Prevention Levels & Determinants of Health: Community Health - Fundamentals of Nursing | @LevelUpRN

Summary

In this video, Ellis from Level Up RN discusses the prevention levels and determinants of health. The three levels of prevention are primary (preventing disease before it begins), secondary (early detection through screenings), and tertiary (slowing disease progression after diagnosis). Determinants of health include environmental factors like access to resources and social factors such as socioeconomic status. These factors significantly influence an individual's health outcomes, with those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds or socially isolated individuals at higher risk for poor health.

Takeaways

• 🛡️ Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before it starts, including education on diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications, as well as immunizations.
• 🔍 Secondary prevention involves early detection of diseases through screenings like mammograms or colonoscopies, and psychosocial screenings such as depression or domestic violence.
• 🏥 Tertiary prevention aims to slow or stop disease progression and its complications after diagnosis, including rehabilitation and support groups.
• 🐔 The mnemonic for prevention levels is: Primary - Preventing, Secondary - Screening, Tertiary - Treating.
• 🌱 Determinants of health are environmental or social factors that influence an individual's risk and health outcomes.
• 🏠 Environmental factors include access to healthy food, safe water, transportation, infrastructure, environmental hazards, and public safety.
• 👥 Social factors encompass socioeconomic status, race, culture, ethnicity, support systems, job opportunities, education, and access to medical care.
• 🚑 Medical care is both an environmental and social factor, affecting health outcomes through insurance and regional availability of healthcare facilities.
• 📉 Individuals with low socioeconomic status, minority or marginalized populations, and those who are socially isolated are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes.
• ❓ Tertiary prevention includes interventions aimed at slowing or stopping disease progression and complications after diagnosis.
• 🌐 A pap smear is considered a secondary prevention level as it is a screening for early detection of cervical cancer.
• 🔑 Low socioeconomic status, minority or marginalized populations, and social isolation are determinants of health that can increase the risk of poor health outcomes.

Q & A

What are the three levels of prevention in health?

The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it begins, secondary prevention focuses on early detection of diseases through screenings, and tertiary prevention is about slowing or stopping the disease process after diagnosis.

What is the role of education in primary prevention?

In primary prevention, education plays a crucial role by informing individuals about diet, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake to prevent diseases.

Why are immunizations important in primary prevention?

Immunizations are important in primary prevention because they help prevent diseases and illnesses by providing immunity before an individual is exposed to a disease.

Can you provide an example of a secondary prevention activity?

An example of a secondary prevention activity is a mammogram or colonoscopy, which are screenings aimed at early detection of diseases in populations with certain risk factors.

What is the focus of tertiary prevention?

Tertiary prevention focuses on slowing or stopping the disease process and its complications after a disease has already been diagnosed. This involves treating patients who have been diagnosed with a disease or illness to prevent the progress of that disease.

What are some examples of tertiary prevention activities?

Examples of tertiary prevention activities include rehabilitation like physical therapy or cardiac rehabilitation, and psychosocial support such as support groups for individuals diagnosed with a disease or illness.

What are determinants of health?

Determinants of health are environmental or social factors that significantly influence an individual's risk factors and health outcomes.

How do environmental factors impact health outcomes?

Environmental factors such as access to healthy food options, safe water, transportation, infrastructure, environmental hazards, and public safety can impact health outcomes by affecting an individual's risk factors.

What social factors are considered determinants of health?

Social factors that are determinants of health include socioeconomic status, race, culture, ethnicity, support systems, job opportunities, education access and completion, and access to medical care.

Why are individuals with low socioeconomic status at a higher risk for poor health outcomes?

Individuals with low socioeconomic status are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes because they may have limited access to quality healthcare, education, and resources that promote healthy living.

How can social isolation affect an individual's health?

Social isolation can lead to poor health outcomes as it may result in a lack of social support, which is crucial for emotional well-being and can influence physical health as well.

Outlines

00:00

💉 Prevention Levels in Health

In this paragraph, Ellis discusses the three levels of prevention in health: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before it occurs through education about diet, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle modifications, and immunizations. Secondary prevention involves early detection of diseases through screenings like mammograms or colonoscopies, as well as psychosocial screenings for issues like depression or domestic violence. Tertiary prevention aims to slow or stop the disease process and its complications after diagnosis, often involving rehabilitation and support groups. Ellis uses the mnemonic of the first letter of each level to help remember their purpose: primary prevents, secondary screens, and tertiary treats.

05:05

🌐 Determinants of Health

Ellis continues by explaining determinants of health, which are environmental or social factors that significantly influence an individual's risk factors and health outcomes. Environmental factors include access to healthy food, safe water, transportation, infrastructure like public transit, and environmental hazards such as pollution or tobacco smoke. Public safety is also considered. Social factors encompass socioeconomic status, race, culture, ethnicity, support systems, job opportunities, education, and access to medical care, including insurance and regional medical facilities. The paragraph concludes by noting that individuals with low socioeconomic status, those from minority or marginalized populations, and those who are socially isolated are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes.

Keywords

💡Prevention Levels

Prevention Levels refer to the different stages at which health interventions can occur. In the video, they are categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent a disease before it starts, secondary prevention focuses on early detection and screenings, and tertiary prevention deals with managing the disease after diagnosis to prevent further complications. These levels are crucial for understanding how health care professionals approach disease management and prevention.

💡Primary Prevention

Primary Prevention is the first level of prevention where efforts are made to prevent a disease from occurring. The video emphasizes education about diet, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake. It also includes immunizations. This level is about taking proactive steps to keep individuals healthy and disease-free.

💡Secondary Prevention

Secondary Prevention involves early detection of diseases through screenings like mammograms or colonoscopies. The video also mentions psychosocial screenings, such as for depression or domestic violence. The goal is to identify diseases early to provide treatment before they become severe.

💡Tertiary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention is the stage where interventions aim to slow or stop the disease process and its complications after diagnosis. The video describes this as working with patients who already have a disease to manage symptoms, treat complications, and prevent further progression. This could include rehabilitation services and support groups.

💡Determinants of Health

Determinants of Health are the social and environmental factors that influence an individual's health status. The video divides these into environmental factors and social factors. Understanding these determinants is key to addressing health disparities and improving overall health outcomes.

💡Environmental Factors

Environmental Factors are aspects of a person's surroundings that can affect their health. The video mentions access to healthy food, safe water, transportation, infrastructure, and environmental hazards like pollution. These factors can either support or hinder an individual's health.

💡Social Factors

Social Factors include socioeconomic status, race, culture, ethnicity, and social support systems. The video explains that these factors can significantly impact health outcomes. For instance, social support can be a buffer against stress, while socioeconomic status can determine access to healthcare.

💡Health Outcomes

Health Outcomes refer to the results of health interventions or the impact of health determinants on an individual's health status. The video discusses how different levels of prevention and determinants of health can lead to better or poorer health outcomes.

💡Immunizations

Immunizations are a key part of primary prevention mentioned in the video. They are medical interventions that help prevent diseases by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens. Immunizations are a proactive measure to prevent the onset of diseases.

💡Screenings

Screenings are tests or examinations that are performed to detect diseases or conditions, often before symptoms appear. The video uses examples like mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colorectal cancer. Screenings are a crucial part of secondary prevention.

💡Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is part of tertiary prevention and involves restoring an individual's physical and psychological capabilities following an illness or injury. The video mentions physical therapy and cardiac rehabilitation as examples. Rehabilitation aims to improve the quality of life for those living with chronic conditions or post-acute illnesses.

💡Support Groups

Support Groups are mentioned as part of tertiary prevention in the video. They are gatherings of individuals facing similar health challenges who provide mutual emotional support and share coping strategies. These groups can be beneficial for mental health and social well-being.

Highlights

Introduction to prevention levels and determinants of health

Three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary

Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before it begins

Education and immunizations are key components of primary prevention

Secondary prevention involves early detection through screenings

Screenings can include physical health and psychosocial assessments

Tertiary prevention aims to slow or stop disease progression after diagnosis

Rehabilitation and support groups are part of tertiary prevention

Determinants of health are environmental or social factors influencing health outcomes

Environmental factors include access to healthy food, safe water, and transportation

Public transportation and infrastructure are considered environmental factors

Environmental hazards and public safety are also determinants of health

Social factors encompass socioeconomic status, race, culture, and support systems

Job opportunities, education, and access to medical care are social determinants

Medical insurance and regional medical facilities impact health outcomes

Individuals with low socioeconomic status or from marginalized populations are at higher risk for poor health

Tertiary prevention includes interventions to prevent disease complications after diagnosis

Pap smears are considered secondary prevention as they are a form of screening

Low socioeconomic status, minority populations, and social isolation are determinants that increase health risks

Upcoming video topic: environmental hazards

Transcripts

Hi, I'm Ellis with Level Up RN. And in this  video, I'll be chatting about prevention  

levels and determinants of health. These cards  can be found in the community health section  

of our fundamentals flashcard deck. If you have  that deck, go ahead and grab these cards and you  

can follow along with me. And if you don't have  the deck, you can check us out at leveluprn.com.  

After I go over the content, make sure you hang  out because I'll have a couple of questions to  

check your knowledge. We're going to start  with prevention levels. There are three  

levels of prevention that you need to know.  There is primary, secondary, and tertiary.  

Primary interventions are aimed at preventing a  disease before it begins, before it is diagnosed,  

before it occurs. And a lot of this category is  education. Educating about diet and nutrition  

and exercise and lifestyle modifications like  not smoking and alcohol intake and all of those  

different things that we educate people about.  Also, in primary prevention, immunizations are a  

big part of that as well so that we can prevent  diseases and illnesses with immunizations. 

Secondary is early detection of diseases or  screenings. And a lot of those screenings are  

aimed at certain populations that have risk  factors for particular diseases or illnesses,  

like mammograms or colonoscopies, but don't forget  that there are also psychosocial screenings like  

screening for depression in certain populations or  domestic violence. The final category is tertiary.  

Tertiary interventions are focused at slowing or  stopping the disease process and its complications  

after that disease has already been diagnosed.  So working with patients who have been diagnosed  

with the disease or illness and treating the  complications and preventing the progress of  

that disease or illness. And that has a wide range  of different things, all different treatments that  

we can do. But some of the things that fall into  that category are rehabilitation, whether that's  

physical therapy or cardiac rehabilitation,  and again, those psychosocial components  

might include support groups. So after someone  has been diagnosed with a disease or illness,  

they might want to partake in a support group with  other individuals with that disease or illness.  

The cool chicken on this card is pairing the  first letter of the prevention level with what  

it does. So primary is aimed at preventing  illnesses, secondary screens for illnesses,  

and tertiary treats existing illness. We're going to move into determinants of  

health. Determinants of health are environmental  or social factors that profoundly influence that  

individual's risk factors, as well as their health  outcomes. And so we've split these into two big  

groups and different books and instructors and  programs and what have you might have it split  

into smaller groups, but they all really fall  under environmental factors and social factors.  

So let's start with environmental factors.  These are things that are in somebody's  

environment that will have an impact on their  risk factors and health outcomes. And that might  

be within their place of residence or within  their larger community. And so that includes  

access to healthy food options and safe water  and access to transportation. So whether they  

have a license or they have a car or a bicycle and  have the physical capability to do those things,  

right? And it also includes infrastructure, so  public transportation. Is there a bus system  

or a train or a subway for them to be able to get  around? This also includes environmental hazards,  

whether that's pollution within the  community itself, or tobacco smoke,  

which is more likely to be within the home if a  family member smokes inside the home per chance.  

And public safety. So what is their environment  like in terms of crime and violence? 

Social factors are going to include things like  your socioeconomic status, your race, culture,  

ethnicity, your support system. So do you have  family or friends or caregivers that are around  

you? And not even necessarily in close proximity  but are a social support for you. What kind of job  

opportunities are available to you? What education  access and completion has occurred? And whether  

or not you have access to medical care. And that  is kind of a combo effect. So medical insurance  

and access to medical care is part of it. Though  medical care is also an environmental factor in  

terms of, what is regionally accessible to me? Are  there specialty offices, or do I have to drive a  

really long distance to get to specialty offices?  Are there urgent care facilities or are there only  

PCPs and hospitals with ERs? So there's lots of  different types of access to medical care that  

gets involved in this. And the key point with  determinants of health is to understand that  

individuals with low socioeconomic status or  if they belong to a minority population or  

marginalized population or, interestingly enough,  individuals that are socially isolated are going  

to have a higher risk for poor health outcomes. All right, that wraps up the content for  

this video, and now I have a couple of  questions just to check your knowledge.  

So go ahead and describe tertiary prevention.  

Tertiary prevention includes interventions  that are aimed at slowing or stopping a  

disease progression into the complications that  may occur after a disease has been diagnosed.  

Which level of prevention would  a pap smear be considered?  

A pap smear is a screening, which  makes it a secondary prevention level.  

What is one of the determinants of  health that I mentioned that puts  

an individual at an increased  risk for poor health outcomes?  

I listed low socioeconomic status,  minority, or marginalized populations,  

and individuals that have social isolation.  Thank you so much for studying with me.  

Up next in community health, I'll be  talking about environmental hazards.