Ch 6 Feedback Reinforcement and Intrinsic Motivation
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the concept of reinforcement and motivation, particularly within the context of teaching and coaching. It delves into the theories of behavior modification, focusing on positive and negative reinforcement strategies to shape desired behaviors. Highlighting B.F. Skinner's principles, it discusses how rewards and punishments influence learning, both extrinsically and intrinsically. The script also addresses motivational theories like cognitive evaluation and self-determination, emphasizing the role of flow state in optimal performance. Practical applications in sports and education underscore the importance of positive reinforcement to foster growth and mastery.
Takeaways
- 🔄 Reinforcement uses rewards and punishment to shape behavior by increasing or decreasing the likelihood of future actions.
- 🌱 Motivation is enhanced when the environment fosters growth, mastery, and pleasure through positive reinforcement techniques.
- 📚 B.F. Skinner's theory of reinforcement suggests that arranging reinforcement expedites learning and strengthens desired behaviors.
- ⚖️ Positive reinforcement encourages repeated desirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement attempts to reduce unwanted behaviors.
- 🎯 Reinforcement impacts individuals differently, as the same action may be seen as positive by one person and negative by another.
- 🏆 Positive reinforcement focuses on rewards, while negative reinforcement focuses on punishment and error correction.
- 🚫 Punishment, if not applied carefully, can have unintended consequences such as arousing fear of failure or reinforcing unwanted behavior.
- 🌟 Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual and can be fostered by creating environments focused on learning, improvement, and mastery rather than just outcomes.
- 💡 Cognitive Evaluation Theory explains how people perceive rewards, which influences their motivation and behavior.
- 🌊 Flow state occurs when an individual's skills and challenges are balanced, allowing them to perform optimally and feel absorbed in the activity.
Q & A
What is reinforcement, and how does it influence behavior?
-Reinforcement is the use of rewards or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of a specific response occurring in the future. It shapes behavior by either encouraging positive actions through rewards or discouraging undesirable actions through punishment.
Who is B.F. Skinner, and what did he contribute to the theory of reinforcement?
-B.F. Skinner is a prominent behavioral theorist who contributed to the theory of behavior modification and operant conditioning. He suggested that learning is facilitated by reinforcement, which speeds up behavior acquisition and ensures the appearance of desired behaviors.
What are the two basic principles of reinforcement?
-The two basic principles are: 1) Success or reward increases the likelihood of repeating a behavior to gain more positive experiences. 2) Punishment or negative experiences decrease the likelihood of repeating a behavior to avoid unpleasant outcomes.
How does reinforcement affect different individuals?
-Reinforcement affects individuals differently. For example, a punishment such as a lower grade for late work may motivate one person to improve, while another might perceive it as attention and not change their behavior.
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
-Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by rewarding desirable actions, making them more likely to occur in the future. Negative reinforcement, on the other hand, tries to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment or criticism.
Why is a positive approach to reinforcement preferred in sports and coaching?
-A positive approach is recommended because it leads to better team cohesion, higher satisfaction among athletes, and a more enjoyable environment. Coaches who use predominantly positive feedback foster better relationships and motivate athletes more effectively.
What is intrinsic motivation, and why is it important?
-Intrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from within an individual to be competent and self-determined. It is important because it fosters long-term engagement, personal growth, and a deeper sense of satisfaction from participating in activities without external rewards.
What are the key elements of the flow state, and how does it affect performance?
-Flow is a state where individuals are fully absorbed in an activity, achieving optimal performance. Key elements include a balance of challenge and skills, clear goals, total concentration, a sense of control, and effortless movement. Flow enhances performance by keeping individuals focused and motivated.
What is shaping, and how does it help in skill development?
-Shaping is the process of reinforcing small improvements as an individual learns a skill. By rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior, it encourages continuous progress and helps the individual eventually master the skill.
What potential negative effects can punishment have in a coaching environment?
-Punishment can lead to undesirable side effects such as fear of failure, reinforcing the unwanted behavior, producing shame, and hindering skill learning. It may also be misinterpreted as attention, which can diminish its effectiveness.
Outlines
🔄 Reinforcement, Motivation, and Behavior Conditioning
This paragraph introduces the concept of reinforcement, which uses rewards and punishments to influence future behavior. It highlights BF Skinner’s behaviorist theories, emphasizing that teaching or coaching is based on reinforcement. Success and punishment play critical roles in determining repeated behaviors, though reinforcement is complex as individuals react differently to the same stimulus. The paragraph also discusses both positive and negative approaches to reinforcement in teaching and coaching.
🏅 Benefits of Positive Coaching and Reinforcement
This section focuses on the advantages of positive reinforcement over punishment in coaching. Research suggests that individuals coached with positive reinforcement enjoy their experiences more, bond better with teammates, and perform better. It highlights how rewards and positive feedback can improve behavior and performance. Additionally, it mentions that while some punishment can help control negative behaviors, a positive approach is recommended to enhance motivation and reduce negative side effects.
📈 The Role of Feedback in Motivation and Mastery
This paragraph explores how feedback, especially positive reinforcement, can motivate individuals by helping them understand their progress. It explains the concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, noting that intrinsic motivation fosters deeper engagement. Timing and frequency of reinforcement are important during learning, with gradual rewards supporting skill development. The paragraph also introduces 'shaping,' a technique where incremental improvements are rewarded to encourage mastery.
⚖️ Balancing Challenges and Skills for Optimal Flow
This part delves into the concept of 'flow,' where individuals perform optimally when their skills and challenges are balanced. It describes the key elements of flow, such as complete absorption in an activity, clear goals, and loss of self-consciousness. Flow occurs when individuals are fully immersed and motivated by the task itself. The text also discusses factors that can disrupt flow, including physical problems, mistakes, or lack of focus, and suggests strategies to increase the likelihood of achieving flow.
✅ Positive Reinforcement and Personal Responsibility
This paragraph emphasizes the importance of consistently using positive reinforcement to influence behavior. It advises avoiding personal attacks when using punishment and focusing instead on the behavior. The section suggests involving individuals in decisions about punishment to foster a sense of ownership over their actions. Finally, it stresses the need to choose effective reinforcers, ensuring individuals understand why they are receiving either positive or negative reinforcement.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Reinforcement
💡Intrinsic Motivation
💡Positive Reinforcement
💡Negative Reinforcement
💡Shaping
💡Punishment
💡Cognitive Evaluation Theory
💡Flow State
💡Mastery-Oriented Climate
💡Target Model
Highlights
Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishment to influence the likelihood of behaviors recurring.
Motivation can be enhanced with techniques that foster pleasure, growth, and mastery.
B.F. Skinner, a key behavioral theorist, emphasized the role of reinforcement in learning and coaching.
Reinforcement principles suggest that success or reward leads to repeating behavior, while punishment discourages it.
Reinforcers can affect individuals differently; what may feel like punishment to one could be attention to another.
Positive reinforcement strengthens desired behaviors by rewarding appropriate actions, increasing the likelihood of future positive responses.
Negative reinforcement aims to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment or criticism, focusing on errors.
Sport psychologists recommend using a predominantly positive approach to feedback in coaching to avoid negative side effects of punishment.
Research shows athletes who play for positive-oriented coaches experience greater team cohesion and enjoy their sports more.
Rewards can be extrinsic (from external sources) or intrinsic (driven by personal satisfaction and internal motivation).
Intrinsic motivation is enhanced in environments focused on learning and improvement, not competition and comparison.
Positive reinforcement should focus on rewarding small improvements as new skills are learned, a process called shaping.
Punishment in coaching can backfire by creating fear of failure, reinforcing unwanted behaviors, or producing shame.
Flow, a state of optimal performance, occurs when an athlete's skills and challenges are balanced, resulting in full absorption in the task.
Positive feedback, appropriate challenges, and team unity can help facilitate flow and intrinsic motivation in athletes.
Transcripts
chapter six feedback reinforcement and
intrinsic
motivation reinforcement is the use of
rewards and punishment that increases or
decreases the likelihood of a similar
response occurring in the future
motivation is enhanced with motivational
techniques to create an environment that
Fosters pleasure growth and Mastery the
theories of reinforcement are heavily
rooted in the theories of beh behavior
modification and Operate conditioning BF
Skinner is one of the most widely known
and prominent behavioral theorists he
has suggested that teaching or in our
context coaching rests on the principles
of
reinforcement Skinner suggested that
students learn based on an arrangement
of reinforcement he said students learn
without teaching in their natural
environment but teachers arrange special
reinforcement that expedites learning
hastens the appearance of behaviors that
would otherwise be acquired slowly or
making sure of the appearance of
behavior that might otherwise never
occur there are two basic underlying
principles of
reinforcement first if someone
experiences success or reward they will
try to mimic or repeat that behavior to
receive additional good positive
experiences secondly if someone
experiences punishment or something
unpleasant they will try not to repeat
that
behavior reinforcement principles are
extremely complex often the same
reinforcer will affect two people
differently people react differently to
the same
reinforcement some people may take an
action such as a decreased grade for
late work as punishment While others
would look at this as attention and
recognition individuals may not be able
to repeat a desired Behavior especially
when that event is unusual for example a
quarterback who throws six touchdowns in
a game he may receive a lot of positive
attention for his achievements however
when he tries to recreate that behavior
he may throw ill-advised passes
resulting in interceptions which
ultimately end up hurting his team and
lastly individuals receive different
reinforcers in different situations we
need to consider the reinforc Ms that
are available to the individual some of
these reinforcements may be competing
and dependent upon the source one may
outweigh the other in affecting a
person there are positive and negative
ways to teach and coach the positive
approach which are designed by
strengthening behaviors by motivating Us
by rewarding appropriate behavior which
then increases the likelihood of
desirable responses occurring in the
future the next negative approach
attempts to eliminate unwanted behaviors
through punishment Andor criticism by
focusing on punishing undesirable
behaviors which should in theory reduce
the inappropriate behaviors the negative
approach focuses on errors and attempts
to eliminate unwanted behaviors through
punishment and or
criticism here are some practical
applications for negative and positive
reinforcement from the Beloved Simpsons
TV show
the negative reinforcement occurs to
punish unwanted behavior in the top left
Marge Bart and Lisa see smoke coming
from the kitchen they likely provided
criticism and maybe even some ridicule
to point out Homer's errors in his
cooking which then prompts him to throw
out all the food resulting in him
rejoining the family instead of cooking
the positive reinforcement focuses on
rewarding appropriate behavior in the
top right B is seen studying this is a
novel thing for I'm sure he receives a
positive grade on his math test and then
is rewarded with a gift for the holidays
based on this positive
behavior in the World of Sports and
exercise some coaches instructors and
teachers still use threats of punishment
as their primary motivation tool however
a positive approach is recommended with
working with athletes and exercisers so
think about yourself which do you
use while it's common for coaches and
instructors to combine both positive and
negative reinforcement and feedback
Sport and exercise psychologists agree
that the dominant approach for physical
education and sports should be
predominantly positive feedback the
positive coaching Alliance which trains
youth sport coaches recommends a ratio
of 5 to one concerning positive to
negative feedback Sports psychologists
highly recommend a positive approach to
motivation to avoid the the potential
negative side effects of using
punishment as the primary approach
research has indicated that individuals
who play for positive oriented coaches
like their teammates better enjoy their
athletic experiences more like their
coaches more and have greater team
cohesion reinforcement can take multiple
forms such as approval positive comments
media press and rewards to name a few
rewards should meet the needs of those
receiving the rewards positive
reinforcement should focus on
emphasizing the positive aspect of
individuals and improving rather than on
screwing up positive reinforcement
serves as a reward for the desired
Behavior but also provides the
individual with performance feedback
positive feedback is motivated by
correcting misconceptions about
performance we can still do this by
looking at game performance statistics
or student grades in a course as
examples to determine how well people
are performing and making adjustments
accordingly positive feedback is also
motivated by creating internal
consequences for example how well did
they perform in relation to others or
the standard this also allows
individuals or a coach to put play or
performance in perspective in relation
to set goals you probably do this on
every exam you have you look at your
grade and then when you look at the
class average to see where you're at
rewards can be either extrinsic or
intrinsic rewards are extrinsic if they
come from an external or outside of the
individual Source such as from a course
or from a coach or a teacher other
rewards are called intrinsic because
they reside within the participant if an
environment is rich in learning effort
and Improvement as opposed to
competition outcome and social
comparison
then the participants tend to be more
intrinsically
motivated the appropriateness of
reinforcement timing and frequency can
ensure that rewards are effective during
the initial stages of training or skill
development desirable responses should
be reinforced often perhaps on an almost
continuous
schedule once someone Masters a skill it
is less critical to reinforce positive
performance immediately although it's
still essential that the correct
behaviors be reinforced at some point
during the activity choosing the
appropriate behaviors to reward is
critical when individuals are learning
new skills they're going to make
mistakes while the individual is
learning it's important to reinforce
successful approximations of difficult
behaviors this means that we will need
to reward small improvements as the
skill is learned this is called shaping
and it allows people to continue to
improve as they get get closer and
closer to the desired response we need
to reward performance as it's happening
this increases the chances of that
behavior being repeated or a new level
of skill being
reached positive reinforcement should be
the predominant way to influence
behavior although many professionals
argue against the use of punishment or
negative reinforcement it can actually
help to control and change negative
behaviors un unfortunately negative
reinforcement or punishment can have
certain undesirable side effects that
interfere with the intended outcomes for
example individuals may misinterpret the
punishment as
attention this may look like a reward to
the individual instead of being the
punishment as it was
intended some coaches think that
punishment will eliminate an athlete's
error the thought is if an athlete fears
making mistakes they will try harder not
to make them when coaching if you are
going to use negative reinforcement be
careful to avoid berating or
embarrassing athletes while they're
performing skills we also need to make
sure not to punish athletes while
they're
participating we can use negative
reinforcement sparingly but we need to
make sure that the punishment is
enforced when it is employed otherwise
it loses its Effectiveness the potential
drawbacks of punishment and criticism
include arous cing fear of failure
reinforcing The Unwanted Behavior
producing shame and hindering the
learning of
skills so if this is the case how can
some people use lots and lots of
negative reinforcement and still be so
successful Bobby Knight's a fantastic
example of
this coaches that succeed through the
consistent use of negative
reinforcements are masters of strategy
teaching or technical analysis likely
negative reinforcement is not the only
strategy that makes them
successful typically these coaches
communicate caring for their team any
negative actions or comments are not
taken personally by either the coach or
the athletes there is a professional
respect if you will that understands
that these behaviors only will happen in
the context of practice or games coaches
who employ negative reinforcement
strategies successfully frequently have
very talented Ed athletes and the
coaches themselves are skilled teachers
and strategists which allows their
professional abilities to overshadow
their negative
approach intrinsic motivation is
important because it resides within the
individual outside sources such as
coaches and teachers cannot directly
offer intrinsic rewards however they can
structure the environment to promote
intrinsic motivation individuals strive
from an inward factor to be become more
competent and
self-determining achieving intrinsic
motivation is thought to be the ideal
motivation resource however reaching it
varies within the individual and among
situations there are several popular
motivational theories which we should
know one of which is the cognitive
evaluation Theory this Theory focuses on
how rewards are perceived determining
how rewards are perceived is critical
and
understanding motivational outcomes for
individuals cognitive evaluation theory
is a sub theory of the more General
self-determination Theory
self-determination Theory focuses on
three basic psychological needs the
effectiveness relatedness and the
autonomy under this Theory intrinsic
motivation performance and cognitive
developments are maximized in Social
context providing the individual
opportunities to to satisfy these basic
needs cognitive evaluation Theory helps
explain the variability and intrinsic
motivation common athlete perception
problems include controlling aspects
like their career informational aspects
usually of their self success and
failure of the individual and function
and significance of the
activity we can create a Mastery
oriented climate by manipulating the
following Environmental conditions we
can use the acronym Target to help us
remember the factors which can be
manipulated first is the tasks we can
accomplish this by designing learning
activities and assignments to support
Mastery goals it is important to include
a variety of tasks making tasks
challenging but also needing a purpose
the a stands for Authority we can
provide opportunities to develop a sense
of personal control and Independence
that this helps to Foster participation
and a sense of ownership in the activity
RS for recognition this includes formal
and informal incentives and praise for
completion of tasks this helps to focus
the individual on their progress and
Improvement towards the Mastery of
skills G stands for groupings we can
help facilitate Mastery by utilizing
groupings which are Arrangements
utilized in learning environments
allowing students to master cont content
or skills we can use individual and
Cooperative learning experiences to help
Master tasks EAS for evaluation methods
to assess or monitor learning we can
give opportunities to improve work using
constructive criticism and positive
reinforcement and lastly T is for timing
the time includes the work or the pace
of the instruction this allows the
learner to participate in scheduled
activities appropriate for the level of
their master
hisory flow is a relatively new area of
research in sport and exercise
psychology flow is essentially our
normal study state or in other words our
autopilot state of being which includes
our intrinsic motivation levels
researchers have tried to determine what
makes tasks intrinsically
motivating this is a flow model this
chart can be located on page 145 in the
text if an individual knows how to
achieve flow then they will be able to
perform optimally with regular frequency
flow is obtained when both capabilities
or skills and challenges are
high if an athlete with less ability is
matched against a strong opponent or
high challenge anxiety will
result combining low skills and low
challenge results in apathy or
relaxation whereas combining High skills
and low challenge results in
boredom the elements of flow have been
identified in a variety of performance
settings but have several common factors
the Essential Elements for the Flow
State include there is a balance of
Challenge and skills for flow to occur
an individual must believe that they
have the skills necessary to
successfully meet the physical Technical
and mental challenges faced complete
absorption in the activity
the participant is so involved in the
activity that nothing else seems to
matter clear goals goals are clearly
stated so everyone knows exactly what to
do this Clarity of intention facilitates
concentration and
attention the merging of action and
awareness the individual is aware of
their actions but not of the awareness
itself total concentration on the task
at hand the focus of attention is
clearly on the tasks at hand loss of
self-consciousness the ego is completely
lost in the activity a sense of control
the individual is not actively aware of
control rather they are simply not
worried about the possibility of a lack
of control no goals or rewards external
to the activity the individual
participates purely because of the
activity itself without seeking any
other reward the the transformation of
time individuals in flow typically
report that time seems to either speed
up or slow down
dramatically and lastly effortless
movement the individual is performing
well but does not spend a lot of time
thinking about it or appears to be
trying very
hard flow is often called an autotelic
experience this word is composed of two
Greek Roots Auto meaning self and
meaning goal an autotelic activity is
one in which we do for its own sake
because the experience is the main
goal so can we control flow
unfortunately the answer is no however
we can increase the probability of flow
occurring if we try to maximize
preparation for the event increasing the
skills and having high challenge will
facilitate the presence of flow in Elite
athletes flow can be disrup Ed easily in
non-athletes participating in physical
activity programs internal reinforcement
and motivation have a significant impact
on flow in some individuals competition
May inhibit the presence of a flow state
for example organized physical education
courses there are some individuals who
are not motivated to compete with others
and therefore they withdraw from the
activity we also see this in the
presence of others such as
parents it is extremely important to
understand that factors can disrupt or
prevent Flow State and individuals as
well the factor cited most often is
preventing flow or less than optimal
physical preparation Readiness and
environmental or situational conditions
the factors cited most often for
disrupting the flow state were
environmental and situational
influences some of the most common
factors preventing and disrupting flow
in athletes include physical problems
and mistakes inability to maintain Focus
negative attitude and a lack of audience
or coach response you may even find that
some of these factors affect you as a
student especially in the online
environment how many of these factors
detract from your Flow State in a course
such as
this so some of the ways that we can
increase the facilitation of flow
we can develop positive mental attitudes
positive pre-competition effect positive
competitive
effect appropriate attentional Focus
Physical Readiness and unity with the
team or
coach additionally we can include these
factors providing successful
experiences giving rewards based on
performance the use of verbal and
non-verbal praise variety of content and
sequence of practice drills involving
participants in decisions and setting
realistic performance
goals so how can you help provide
feedback reinforcement and intrinsic
motivation to others be consistent in
your actions remember to be successful
the majority of your feedback should be
in the form of positive
reinforcement if you're going to
incorporate punishment punish the
behavior and not the person and if
possible allow without input on
punishments sometimes this is not
possible nor practical but when it is
include the individual to encourage the
sense of ownership of
actions we can make all of this work for
us choose effective reinforcers for the
individual make sure you are reinforcing
the right behaviors make reinforcements
dependent on performance of desired
behaviors and lastly make sure the
person understands why they are
receiving the POS positive or negative
reinforcement that they
are
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