Banking Law Part 4 Settlement of Bad Credit

Summary

本课程继续探讨银行法中关于债务结算和不良信用的问题。讲师首先回顾了银行活动、分类以及银行信用的基础知识，然后介绍了当客户无法偿还贷款时银行可以采取的两种程序：非诉讼程序和诉讼程序。非诉讼程序包括重新安排还款计划、重新调整信贷条件以及重组信贷结构。如果这些方法失败，银行可能会选择清算抵押物来解决债务问题。讲师强调，即使出现不良信用，银行也不能直接诉诸法庭，而必须首先尝试非诉讼程序，并通过书面通知警告借款人。如果借款人仍然拒绝履行合同义务，银行可以启动诉讼程序，最终由法官作出裁决。这个讨论对于理解合同的重要性、银行的责任以及借款人的责任至关重要。

Takeaways

• 📚 银行法课程继续讨论了债务结算和不良信用问题，重点在于如果客户无法偿还贷款，银行可以采取的法律程序。
• 💼 银行在处理不良信用时，首先应遵循非诉讼程序，包括重新安排还款计划、重新调整贷款条款或结构重组。
• 📉 重新安排（Rescheduling）涉及调整还款时间表，可能包括宽限期和还款金额的变更。
• 🔄 重新调整（Reconditioning）指的是改变贷款的一些或全部条款，如利率、利息的暂停以及其他要求。
• 🔧 结构重组（Restructuring）可能包括额外资金的注入、将利息转换为新的贷款或股权，以及寻找新的合作伙伴。
• 🏚 清算（Liquidation）是当债务人无法偿还债务时，银行可能会执行抵押物，如拍卖房屋，以解决债务问题。
• ⚖️ 如果非诉讼程序失败，银行和债务人可以通过诉讼程序解决争端，法院将作出具有约束力的判决。
• 🚨 在采取诉讼程序之前，银行必须先向债务人发出警告或书面通知，这是法律上的强制性要求。
• 🤝 银行和债务人之间的合同是解决争端的基础，即使出现不良信用，也必须遵守合同条款。
• 📝 银行在处理不良信用时，需要考虑自身的法律责任和债务人的信用可靠性。
• ⏰ 银行在考虑是否批准贷款申请时，会评估债务人的抵押物价值，确保其价值超过贷款金额。
• 📈 对于银行和债务人来说，理解整个债务处理流程和可能的法律后果是非常重要的。

Q & A

银行在处理不良信贷时有哪些非诉讼程序可以选择？

银行在处理不良信贷时可以选择的非诉讼程序包括重新安排（rescheduling）、重新调整（reconditioning）和重组（restructuring）。这些程序旨在帮助债务人解决还款问题，避免直接进入诉讼程序。

重新安排（rescheduling）在银行处理不良信贷时具体指的是什么？

重新安排是指银行与债务人重新协商贷款的还款计划，包括延长还款期限、宽限期以及调整还款金额。这是为了应对债务人暂时无法按照原定计划偿还贷款的情况。

什么是重新调整（reconditioning）？

重新调整涉及对信贷条款的某些或全部变更，不仅仅是调整还款时间表，还包括利率、部分或全部利息的暂停以及其他要求。这是在债务人因特殊情况（如疫情）无法按原定金额偿还贷款时采取的措施。

重组（restructuring）在银行处理不良信贷中扮演什么角色？

重组是指改变信贷的结构，可能包括增加资金、将部分或全部利息转换为新的信贷，或者将贷款转换为银行或其他方的股权。这通常用于帮助那些有潜力但暂时遇到困难的债务人继续生存和发展。

如果债务人无法偿还贷款，银行会采取什么措施？

如果债务人无法偿还贷款，并且已经尝试了重新安排、重新调整和重组等非诉讼程序，银行可能会考虑采取清算（liquidation）措施，即通过拍卖或出售债务人的抵押物来收回贷款。

在采取法律行动之前，银行需要先进行什么步骤？

在采取法律行动之前，银行需要先进行非诉讼程序，包括向债务人发出书面通知（somasi），给予债务人改正违约或履行合同的机会。如果债务人不接受通知或不履行义务，银行才能进一步采取诉讼程序。

如果债务人对银行采取的措施有异议，他们可以通过什么途径解决？

如果债务人对银行采取的措施有异议，他们可以通过诉讼程序将争议提交至法院，由法官作出裁决。法院的裁决对双方都具有约束力，必须遵守。

银行在处理不良信贷时，为什么要首先尝试非诉讼程序？

银行首先尝试非诉讼程序是因为这样可以节省时间和成本，避免法律诉讼可能带来的漫长过程和不确定性。此外，非诉讼程序有助于维护银行与客户之间的关系，可能找到双方都可接受的解决方案。

在银行贷款合同中，什么情况下会构成违约（default）？

在银行贷款合同中，当一方未能履行合同中的义务，例如未能按时偿还贷款或利息，或者未能遵守合同中的其他条款时，就会构成违约。

什么是抵押物（collateral）？在银行贷款中它扮演什么角色？

抵押物是债务人为确保贷款偿还而提供的财产，如房屋或汽车。在银行贷款中，如果债务人未能偿还贷款，银行有权执行抵押物，通过拍卖或出售来收回贷款。

在银行贷款中，债务人和银行分别有哪些责任和义务？

在银行贷款中，债务人有责任按照合同约定偿还贷款本金和利息。银行的责任则是在贷款前评估债务人的信用状况和抵押物价值，并在贷款期间监督贷款的使用情况。

银行在什么情况下可以不经过非诉讼程序直接进入诉讼程序？

如果债务人在接受书面通知后仍拒绝履行合同义务，或者债务人明显无法履行合同，银行可以不经过非诉讼程序直接进入诉讼程序，寻求法律途径解决问题。

Outlines

00:00

📚 银行法课程：债务结算与不良信用

本段介绍了银行法课程中关于债务结算和不良信用的讨论。讲师首先回顾了上一次课程中关于银行活动、分类以及信贷的内容，然后引入了当信贷结算出现问题时，如客户无法偿还债务，银行可以采取的两种程序：非诉讼程序和诉讼程序。非诉讼程序包括直接与客户沟通解决问题，而诉讼程序则涉及法院介入。讲师强调了在采取诉讼程序之前，必须先尝试非诉讼程序，并且如果一方未能履行合同中的义务，可能会构成违约。此外，还提到了侵权行为，即没有合同基础但因一方的行为而使另一方获得经济利益的情况。

05:02

💼 非诉讼程序与债务重组

这一段深入探讨了银行在面对不良信贷时可以采取的非诉讼程序。首先，如果债务人未能履行债务，银行会发出警告，这是法律上的强制性要求，被称为'omasi'。如果警告后债务人仍不履行义务，银行可以采取缓解措施。这些措施包括重新安排还款计划、重新调整信贷条款，如改变还款时间表、利率等，以及债务重组，这可能包括增加资金、将部分利息转换为新信贷或股权等。这些措施旨在帮助债务人继续生存并最终偿还债务。

10:02

🏛 诉讼程序与债务清算

在这一段中，讲师讨论了当非诉讼程序无法解决问题时，银行可能会采取的诉讼程序。这包括了债务清算，即银行可能会拍卖债务人的抵押物，如房产或汽车，以收回债务。讲师提到，即使债务人不愿意合作，银行也有权利通过法律程序来执行抵押物的清算。如果债务人对银行提出的解决方案持有异议，双方可以通过法院来解决争议，法院的判决将是最终的解决方案。讲师强调了遵守合同的重要性，并且即使存在不良信贷，银行也不能直接将债务人告上法庭，而必须首先进行非诉讼程序。

15:02

📝 银行责任与信贷承诺

最后一段强调了了解银行责任和个人在信贷贷款中的责任的重要性。讲师提醒听众，尽管面对不良信贷，银行和债务人都需要遵守合同条款。讲师还提到，如果债务人不遵守合同中的承诺，银行在采取非诉讼程序和书面通知后，可以诉诸法院。法院的判决是具有约束力的，不遵守可能导致进一步的法律后果。讲师鼓励听众继续关注并尽力理解讨论内容，并以感谢和祝福结束讲话。

Keywords

💡债务结算

债务结算是指在银行业务中，处理和解决债务问题的过程。在视频中，讲师提到了如果客户无法偿还贷款，银行可以采取不同的程序来解决这个问题，这是视频讨论的核心内容之一。

💡不良信用

不良信用指的是借款人未能按照约定履行还款义务，导致信用记录受损的情况。视频中提到，如果客户在一年后无法偿还100万的贷款，就会产生不良信用，这是银行需要处理的问题之一。

💡非诉讼程序

非诉讼程序是指不通过法院解决争议的方法。在视频中，讲师强调了在采取诉讼程序之前，银行必须首先尝试非诉讼程序，如重组还款计划或重新调整贷款条件。

💡诉讼程序

诉讼程序是指在法院进行的正式法律程序，用于解决争议。如果非诉讼程序失败，银行可能会选择诉讼程序来追回债务。视频中提到，诉讼程序意味着让法官来决定谁是对的谁是错的。

💡违约

违约是指合同一方未能履行合同中的义务。在视频中，违约被视为可能引起商业问题的原因之一，如客户未能偿还贷款即构成违约。

💡侵权行为

侵权行为是指没有合同基础，但由于一方的行为给对方带来不利影响的法律行为。视频中提到，如果有人在你的土地上建房，虽然没有合同，但由于其行为给你带来了经济上的利益，这构成了侵权行为。

💡重组

重组是指改变贷款的结构，可能包括增加资金、将利息转换为新的贷款或股权等。在视频中，重组被提出作为一种解决方案，帮助借款人在面临财务困难时继续生存下去。

💡清偿

清偿是指通过出售抵押物来解决债务问题的过程。如果借款人无法偿还债务，银行可能会选择清偿，例如拍卖借款人的房子来收回贷款。视频中提到，如果债务人无法偿还债务，银行可能会采取清偿作为最终的解决方案。

💡抵押

抵押是指为了确保债务的履行，借款人将某种资产（如房屋、汽车）作为担保提供给银行。在视频中，讲师提到，银行在批准贷款申请时，会要求借款人提供价值超过贷款金额的抵押物。

💡书面通知

书面通知是指向债务人发出的正式警告，要求其履行债务。在视频中，讲师指出，在采取法律行动之前，银行必须先发出书面通知给债务人，这是法律程序的一部分。

💡法官裁决

法官裁决是指法院审理案件后，由法官做出的最终决定。在视频中，如果债务问题通过诉讼程序解决，法官的裁决将是具有法律约束力的，各方都必须遵守。

Highlights

讨论了银行法中关于债务结算或不良信用的问题

介绍了银行活动、分类以及银行信用的基础知识

解释了客户和银行之间的贷款关系以及还款义务

如果出现不良信用，银行可以采取的两种程序：非诉讼程序和诉讼程序

非诉讼程序包括重新安排还款计划和条件变更

诉讼程序意味着通过法院解决争议

在采取法律行动前，必须先发出警告或通知

介绍了“omasi”这一印尼法律概念，即在诉讼前必须发出警告

如果非诉讼程序失败，银行可以采取减损措施

重新安排可能包括延长还款期限

重新调整可能涉及改变利率和还款条件

重组是改变信贷结构，可能包括额外资金或将利息转换为股权

如果债务人无法偿还债务，银行可能会考虑清算抵押品

清算是将抵押品拍卖，用以偿还债务

如果债务人对抗银行的解决方案，可能需要通过诉讼程序解决

法院的判决对债务人和债权人都是有约束力的

强调了合同的重要性以及在不良信用情况下的法律程序

提醒注意银行的责任和个人在信贷贷款中的可靠性

Transcripts

welcome back to business law

course and this is the continuation of

the banking law topic

still with me your lecturers generally

speaking

and for this part we are going to

discuss

about the settlement

of that

debts or bad credit

in banking

as the previous meeting

we we have learned about

the activities of the banking

and then the classification

and also we talk about the credit in the

bank and now we're talking what if

there is a problem in the conduction

of the settlement in a credit

let's say that the customer here

and the bank has spawned themselves

to one uh to each other

that the customer here

as the adapter

has an obligation upon the bank for the

money 100 million for example this is a

loan

and the money will be should be returned

back and

repaid back in three years for example

uh and also paid with interest but after

one years let's say that there is a

bad credit that the debt third cannot

pay the money anymore

well then there are several uh

process that you if you are the

entrepreneurs that's the bank

can follow uh

based on the perspective of law yeah

there are some

procedures you could follow and we

distinguish the procedure into two

classification

the first one is the non litigation

procedure second one

is the litigation or litigative yeah

litigation procedure every time you

read or hear hear about litigation

the word litigation means the procedure

in the court so doing the cases or

settle the cases

in the court so we let the judges to

settle

who is right who is wrong

so if litigation means the procedure in

the courts and non-litigation it means

the settlement out of the core

firstly you have to follow the

non-litigation

process first in civil law

in business laws especially

you cannot just directly sue the adapter

to the litigation process you cannot

just directly go to the court

when there is a bad debt the law said

if someone is committed to a negligence

or a failure in doing their performance

in the contract

or maybe in the business they do some

things that bring this advantage to the

others which is called

tort for example in thor for example

so if you are the one who get this

advantage because of the thor

or because of this one there is a

contract and one of the party cannot do

the contract the obligation in the

contract which is

if we already run it's event of default

right

so the the problem in the business can

be because of default which is one of

the party

do not do their performance in the

contract

or maybe because of thor the difference

is

in tor there is no contract as the basis

of the zoo

but the action is the basis for example

uh someone is building

a house on your land let's say that it's

happened so there is no contract between

you and

the ones but because his action is

bringing you this advantage economically

because that land is sweated

economically for you

so then it is a thought in indonesia we

call it

based on article 1365

indonesian civil code

so whether it is less untoward or before

everybody who is committed to the devil

or thor

when someone is is in this situation

upon you

yeah someone is devolved upon you or

maybe they are doing a tort against you

so the law said they must be worn first

you must give some warning before you go

to the

court that's mandatory because

if the ones do the default or the

torque and then directly you should to

the chord the chord will say

this lawsuit is perimeter well it's

premature because

you you you have not

give some warns warning to the

the defendants so you have to follow

this one

this is the one that we recognize in

indonesia as somasi

so you have to do this omasi first and

even after the zomasi has been

given the defendant doesn't want to pay

or doesn't want to

do their obligation then you can go to

the mitigation process

especially in banking there are several

types of non-litigation process one of

them

is rescheduling

so rescheduling means uh that only

related to the schedule of

payment and or a period of time

including the grace period

and the chance to the amount uh credit

uh repayment so here when

when the doctor failed to pay the

the installment usually the bank will

call the

adapter and they will discuss why

and what's the reason then they will try

to find a solution

and one of the solution is rescheduling

so maybe

in the beginning the installment is for

five years

but because now in the pandemic for

example many

people is falling down

yeah the business actors are falling

down they cannot pay the installment in

the bank for example so

the bank can do the rescheduling so they

give

extension of duration of the payment for

example so this is one of the solution

this is one of the

uh settlement of the bad debt or bad

credits the the second one

is reconditioning

so the reconditioning is concerned on

the chance

of some or all of the terms of credit

that are not only confined

to chance the schedule payment not only

about the time but also the

the interest rates the suspension of

some or

all of the interest and other

requirements let's say in this corona

fury situation

some many debtors failed to pay their

installment to the bank for example

so the bank can do the reconditioning so

beside the rescheduling

they can also do reconditioning at the

same time for example

the credit is for five years with the

installment is 10 million

per month now because of the corona of

euros

many many business is

affected and many worker is affected by

the situation so maybe they failed to

pay 10 million per month

so the bank would call them what is the

problem and how much you can still pay

so this question so much you can still

pay this is reconditioning

and also the interest could be

decreased reduced from the regular

interest so maybe the bank will let you

to pay only 3 million

per month and the interest per month

will also be increased

but the duration become longer maybe

become

12 years so this is one of the solution

yeah

this is one of the solution this is one

of the settlement

so the scheduling conditioning

and the third one is restructuring

restructuring is a chance of the

structure of the credit

it could be including the additional

funding

or conversion all or part of interest in

become

a new credit and or ballot confession

all

or part of equity loans to bank or take

another party to add participation

so restructuring here it's focused on

the solution in helping the adapter

to keep on survive so let's say that the

the banks see that

actually the adapter is a very committed

percent

and also actually the idea of the

business is quite brilliant

but for one or two technical problems

the business is not going well for now

but the bank still believe that this man

could help it uh could make it in the

future

day so that it's it's open for an

opportunity that the bank

could even give more money mock loan

to the debtor to help them to rebuild

the business

and with the possibility of rebuild the

business then

the debtor could pay the money back to

to the bank as the creditor so

restructuring here is

to change the structure of the the loan

of the credit

or maybe the other

solution is to find another

additional fund uh from another

resources or maybe

to find a jointly uh adapter

so there would be another adapter to

to be joined with the existing adapter

so this is restructuring

and the third one is liquidation

remember when i told you last talk at

the last part of this topic of the

banking law

that one of the criteria that should be

assessed by the bank whether they

want to approve or reject your

application

is collateral right

if you want to asking or propose for 100

million to the bank i told you last

meeting the bank must make sure

that you have something worth it more

than 100 million

maybe your house maybe your car and that

would be the collateral the germinant in

indonesia

so this jamilan or this asset

which is yours it could be

executed if you fail to pay the credit

let's say that your debt already

rescheduled already reconditioned

already restructured but you still

cannot pay and the bank may be

considered at

no more no more chance for you and

the payment is always also redead so

the bank will do the liquidation as the

settlement to finish

the problems which is means the bank

will auction will sell your your

collateral your house for example

so they will offer it to the public in

an auctions

section so and then who will buy it and

then the money

there will be some money here let's say

that your house

is auction and then the price and its

auction is 150

well actually your debt to the bank

yeah still 70 something for example

maybe you already paid 30 million before

so this the 70

million plus the interest will be taken

from this 150 and the rest of them will

be given

to you as the adapter and

sometimes the doctor is a stubborn

adapter

they even do not want to be liquidated

or

they don't want to be reconditioned they

just don't want to pay

so sometimes the bank would also do this

one the somasi the warning

that they have to pay the the

credit the installment and

if this null litigation

is finite that log let's say that the

adapter

against the solution which is including

the

scheduling reconditioning restructuring

and liquidation so the debt that will

disagree

or the adapter do some uh

fight to against the actions that going

to be do

to be done by the bank so the board

parties can go

through the litigation process so they

can finish it to the court

and the court will make the settlement

with the verdict of the judges

so what will the verdict of the judges

on the case

so whether you are the doctor whether

you are the creditor this is very

important for you to understand

that everything again is best on the

contract

but remember even though there is a bad

credit

and you are the bank let's say one day

you are working in a bank or maybe you

establish a bank you cannot just

directly sue

uh the debtor to the court you have to

do

non-litigation procedure first as well

as

the the warning the uh

the written notification to the adapter

that if the notification is accepted and

then

press on the notification the adapter

then willing to

to do their obligation they want to

paste no problem right

so you don't you don't need to go to the

core then but if they still doesn't want

to follow

doesn't want to performs their their

obligation as they have committed in

their contract

then after that you can go to the court

and you can

let the judges to settle it and the

decision of the judges

which is the verdict of the judges is

binding

so everybody whether you or your or the

customer they should

do it if you don't do it you are

againsting the

record further and it can be a criminal

action

so that's what you need to know about

this this is very legal issue

yeah uh and also you have to pay

attention on what is the bank liability

and what is your reliability when you

commit it to a credit loan in bank

so after this we are going to discuss

one more talk

one more supper back i hope you still

can keep it up

and try your best to understand the

discussion

thank you god bless