Spanish Constitution of 1812 | Wikipedia audio article

Summary

The Constitution of Cádiz, established in 1812, was Spain's first constitution and a significant early example in global history. Drafted amidst the Peninsular War, it introduced liberal principles such as national sovereignty, separation of powers, and universal male suffrage, while affirming Catholicism as the state religion. Despite its repeal by King Ferdinand VII in 1814 and subsequent struggles for implementation, the constitution influenced liberal movements in Spain and Latin America. Its principles laid the groundwork for modern governance, marking a pivotal moment in Spain's transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional rule.

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Q & A

What is the significance of the Constitution of Cádiz?

The Constitution of Cádiz, established on March 19, 1812, was the first constitution of Spain and one of the earliest in world history. It introduced liberal principles like national sovereignty, separation of powers, and universal male suffrage.

How did the political context of the time influence the drafting of the Constitution?

The Constitution was drafted during the Peninsular War, a time when Spain was resisting French occupation. The context of war and the absence of King Ferdinand VII allowed more liberal voices to emerge, leading to significant reforms.

What were some key features of the Constitution of 1812?

Key features included the affirmation of national sovereignty, separation of powers, freedom of the press, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and the abolition of feudalism.

What happened to the Constitution after Ferdinand VII returned to power?

Upon his return in 1814, Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution, re-establishing absolute monarchy and ordering the destruction of monuments honoring it.

How did the Cortes of Cádiz address citizenship for overseas territories?

The Constitution extended Spanish citizenship to individuals in overseas territories, including indigenous peoples, but denied automatic citizenship to free blacks and mulatos, limiting their political representation.

What were the implications of the constitutional reforms on local governance?

The Constitution mandated local governments for settlements over 1,000 people, which empowered the bourgeoisie and Criollo populations while introducing a measure of federalism through local governance.

How did the Constitution of 1812 influence later political movements in Latin America?

The Constitution served as a model for liberal constitutions in several Latin American nations and influenced significant figures in founding American republics.

What were the main principles ratified by the Cortes during its sessions?

The Cortes ratified three main principles: that sovereignty resides in the nation, the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII as king, and the inviolability of the deputies.

What challenges did the Cortes face during its deliberations?

The Cortes faced challenges such as French military pressure, outbreaks of yellow fever, and differing political interests between peninsular representatives and those from overseas territories.

What was the fate of the Constitution during the Trienio Liberal?

The Constitution was briefly reinstated during the Trienio Liberal from 1820 to 1823 and again in 1836-1837, serving as a foundation for subsequent constitutional developments in Spain.