bayi baru lahirku ppt

Summary

This lecture covers essential aspects of newborn care, including the biological and physiological changes in newborns, the stages of reactivity after birth, and key indicators of a healthy newborn. It explains the criteria for a normal birth, the importance of early breastfeeding initiation, and the management of the baby's transition from the womb to the outside world. The speaker also discusses neonatal reflexes, the respiratory system, digestion, and thermoregulation, alongside potential health risks like infection, and provides guidelines for parental education and care techniques.

Takeaways

• 🍼 Newborns go through two phases of reactivity: first phase lasts 1-2 hours with increased heart rate, breathing, and alertness, making it the ideal time for breastfeeding initiation.
• 🌡️ In the second phase of reactivity, the newborn becomes less sensitive to stimuli, with heart rates of 120-160 bpm and breathing rates of 30-60 breaths per minute.
• 👶 A normal newborn is delivered between 37-42 weeks gestation, weighs between 2500-4000 grams, and has an Apgar score of 7 or above.
• 🔄 Transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life involves critical changes, such as lung activation and circulation adjustments.
• 💓 Cardiovascular system: Heart rate averages 114 bpm at birth, but may vary from 120-160 bpm. Blood pressure is typically 60-80 mmHg systolic.
• 💨 Respiratory system: Breathing is shallow and irregular, with rates varying from 20-60 breaths per minute. Premature infants may experience respiratory distress due to underdeveloped lungs and insufficient surfactant.
• 🧪 Digestive system: Newborns can digest proteins and simple carbohydrates, but have limited fat absorption. Regurgitation may occur due to underdeveloped cardiac sphincter control.
• 🩸 Liver function: Newborns store iron for up to 5 months and have a tendency for jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) due to the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin.
• 🛡️ Immunity: Newborns rely on passive immunity from the mother for the first three months and have developing gastrointestinal defenses.
• 🧠 Thermoregulation: Newborns struggle with temperature regulation due to thinner skin and underdeveloped sweat glands. They generate heat through non-shivering thermogenesis.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the lecture in the script?

The main topic of the lecture is newborn care, including the physiological and biological conditions of newborns, as well as the necessary nursing interventions.

What are the two phases of reactivity mentioned in the lecture?

The two phases of reactivity are the first reactivity phase, which occurs immediately after birth and lasts for about 30 minutes to 2 hours, and the second reactivity phase, which occurs 4 to 6 hours after birth. In the first phase, newborns are highly alert, while in the second phase, their sensitivity to stimuli increases.

What is the ideal time to initiate early breastfeeding (IMD)?

The ideal time to initiate early breastfeeding (Inisiasi Menyusu Dini or IMD) is during the first phase of reactivity, when the newborn is alert and responsive.

What are the normal ranges for heart rate and respiratory rate in a newborn?

The normal heart rate for a newborn is between 120-160 beats per minute, and the normal respiratory rate is between 30-60 breaths per minute.

What criteria define a newborn as 'normal' according to the lecture?

A 'normal' newborn is defined as one born from a normal delivery, at a gestational age of 37-42 weeks, with a birth weight of 2500-4200 grams, an Apgar score of 7 or higher, and no congenital abnormalities. The newborn should also have a body length between 44-55 cm.

What is the significance of the Apgar score, and what values are considered normal?

The Apgar score assesses a newborn's health based on five criteria: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex response, and skin color. A score of 7-10 is considered normal, indicating good health, while scores lower than 7 suggest that medical intervention may be necessary.

What changes occur in a newborn's cardiovascular system after birth?

After birth, clamping of the umbilical cord shifts the newborn's circulation from placental to independent pulmonary circulation. This leads to changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, as the newborn begins breathing independently.

How does a newborn's respiratory system adapt immediately after birth?

A newborn's respiratory system adapts by transitioning from relying on placental oxygen to independent breathing. The respiratory rate becomes rapid (30-60 breaths per minute) with shallow, irregular breaths, and some newborns may briefly experience pauses in breathing (apnea) up to 15 seconds.

What are common gastrointestinal characteristics of a newborn?

A newborn has a limited ability to digest complex proteins and fats, but they can digest simple carbohydrates and proteins. Newborns often pass meconium within the first 24-48 hours, which is their first stool formed from amniotic fluid ingested during pregnancy.

What are the key points of newborn thermoregulation discussed in the script?

Newborns have limited thermoregulation due to their immature systems. They rely on non-shivering thermogenesis (burning brown fat) to maintain body temperature. The lecture highlights the need for appropriate external warmth and care to prevent hypothermia.