui a contribué à sa population dense historiquement.
- 🏙️② La ville de Paris est le centre du réseau urbain français, avec environ 12 millions d'habitants, suivie par Lyon et Marseille.
- 🚆 Le réseau de transport en France est très centrée sur Paris, que ce soit pour les autoroutes, les trains à grande vitesse ou les lignes aériennes les plus fréquentées.
- 🚧 L'axe de développement économique et démographique en France est la 'Banane bleue', reliant Londres à Milan et passant par Lille et Strasbourg.
- 🌐 La France a tenté de déscentraliser le pays en développant des métropoles d'équilibre et en créant des villes nouvelles pour attirer la population loin de Paris.
- 🏞️② La 'Diagonale du vide' est une zone à faible densité de population qui traverse la France, résultant de l'exode rural et de l'éloignement des grandes axes de développement.
- 🏢 Le DATAR, créé en 1963, a pour mission de mener les politiques de déscentralisation et de développement des territoires français.
- 🗻 Le développement des stations de ski et des resorts de bord de mer a été promu par le gouvernement français pour revitaliser les régions montagneuses et côtières, mais avec des impacts mitigés sur l'environnement et les populations locales.
Q & A
Quel est le principal problème territorial de la France selon le script ?
-Le principal problème territorial de la France est la centralité de Paris, qui est considérée comme étant beaucoup trop importante par rapport au reste du pays.
Quelle est la population des territoires d'outre-mer français par rapport à celle de la métropole ?
-Les territoires d'outre-mer français ont environ 3 millions d'habitants, ce qui est beaucoup moins que les 65 millions d'habitants de la métropole.
Pourquoi la France est-elle aussi peuplée au Moyen Âge ?
-La France était la puissance démographique principale en Europe au Moyen Âge en raison de ses terres fertiles et de sa géographie physique avantageuse.
Quel est le nouveau terme officiel pour la métropole française depuis 2023 ?
-Le nouveau terme officiel pour la métropole française est 'Hexagone'.
Quels sont les deux principaux projets de politiques territoriales menés par la France pour décentraliser le pays ?
-Les deux principaux projets sont la création de huit mégapoles d'équilibre et la création de nouvelles villes pour orienter le développement des zones urbaines.
Quelles sont les huit mégapoles d'équilibre identifiées pour rivaliser avec Paris dans leurs régions ?
-Les huit mégapoles d'équilibre sont Lille, Nantes, Strasbourg, Nancy, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lyon et Marseille.
Quel est l'un des projets qui a permis de créer de nombreux villages de vacances sur la côte méditerranéenne ?
-La mission Racine a permis de créer de nombreux villages de vacances dans la région méditerranéenne, en particulier dans l'ancienne région administrative de Languedoc-Roussillon.
Quel est le plan qui a permis de valoriser les montagnes pour les rendre attrayantes et créer des zones d'emploi ?
-Le plan des Stations de Montagne, également appelé le Snow Plan, a permis de valoriser les montagnes et de créer des zones d'emploi, notamment grâce à la construction d'installations pour stations de ski.
Quelle est la région de France qui est surnommée la 'Diagonale du Vide' et pourquoi ?
-La 'Diagonale du Vide' est une région de France qui traverse le pays en diagonale, connue pour ses faibles densités de population. Elle est le résultat de l'exode rural et de l'éloignement des grandes axes de développement.
Quel livre publié en 1946 a influencé les politiques de planification territoriale en France ?
-Le livre 'Paris et le désert français' de Gravier, publié en 1946, a été un guide important pour les politiques de planification territoriale en France, mettant en lumière l'influence excessive de Paris et le manque de développement des autres régions.
Quels sont les transports en commun qui ont été développés dans les villes françaises autres que Paris ?
-Marseille et Lyon ont ouvert leurs propres métros en 1977 et 1978 respectivement, suivis par Lille avec un métro léger automatisé en 1983, Toulouse en 1993 et Rennes en 2002. De plus, de nombreuses villes ont vu le développement de tramways.
Outlines
🏙️ La centralité de Paris et la diversité territoriale de la France
Le premier paragraphe aborde le problème de la centralité de Paris par rapport au reste du pays, soulignant que cette préoccupation a dicté le développement territorial de la France pendant 50 ans. La France est présentée comme un ensemble de territoires variés, y compris les territoires d'outre-mer, qui représentent environ 3 millions d'habitants, comparativement aux 65 millions de la métropole. Le texte mentionne également l'importance de la diversité linguistique et culturelle, ainsi que la géographie physique qui a influencé l'histoire de la France. La métropole est décrite comme un ensemble de territoires différents, avec des populations diverses, et la France est présentée comme ayant une géographie physique avantageuse, avec des montagnes, des rivières et un climat tempéré qui ont contribué à sa densité de population.
🌐 L'urbanisation et l'intégration de la France dans les axes européens
Le deuxième paragraphe se concentre sur la structure de l'urbanisation en France, centré autour de Paris, la plus grande ville avec environ 12 millions d'habitants. Il décrit la distribution des villes principales et la formation de régions à forte densité de population, notamment autour de Paris, dans le nord et le sud de la France. Le texte mentionne également l'intégration de la France dans les axes européens tels que la 'Banane bleue' et les sous-axes reliant Lille et Strasbourg. Il est également question du développement du réseau autoroutier et ferroviaire, ainsi que de l'avantage que cela représente pour la connectivité nationale. Cependant, le paragraphe met en lumière le 'Diagonale de le Vide', une zone à faible densité de population qui traverse la France, et la difficulté de la répopulation de cette région en raison de l'exode rural et de l'absence d'infrastructure.
🛠️ Politiques de décentralisation et développement des territoires français
Le troisième paragraphe examine les efforts déployés par la France pour décentraliser et développer les régions moins populeuses et moins centralisées. DATAR, créé en 1963, a pour mission de promouvoir le développement équilibré du territoire français. Le texte décrit la liste des huit mégapoles d'équilibre visant à attirer la population loin de Paris et la création de nouvelles villes pour orienter le développement urbain. Il est également question des transports en commun, y compris les métros et tramways, et des plans touristiques comme la mission Racine pour le développement du tourisme côtier et le Plan des Neiges pour promouvoir les stations de ski. Le paragraphe conclut sur l'ambivalence de la France entre le désir de rééquilibrage et la nécessité de maintenir la grandeur de Paris, une ville mondiale d'importance internationale.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Centralisation
💡Décentralisation
💡Hexagone
💡France d'Outre-Mer
💡Langues régionales
💡Géographie physique
💡Réseau de transport
💡Diagonale du Vide
💡Métropoles d'équilibre
💡Politique touristique
Highlights
La France a un problème de centralité de Paris, qui est considérée comme étant trop importante par rapport au reste du pays.
La France a une particularité avec ses territoires d'outre-mer, qui représentent environ 3 millions d'habitants.
La France métropolitaine est désormais appelée 'Hexagone', reflétant la métropole et ses colonies.
La France est un ensemble de territoires diversifiés avec des populations différentes, comme la Bretagne, le Pays basque et le Roussillon.
Le français standard est créé à partir des dialectes de Paris et des régions avoisinantes.
La France dispose d'une géographie physique avantageuse, avec des montagnes, des rivières et un climat tempéré.
La population de la France est de 67 millions d'habitants, ayant commencé sa transition démographique très tôt au 18ème siècle.
Le réseau urbain français est structuré autour de Paris, avec d'autres grandes villes comme Lyon et Marseille.
La France est intégrée dans plusieurs axes européens, notamment la 'Banane bleue' qui relie Londres à Milan.
Le réseau autoroutier français a commencé à se développer dans les années 1960, connectant les grandes villes.
Le réseau ferroviaire à grande vitesse est très centrée autour de Paris, avec des lignes vers différentes régions.
Les aéroports les plus occupés sont ceux de Paris, suivi de Nice, Lyon et Marseille.
La 'Diagonale du vide' est une zone à faible densité de population qui traverse la France.
Le livre 'Paris et le désert français' de 1946 a influencé les politiques de planification pour décentraliser la France.
DATAR, créé en 1963, a pour mission de décentraliser la France et développer les régions.
Les villes nouvelles ont été créées pour orienter le développement des zones urbaines et attirer la population loin de Paris.
Le développement des transports en commun a été un effort majeur, avec le métro et les tramways dans plusieurs villes.
Le tourisme a été une composante clé du développement territorial, avec le développement des stations balnéaires et des stations de ski.
La France est un pays tiraillé entre le désir de rééquilibrage et la grandeur de Paris, qui est une ville mondiale.
Transcripts
Here is France, here is a country which has a well-known problem.
This problem, brought up to date with the work
Paris and the French Desert in 1947,
led to a series of policies to transform the territory
and decentralize the country from its capital.
Indeed, France's main problem is the centrality of Paris.
This city is too important compared to the rest of the country.
But in reality, this centralism exists in many other countries.
The originality of France is to have made it a major issue,
an issue which dictated all territorial development for 50 years.
And this, without real success. We're going to see what France looks like today.
Territory
First of all, let's take a look at the French territory.
Indeed, France is both metropolitan France,
or the territory located in Europe.
But it is also territories located on other continents.
Overseas.
Overseas France is the remnants of the French colonial empire
and today has around 3 million inhabitants.
This is obviously little compared to the 65 million metropolitan areas.
But it remains a large population compared to other overseas territories in Europe.
For example, British overseas has only 300,000 inhabitants.
Dutch overseas, slightly more.
In Europe, Spain has a similar overseas population with the Canary Islands
and their 2 million inhabitants.
But that’s still less than France.
Otherwise, there is Russia and its Asian territory
which has almost 40 million inhabitants,
but that's another story.
Metropolitan France has no longer been called that since 2023.
It must be said Hexagon, this is the new official term.
In fact, it remains a metropolis.
In the sense that it is the territory of the colonizing country
and the overseas territories being the colonies.
And I think I can allow myself to say it,
but the relationship between France and overseas in France
is still in certain respects, that of a metropolis with its colonies.
Even if today the term colony is completely banned.
But I won't go into details because that's not the subject of the video.
Regarding the metropolitan territory,
it is made up of the continental territory and Corsica.
And here again, we can see that France is a collection of very varied territories
with often very different peoples.
Whether it is Brittany, historically Celtic,
the Basque country, where Basque is spoken,
or even Roussillon where Catalan is spoken.
And the entire south of France, in general, which is Occitan.
A language more related to Catalan than to standard French.
Indeed, standard French is a language created from the dialects of Paris
and the surrounding regions.
Because the entire north of France is made up of langue d'oïl,
it is a family of languages and dialects.
Standard French comes from these dialects.
Langue d'oïl is close to another family,
that of the Arpitan languages.
In the very north, there is a historically Flemish area.
And then there are the German and Italian zones within French territory.
Let's start by looking at the German zone.
The German zone corresponds to all French territories
where German dialects are historically spoken.
There are two German-speaking families present in France.
The dialects of West Middle German, part of which is spoken in France.
In France, we use the term Francique Lorraine
to designate all the dialects of West Middle German spoken in France.
The other German family spoken in France is Alemannic.
We use the term “Alsatian” to designate the Alemannic dialects spoken in France.
There is no standard Alsatian language.
Then there are the Italian languages.
To be more precise, it is Tuscan dialects
which are spoken in French territory, in Corsica.
Physical geography
France has a rather advantageous physical geography.
And this has been felt in the history of recent centuries.
For example, the country is bordered by mountains to the south,
the Pyrenees, and mountains to the southeast, the Alps.
There is also the highest peak in France,
Mont Blanc, on the Italian border.
There are other small mountain ranges, the Vosges, the Jura and the Massif Central.
The country is then drained by several rivers: Garonne, Rhône, Loire and Seine.
There is also the Rhine which passes through the French border.
And that allows France to have large agricultural areas.
With a temperate climate. In short, the physical geography is excellent.
Plains, a good climate, water, access to the sea,
protection by the mountains.
This is why France has always been a very populated country.
If we have fun going back to the Middle Ages,
we can say that at that time, France was the main
demographic power in Europe.
And at the time, the three areas with large populations
were China, India and Europe.
Today France has only 67 million inhabitants.
We are far from the top of the ranking.
Other European countries have exceeded or reached this same population.
Quite simply because France began its demographic transition very early,
well before everyone else. In the 18th century.
But now that we have seen the relief, let's go and see where the population lives.
Network
The French urban network is structured around its capital, Paris.
The largest city in the country, it has around 12 million inhabitants.
The city is in the center of the northern half of the country.
The area where the Oïl languages are spoken.
The next two cities are Lyon and Marseille
which have almost the same population.
1 and a half million each.
Lyon is located in the Arpitane linguistic zone.
Marseille in the Occitan area.
Then come the three millionaire cities: Lille, Toulouse and Bordeaux.
Afterwards, we go down a notch. First with multipolar cities:
Like the Côte d'Azur around Nice.
And the mining basin around Lens and Douai.
Nantes, Toulon and Strasbourg have half a million inhabitants each.
And we have the main cities in the country.
We can add: Montpellier, Avignon and Grenoble
which approach half a million inhabitants.
If we group the towns together, we can find large population regions.
First of all, the one around Paris of course with Rouen.
Which has 13 to 14 million inhabitants.
Another in the far north of the country.
Between Lille and the mining basins.
We easily reach 3 million inhabitants.
In the south, the entire Mediterranean arc brings together numerous towns
which form a total of 7 to 8 million inhabitants.
There is also the entire region around Lyon and Grenoble.
The latter is connected to the Mediterranean by following the Rhône river.
We are talking about the Rhone corridor between the mountains.
In the west, there are many towns.
But they are quite isolated from each other.
In the South-West, Bordeaux and Toulouse dominate their regions of influence.
Preventing other settlements from forming.
Finally, there is the entire area of Alsace which is very densely populated.
France is integrated into several European axes.
The first axis is that of the Blue Banana.
An axis which goes from London to Milan
and which is considered the most populated,
richest and most industrialized area on the European continent.
Lille and Strasbourg are in the central section of the axis.
These cities are linked to sub-axes.
Lille is at the end of a corridor that runs from Lille to Amsterdam.
The axis corresponds to the width of the famous blue banana.
Strasbourg is located in a high density corridor along the Rhine.
Between Switzerland and the metropolitan area between Mainz and Frankfurt.
The French motorway network developed from large cities.
Motorways began to develop in the 1960s.
In 1970, the motorway went from Lille to Marseille.
With sections on the French Riviera and as far as Rouen.
At the beginning of the 1980s,
all major cities were connected to the national highway network.
Only Nantes is still isolated from the network.
However, the design from the early 1980s
clearly shows a reality.
There is a sort of big void in the middle.
Regarding, the high-speed railway.
Here too, it is very centralized around Paris.
In 1981, the Paris - Lyon section was created.
In 1989, the section between Paris and Le Mans, to connect Brittany.
In 1993 to Lille. In 2001, to Marseille.
In 2007 to Strasbourg.
In 2017 to Bordeaux and Rennes. And also Montpellier.
Everything is centered on Paris.
And there are two metropolises which are still far from high-speed lines:
Toulouse and Nice.
And let's look at the busiest airports in the country.
The two Parisian airports first with 76 and 32 million passengers in 2019.
That of Nice in third place with 14 million passengers.
Nice, because it is a very touristy city
but also because it is very poorly connected to Paris by train.
And then come Lyon and Marseille.
Then Toulouse. They have around ten million passengers each.
I gave the figures for 2019,
because since the covid pandemic,
attendance had not reached its previous level in 2022.
The two busiest domestic lines in the country are, unsurprisingly:
The one between Toulouse and Paris and that between Nice and Paris.
Both cities poorly served by train.
Because too far.
But we find ourselves with this great void.
Once again and that will be the subject of the next chapter.
The Diagonal of the Void
The low-density area that cuts France in two is nicknamed
the Diagonal of the Void.
A very negative term but which highlights a very particular case,
even on a European scale.
Europe has a rather high density.
Low density areas are often eccentric areas.
Either it's Eastern Europe: Belarus, Russia, for example.
Or it's northern Fennoscandia. Or otherwise the Alps.
In France, there are areas with very low densities.
Worthy of Eastern Europe.
For example, if I take the former administrative region of Limousin,
there are only 40 inhabitants per km².
In the former administrative region of Auvergne,
there are 50 inhabitants per km².
In the former administrative region of Midi-Pyrénées,
there are 60 inhabitants per km².
But we find Toulouse there.
If I remove the department where Toulouse is located,
we lose half of the population of the region
and the density increases to 25 inhabitants per km².
Very low densities despite a climate totally adapted
to a large population.
Let's not forget that France was the demographic giant of Europe in the Middle Ages
thanks to its fertile lands.
If they are so sparsely populated, it is due to the rural exodus.
No city has managed to develop in these regions
and the inhabitants have gone elsewhere.
This process especially began in the 19th century
and intensified in the 20th century.
Before the second half of the 19th century,
densities were equivalent between the current diagonal
and the rest of the country.
This is why this area is so highlighted.
We can even find continuity with Spain
in this large, sparsely populated area.
But the reasons are different.
As we could see with the network,
the diagonal of the void is a little away from the major axes.
The LGV line between Paris and Lyon crosses the diagonal of the void,
but does not stop there.
Leaving many cities off the main roads.
But there are many cities in the diagonal of the void.
Limoges for example or Clermont-Ferrand.
These towns were connected to the French motorway network late,
but they are now.
The A75 motorway links Clermont-Ferrand to the A9 motorway.
Its construction began in the 1990s
and the centerpiece is the Millau Viaduct inaugurated in 2004.
It makes it possible to rehabilitate towns near the motorway.
Clermont is at the center of an axis from Paris to the Mediterranean.
Limoges was connected to this axis in the 1990s-2000s with a motorway.
It was within the framework of the attempt to repopulate the diagonal of the Void
that the scandal of the children of Creuse took place.
Many children born in Reunion overseas
were sent to Creuse to repopulate it.
Around 2,000 of them were sent between 1963 and 1984.
But repopulating the Void Diagonal is not a simple thing.
As long as there is little infrastructure, few people will come.
And on the contrary, people will look for better infrastructure.
It is almost impossible to repopulate this area which has now been depopulated.
Especially since certain spaces have too much relief.
In 1946 the famous book was released:
Paris and the French Desert by Gravier.
The book explains the too great influence of Paris in France
and the lack of development of other regions.
This book will become a guide for planning policies in France
which will seek to decentralize the country.
The organization responsible for carrying out this work is DATAR, created in 1963.
But the primary objective will not be to repopulate this diagonal of the void,
but on the contrary, to develop what can be developed elsewhere in France.
Decentralization
Decentralization must prevent Paris from being too central in France.
First, a list of eight equilibrium metropolises is created.
The objective is to make these eight cities
regional urban centers
which must directly compete with Paris in their regions.
To encourage migration to these cities rather than the capital.
The eight metropolises are:
Lille, Nantes, Strasbourg, Nancy, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lyon and Marseille.
In the end, not much happened, the status having been symbolic.
On the contrary, they even prevented the development of other provincial towns.
While Paris continued to grow.
Another project has seen the light of day: that of New Towns.
The aim is to create new towns near already existing towns.
To guide the development of urban areas.
For example, in Paris, there was the new town of Sénart
to develop the south of the city.
And the new town of Marne-la-vallée, to develop the east of the city.
Marne-la-vallée is still in full development.
Created in the 1960s, it welcomed Disneyland Park in 1992
to make it a real hub of activity.
Some new towns were created in the provinces.
For example in Rouen, with the town of Val-de-Reuil in 1981.
The town is recognizable by the absence of a historic village.
The goal of a new city is to have its own city center,
unlike bedroom suburbs.
The major developments also concerned public transport.
In 1970, only Paris had a metro.
Marseille in 1977 then Lyon in 1978 had their own metros.
Then, Lille in 1983 inaugurated the light automatic metro,
Toulouse did the same thing in 1993 and Rennes in 2002.
Added to this are a multitude of cities with tramways.
The first new generation tramway saw the light of day in 1985 in Nantes
then in 1987 in Grenoble.
In 1982, the Internal Transport Orientation Law was announced,
which would enable the first regional rail networks in the 1980s.
These are regional organizations
which began to manage train transport in the 1990s.
Today, the concept goes further by seeking to create metropolitan transport
in different French cities.
For the moment, only Paris has a real commuter train network.
Beyond these projects to revitalize regional metropolises,
French territorial planning
has also focused on two major tourist aspects:
seaside tourism and winter tourism.
The beaches on one side, the mountains on the other,
two opposing landscapes that we sought to revitalize.
The Racine Mission is the plan which made it possible to create
numerous seaside resorts in the Mediterranean.
It concerns the former administrative region of Languedoc-Roussillon.
The other part of the Mediterranean was already very touristy,
including Provence and the Côte d'Azur.
On the other hand, the rest of the coastline was marshy
and tourists preferred to go directly to Spain,
which was more conducive to seaside tourism.
Uninhabited areas become uninhabited.
Grau du Roi already existed in the coastal Camargue.
They are building nearby: Port-Camargue and La Grande-Motte.
La Grande-Motte is the most famous of the resorts built from scratch.
The first pyramid-shaped buildings
were built in the late 1960s.
Other stations were built further south.
Cap d'Agde in Agde, Gruissan Plage, not far from Narbonne.
Saint-Cyprien Plage, not far from Perpignan.
On the other hand, the Snow Plan is the plan
which must revalorize the mountains
to make them attractive regions with large employment areas.
Launched in the 1960s,
the plan allowed the construction of numerous accommodations
for ski resorts in the 1970s.
The Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble in 1968
were the event promoting the plan.
The Snow Plan has enabled the development of numerous ski resorts
and the creation of as many new ones.
Jobs were created
but above all they allowed an outside population to benefit from them.
Continuing to marginalize local populations.
It was the appearance of ecology in the public debate at the end of the 1970s
which put an end to this disastrous plan for the landscape and the environment.
Conclusion
France is a country torn between its desire for rebalancing
and between its desire for the grandeur of Paris.
Having a metropolis worthy of Paris is an economic asset for France.
Paris is a global city and in Europe
it is comparable to London in terms of international importance.
No other European city has such a level.
However, for many years France has sought
to develop regions that cannot be repopulated.
This decentralization was also very centralizing.
With the all-powerful state trying to regulate homogeneity between regions,
there is an inconsistency emerging.
In short, that's all I had to say about France.
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