Hydrolysis of ATP
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Seher from Easy Peasy explains ATP hydrolysis, where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) converts into ADP (adenosine diphosphate), releasing energy in an exergonic reaction. The video breaks down ATP’s structure, composed of a ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups. Using water molecules, the hydrolysis process is initiated, resulting in the breakdown of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate. The phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, releasing free energy. The video also hints at the ionization process of ADP. Overall, it's an informative breakdown of ATP hydrolysis mechanics.
Takeaways
- 📘 ATP hydrolysis is the process of ATP converting into ADP, releasing energy and making the reaction exergonic.
- ⚛️ ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, consisting of a ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups.
- 🔗 ATP carries a -4 charge due to the negative charges on its oxygen atoms.
- 💧 Hydrolysis involves the use of water molecules to break down ATP into ADP.
- 🧬 Water molecules interact through hydrogen bonds, which help facilitate the reaction with ATP.
- 🔋 The lone pair of oxygen from water attacks the phosphate group of ATP, initiating the reaction.
- 🧪 Phosphate in ATP forms five bonds, and cannot handle a sixth bond, causing the bond breakage and release of a phosphate group.
- 📉 As a result, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate are formed.
- 🔄 ADP undergoes ionization, releasing a proton and leaving an inorganic phosphate group.
- ⚡ The inorganic phosphate group undergoes resonance stabilization, releasing free energy in the process.
Q & A
What is ATP hydrolysis?
-ATP hydrolysis is the process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) by breaking one phosphate bond, releasing energy. This reaction is exergonic.
What is the significance of ATP being called ATP?
-ATP is called adenosine triphosphate because it consists of an adenine nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
What charge is present on the oxygen atoms of ATP?
-Each oxygen atom in ATP carries a negative charge, and collectively, ATP has a charge of negative 4.
What is the role of water molecules in ATP hydrolysis?
-Water molecules participate in ATP hydrolysis by donating oxygen’s lone pairs to interact with hydrogen atoms and attack the phosphate group in ATP, facilitating the release of a phosphate.
How does oxygen interact with phosphate in ATP hydrolysis?
-The oxygen from the water molecule uses its lone pair to attack the phosphate group in ATP, causing a bond break between phosphate and oxygen, which leads to the release of energy.
Why does the phosphate group in ATP become unstable during hydrolysis?
-The phosphate group becomes unstable because it cannot handle a sixth bond created by the incoming oxygen from the water molecule, causing a bond to break.
What is the end result of ATP hydrolysis?
-The end result of ATP hydrolysis is the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate), an inorganic phosphate, and the release of free energy.
What happens to the inorganic phosphate after ATP hydrolysis?
-The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, where the hydrogen associated with oxygen relocates among the oxygen atoms, providing stability to the phosphate group.
What is ionization in the context of ATP hydrolysis?
-Ionization refers to the release of a proton from the oxygen atom in the ADP molecule, contributing to the energy release during ATP hydrolysis.
Why is ATP hydrolysis considered an exergonic reaction?
-ATP hydrolysis is considered an exergonic reaction because it releases free energy when the phosphate bond is broken.
Outlines
💡 Introduction to ATP Hydrolysis
The video begins with Seher from Easy Peasy introducing the topic of ATP hydrolysis. ATP converts into ADP through hydrolysis, which is an exergonic reaction because it releases energy. The introduction sets the stage for explaining the mechanism of this conversion process.
🧬 Structure of ATP
Seher provides a brief overview of ATP’s structure, highlighting that it consists of a ribose sugar, an adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups, giving it the name 'adenosine triphosphate'. A charge of -4 is present on the oxygen atoms in ATP, which is discussed in terms of how it affects the molecule's overall stability.
💧 The Role of Water in Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis involves water molecules, and Seher explains how water interacts with ATP during this process. She describes how oxygen atoms in water molecules use their lone pairs to form hydrogen bonds and interact with hydrogen atoms in ATP, setting the stage for the subsequent chemical reactions.
🔄 Phosphate Group Instability and Bond Breakage
The phosphate group in ATP, due to its five bonds, becomes unstable when water molecules interact with it. This leads to the breakage of bonds between the phosphate group and oxygen, converting ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate. Seher explains the bond cleavage and the electron redistribution in this step.
⚛️ Ionization of ADP and Phosphate Stabilization
Following the conversion to ADP, the molecule undergoes ionization, releasing a proton attached to oxygen. The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, as the hydrogen atom relocates across oxygen atoms, leading to greater stability. This process also releases free energy.
✅ Conclusion and Thank You
Seher concludes the video by summarizing the process of ATP hydrolysis and its outcome—the release of energy and formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate. She thanks viewers for watching and encourages them to take care before signing off.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ATP hydrolysis
💡Exergonic reaction
💡Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
💡Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
💡Phosphate group
💡Water molecules
💡Hydrogen bonds
💡Inorganic phosphate
💡Resonance stabilization
💡Ionization
Highlights
Introduction to ATP hydrolysis and its exergonic nature, releasing energy.
Definition of ATP hydrolysis as the conversion of ATP into ADP.
Explanation of ATP structure, consisting of ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups.
Reference to a previous video explaining the structure of ATP with a link in the description box.
Representation of ATP as ATP-negative 4 due to the negative charge on oxygen atoms.
Hydrolysis requires water molecules, and each oxygen in water has two lone pairs.
Intermolecular interactions between water molecules involve hydrogen bonding.
Lone pairs on oxygen in water can attack the phosphate group in ATP.
Phosphate in ATP belongs to the graphite group and forms five bonds with oxygen atoms.
Breaking of bonds between phosphate and oxygen in ATP leads to ADP formation and an inorganic phosphate.
ADP undergoes ionization and releases a proton attached to an oxygen atom.
The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization for stability.
Resonance stabilization involves the relocation of hydrogen across oxygen atoms.
The process results in the release of free energy.
Closing remarks, thanking viewers for watching the video.
Transcripts
hello friends this is seher from easy
peasy and the topic that we are going to
discuss today is called as atp
hydrolysis so if we say that atp is
converting into adp
that process is called as hydrolysis and
as it is going to release energy so the
reaction is exergonic
now let's see how atp is converting
itself into adp
so we have adenosine triphosphate here
and we already know the structure of atp
from the last video
if you didn't watch the last video the
link will be given in the description
box
so this atp has a ribose sugar attached
itself with adenine nitrogenous base
and three phosphate group that's why it
is called as atp
now this negative 4 is basically the
charge present on each oxygen so we can
see there are four negative charge that
is why atp negative 4 is represented
here
now hydrolysis means that we need water
molecules so these are the water
molecules we are going to use
now each water molecule have oxygen that
is having two lone pairs on it and as we
know that water molecules make hydrogen
bonds with each other so these
intermolecular interactions can also
occur between these two water molecules
so if we say that this lone pair of this
oxygen is going to interact with
hydrogen over here
by this way this oxygen will get the
liberty to have its lone pair attack the
phosphate group present in atp molecule
now phosphate belongs to graphite
that is why it is making five bonds
two with this oxygen and one one with
these three oxygen so it cannot handle
the sixth bond that is created by this
oxygen now this phosphate group is
unstable so the electrons that are
sharing between this phosphate group and
oxygen will go back to the oxygen and
the bond will be break from here
and as a result we have adenosine
diphosphate with an inorganic phosphate
here from here the adenosine diphosphate
will go under the process called as
ionization
and will release this proton that is
attached with oxygen atom over here and
this inorganic phosphate will go under
the resonance stabilization
so this hydrogen is basically not
present with one oxygen
rather it is going to relocate itself
with all the oxygen and provide
stability to this inorganic phosphate
group here
with the release of free energy
that's it for now thank you very much
for watching this video
take care bye for now
[Music]
you
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