Roman Britain (2/11)
Summary
TLDRThe video script recounts the Roman invasion of Britain, beginning with Julius Caesar's initial failed attempt in 55 BCE and subsequent successful invasion in 54 BCE. It details the fierce resistance of the Celtic tribes, particularly under Queen Boudicca, and the eventual establishment of Roman rule from 43 CE onwards. The narrative covers the construction of infrastructure, including towns like London, St. Albans, and Colchester, and the exploitation of Britain's natural resources. It also highlights the cultural shifts brought about by Roman rule, such as the introduction of new technologies, the incorporation of Celtic deities into the Roman pantheon, and the spread of Christianity. The summary concludes with the withdrawal of Roman troops in the 5th century, marking the end of Roman Britain and the rise of a distinct cultural identity influenced by the centuries of Roman occupation.
Takeaways
- 🏺 Julius Caesar first invaded Britain in 55 BCE, but it was his second invasion in 54 BCE that led to the beginning of Roman control.
- 💥 The initial Roman landing was met with fierce resistance by the Celtic tribes, particularly at the Battle of Waddon Beach.
- 🏙️ After the Romans established a foothold, they began building infrastructure, including towns like London, St. Albans, and Colchester.
- ⛏️ The Romans were attracted to Britain for its natural resources, such as lead, silver, and gold, which became major exports.
- 🗺️ The conquest of Britain was gradual, with the Romans slowly overcoming each Celtic tribe and extending their control northward and westward.
- 👑 Queen Boudicca led a significant rebellion against Roman rule in 61 CE, which resulted in a brutal Roman retaliation.
- 🔄 There was a shift in Roman policy towards the British, with an attempt to Romanize the local population through cultural and religious integration.
- 🏟️ The Romans introduced new forms of entertainment, such as gladiatorial fights and chariot racing, and also new technologies and architectural styles to Britain.
- 🌱 The spread of Christianity across the empire had a profound impact on Britain, leading to its adoption as the state religion by the 4th century.
- 🛡️ Defensive walls like Hadrian's Wall were built to protect the Roman province from the unconquered northern tribes, such as the Picts.
- ⚔️ The Roman Empire began to decline, and by the late 4th century, Britain was largely left to its own devices as Roman troops were recalled to defend the empire's core regions.
Q & A
Who was the Roman general that led the invasion of Britain in 55 BCE?
-Julius Caesar was the Roman general who led the invasion of Britain in 55 BCE.
How many legions and soldiers did Julius Caesar have at his command during the initial invasion?
-Julius Caesar commanded two legions, consisting of 20,000 soldiers, during the initial invasion.
What was the outcome of the first encounter between the British warriors and the Roman forces on the beach of Kent?
-The first encounter resulted in the repulse of the Romans due to the ferocity of the Celtic defense and the shallowness of the beaches.
When did the Romans begin to establish settlements on the island of Britain?
-The Romans began establishing settlements on the island of Britain from the year 43 CE.
What was the main reason for the Roman interest in Britain?
-The main reason for the Roman interest in Britain was its deposits of valuable metals such as lead, silver, and gold.
What significant rebellion occurred during the early Roman rule in Britain?
-The significant rebellion that occurred during the early Roman rule in Britain was led by Queen Boudicca of the Iceni tribe in 61 CE.
What was the impact of the Boudiccan rebellion on Roman citizens?
-The Boudiccan rebellion resulted in the death of possibly as many as 70,000 Roman citizens.
What was the role of London in the Roman Empire by 200 CE?
-By 200 CE, London had become the largest settlement in Britain, serving as a melting pot of people from all parts of the empire and a hub linked to Western Europe, Rome, Africa, and the Middle East.
What was the primary language spoken in London during the Roman period?
-Latin was the common language spoken in London during the Roman period.
What was the significance of the construction of Hadrian's Wall?
-Hadrian's Wall was constructed in the mid-2nd century as a defensive measure to keep the Scottish Celts at bay and marked the established border of the Roman Empire in Britain.
How did the spread of Christianity impact the Roman Empire and Britain?
-The spread of Christianity provided a unifying religion across the empire, asserting the belief in one God and the possibility of eternal life for all followers. It continued to grow in influence even after the fall of the Roman Empire, especially in Britain.
What was the Emperor Honorius' response to the increasing threats to the Roman Empire, including Britain?
-Emperor Honorius acknowledged the situation and instructed the cities of Britain to look to their own defenses, as the Roman legions were recalled to defend more vital parts of the Empire.
Outlines
🏺 Julius Caesar's Invasion and Early Roman Britain
The first paragraph describes the initial Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BCE led by Julius Caesar. Despite an initial repulsion at the beaches of Kent due to the fierce Celtic defense, Caesar returned the following year and successfully defeated the British forces. The Roman conquest was a gradual process, with each Celtic tribe being subdued one by one. The paragraph also touches upon the Roman infrastructure development in Britain, including the establishment of towns like London, St. Albans, and Colchester, and the exploitation of natural resources such as metals. It highlights the significant rebellion led by Queen Boudicca and the subsequent shift in Roman attitude towards the British people, leading to a more integrated society with the introduction of Roman goods, entertainment, and religious syncretism. By 200 CE, London had become a major settlement, and the Roman way of life had been largely adopted by the Britons.
🏰 Later Roman Britain and the Empire's Decline
The second paragraph discusses the later period of Roman Britain, including the construction of Hadrian's Wall in the 2nd century to mark the northern boundary and protect against the Picts. It outlines the cultural and religious changes that occurred as Roman culture became more ingrained, with the spread of Christianity across the empire. The paragraph also addresses the decline of the Roman Empire, including the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain to defend other parts of the empire and the eventual abandonment of Britain. It concludes with the acknowledgment of Britain's changed character by the late 4th century, with a shift towards a more Romanized society and the enduring impact of Roman rule on the island's culture and infrastructure.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Julius Caesar
💡Roman Legions
💡Celtic Defense
💡Roman Rule
💡Boudicca's Rebellion
💡Hadrian's Wall
💡Roman Infrastructure
💡Romanization
💡Christianity
💡Roman Empire's Collapse
💡Caledonia
Highlights
On August 23, 55 BCE, Julius Caesar led an invasion of Britain with 20,000 Roman soldiers.
The initial Roman invasion was repelled due to fierce Celtic defense and the shallowness of the beaches.
Caesar returned in 54 BCE, defeating the British and securing loyalty oaths from local Celtic Kings.
The Romans began establishing settlements in Britain from 43 CE, despite initial resistance.
The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, with each Celtic tribe overcome one by one.
Roman infrastructure, including towns, roads, and aqueducts, had to be built from scratch in Britain.
The Romans exploited Britain's resources, including lead, silver, gold, wheat, and slaves.
The Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rebelled in 61 CE, capturing and destroying several towns.
After the Boudiccan rebellion, the Romans shifted their attitude and attempted to integrate the Britons more.
London became a major settlement and a melting pot of people from across the Roman Empire by 200 CE.
Roman influence introduced new housing styles, foods, and consumer goods to Britain.
The construction of Hadrian's Wall in 122 CE marked a change in the history of Britain.
Christianity spread rapidly across the empire, including Britain, and was eventually adopted by the Romans.
The Roman Empire began to decline in the 4th century, and troops were recalled from Britain to defend more vital parts of the empire.
The fall of the Roman Empire led to the decay of cities in Britain and a long period of economic depression.
The Roman conquest of Britain began in earnest under Emperor Claudius in 43 CE and took many decades.
The defensive walls set up by the Romans had a major flaw, allowing invaders to penetrate deep into the empire.
The Roman Empire's collapse left Britain to its own defenses, marking the end of Roman rule on the island.
Transcripts
on the morning of the 23rd of August 55
BCE thousands of British warriors lined
wormer beach in Kent facing them were a
fleet of 89 ships carrying two legions
of Roman infantry 20,000 soldiers at its
head was Julius Caesar the Roman general
and future Emperor behind him crushed
and defeated was gold but Britain was
another matter the ferocity of the
Celtic defense as well as the
shallowness of the beaches prevented the
Romans from gaining a foothold on the
island and they were repulsed Britain's
Celtic identity their independence and
their way of life had been preserved for
now however this success was short-lived
Caesar returned the following year and
defeated the British and from 43 seee
Romans began establishing settlements on
the island there was much resistance to
Roman rule at first but when the last
Roman troops left the island 400 years
later it was with Appeals for their
return from the townspeople of Britain
technological advances social and
religious upheavals and entire new
identities were formed in the centuries
of Roman rule not Roman occupation few
people today would consider Roman
Britain as a time of occupation despite
what the Warriors are warmer beach or
the chariot riders in boudicca's army
may have thought
Ceaser's return in 54 BCE saw the defeat
of the British in battle and oath of
loyalty from the local Celtic Kings in
the southeast their loyalty was
guaranteed as their sons were taken
hostages when the Romans left but leaves
they did and though Roman influence in
southern Britain at least continued to
grow they did not attempt another
invasion for nearly a hundred years when
it did come it was overwhelming between
forty and fifty thousand soldiers were
landed at Rich Burr and Kent in 43 seee
to put that in context William the
Conqueror's invasion a millennia later
was would perhaps as few as seven
thousand men the Roman conquest wasn't
achieved in a day each Celtic tribe had
to be overcome one after the other
tribes to the north of Britain would be
unaffected for decades by the Roman
invasion the advance was a slow creep to
the west and north and they had to build
their own infrastructure as they went
200 years earlier when the Romans had
first begun to spread beyond Italy by
expanding into the Mediterranean they
were able to make use of already built
large towns of more ancient
civilizations like the Greeks and
Carthaginians no towns of comparable
size existed in Britain before their
arrival so they had to build their own
as well as the roads to connect them and
the aqueducts to quench them and the
sewers to sanitize them London st.
Albans and Colchester were all Roman
towns later came gloucester Lincoln and
York the Romans came to Britain for its
metals there were large deposits of lead
in Somerset that the Romans used for
pipes and plumbing silver in the West
Country and gold in the Welsh mountains
thirty years after the invasion these
were the main exports from Britain along
with wheat and Celtic slaves who were
much valued for their strength so many
Celts was sent into slavery because
there was much resistance to Roman rule
in the first few decades after their
arrival the most significant rebellion
happened in 61c II when the icy knee
tribe and their allies led by their
widowed Queen Boudicca captured the
towns of Colchester London and st.
Albans killing possibly as many as
70,000 Roman citizens the rebellion was
brutally crushed but in the decades
afterwards there was a notable shift in
attitude towards their British subjects
they tried to make them more Roman mass
manufacturing of goods like pottery gave
the aspiring middle classes things to
own the Romans introduced glass to
Britain the first locks and keys
of course writing itself they also
brought mass entertainment in the form
of gladiatorial fighting and chariot
racing and instead of imposing Roman
religious beliefs on to the British they
incorporated Celtic gods into their own
faith for example the ancient Celtic
goddess of the hot springs in Bath Sulis
was twinned roodman ever a Roman goddess
of similar description and abilities to
form Sulis whenever by 200 CE II London
had become the largest settlement in
Britain with around 40,000 people living
there it was a melting pot of people
from all parts of the empire for London
and the River Thames was not only a link
to Western Europe and Rome but also to
Africa and the Middle East Latin was a
common language and for people prepared
to adopt the Roman Way of life there was
opportunity for social mobility where
the color of your skin appears not to
have been a barrier the remains of a
mixed-race women of African heritage
the ivory bangle woman circa 250 C II in
York was found buried with fantastic
wealth outside the town's Roman
influence can be seen in the new houses
that were built instead of the
traditional Iron Age round houses some
Roman o Britons were living in large
villas with rectangular floor plans
separate rooms glass windows mosaics and
heated floors new foods and spices were
added to British cuisine like coriander
cumin and lentes chickens were first
brought to Britain in Roman times along
with these new ingredients came
suggestions on how they should be
prepared in the first recipe books the
Romans had developed a successful
strategy with the peoples of Britain
their armies would defeat you their
bureaucrats control you their luxury
goods seduce you and if all else failed
the Empire could exclude you and
excluded many Britons were away from the
romanized southeast life remained much
as it had done hundreds of years before
in the Scottish Highlands the Celtic
Iron Age tribes like the Picts were
still very much in control
evidence of this fierce independence can
be seen in the full Kirk tartan dating
from 250 C II the oldest tartan cloth
ever found 84c II had seen a huge defeat
of remaining Scottish Celts at Mon
grabbers but trouble in other parts of
the Empire had Force soldiers to be
transferred away from Britain leading to
a shortage in manpower what was to
become Scotland was too poor in
resources and too abundant in hostile
locals to be deemed worth the effort of
invading instead the Hadrian and Anton
walls were constructed in the mid 2nd
century to keep the Scottish Celts at
bay Hadrian's Wall became the
established border the longest protected
frontier in the empire with 10,000
soldiers posted there the wall itself
marks a change in the history of this
island for hundreds of years before the
iron age tribes of Britain had
established regional territories within
a shared Celtic culture but now Rome had
cleaved a divide that remained to this
day Britannia and Caledonia by the late
4th century Britain had assumed a
different character from the early years
of Roman rule the spread of Roman
culture mass-produced consumer goods and
the grant of universal citizenship to
all freemen in the early third century
helped obscure regional differences
south of the wall and a new religion
from the east was rapidly gaining
support across the empire Christianity
asserted there was only one God not many
and that no matter who you were senator
or slave you could gain eternal life by
following the faith these were powerful
ideas for many in Roman times at first
the Romans had seen Christianity as a
threat and had made it illegal but in
313 seee
it was decriminalized and by 391 other
pagan beliefs were outlawed even after
the Roman Empire fell the religion it
had supported continued and made its
base in the former empires capital hence
Roman Catholicism by the 4th century a
major reason for the Roman Empire's
collapse was apparent the defensive
system of fortified walls set up two
centuries earlier had a major flaw it
was too much like a lobster once
attackers got through the armored outer
shell there was nothing inside but
undefended fleshy parts the road system
which had served the Roman army so well
when they were always on the attack had
allowed invaders to push deep into the
empire as soon as they got past the
walls this was more of a problem on the
continent than in Britain but that in
itself was still a concern as it meant
Britain might get cut off by this time
barbarian tribes were making regular
raids into the empire in 410 they looted
Rome itself two years earlier the
remaining legions in Britain had been
recalled to help defend more vital parts
of the Empire never to return again the
Emperor at the time Huronia s'
acknowledged the situation when he wrote
to the cities of Britain instructing
them to look to their own defenses
rivaled only by the Han Dynasty in
distant China the Roman Empire was the
most powerful and successful Empire of
its
and the majority of Britain was a
willing partner in that success with the
collapse of the empire the cities of
Britain decayed it would be many years
before the economic output of the island
would surpass that of Roman Britain this
period begins with Julius Caesar's
invasion of Britain in 54 BCE though he
was only successful in his second
invasion a year later it was under the
reign of Emperor Claudius in 43 seee
that the Romans began to conquer Britain
in earnest this conquest took many
decades and relations with the surviving
local British tribes they conquered were
uneasy in 61 ca the Iceni tribe rebelled
led by their Queen Boudicca the
rebellion was only defeated after the
deaths of thousands of Roman civilians
and despite the Roman victory at Mont
Gratus in 84 C II it was decided to
build defensive walls in the north
Hadrian's Wall began construction in 122
C II back in the province of Britannia
the 3rd century saw further social
integration with the universal grant of
citizenship to all men and the spread of
Christianity by the 4th century Britain
had assumed a different character from
the early years of Roman rule but as
more vital parts of the Empire came
under attack Roman troops left Britain
in 408 in 410 Rome was raided by
barbarians and any chance of the Romans
returning to Britain was dismissed by
the then Emperor erroneous
[Music]
you
関連動画をさらに表示
The Ancient History of Roman Britain
The Anglo-Saxon Period
History of the Roman Republic
Sejarah Peradaban Romawi Kuno
The HISTORY of ENGLAND [Part 1] - Prehistoric times through Ancient Britons and Roman Britannia
Imperyong Romano | Una at Ikalawang Triumvirate at Pagbagsak ng Roman Republic | Roman Empire
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)