The Four States of Matter - Explained
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Mr. Millings explores the four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. He explains the particle arrangement and properties of each state, emphasizing how they differ in shape, volume, and compressibility. The video also covers phase transitions such as melting, evaporation, condensation, freezing, sublimation, and deposition, highlighting the physical changes and energy exchanges involved. Mr. Millings concludes by stressing the importance of understanding energy's role in these transitions.
Takeaways
- 🧊 The four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
- 🔍 Solids have tightly packed particles with a definite shape and volume, and are not easily compressible.
- 💧 Liquids have particles that are closer together than gases but take the shape of their container, maintaining a definite volume.
- 🌬️ Gases have large spaces between particles, are in constant motion, and can expand to fill their container, being easily compressible.
- 🌌 Plasma is a superheated, ionized gas found in extremely hot environments like stars and certain types of lighting.
- 🔥 The process of changing from solid to liquid is called melting, and from liquid to gas is called evaporation.
- 🧊 The process of changing from gas to liquid is called condensation, and from liquid to solid is called freezing.
- 🌬️ Sublimation is the process where a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first, like dry ice does.
- ❄️ Deposition is the process where gas turns directly into a solid without becoming a liquid, which is how snow is formed.
- 🔄 All changes in state of matter are physical changes, with no chemical change occurring in the substance itself.
- ⚡️ Energy is either absorbed or released during changes in state of matter, such as melting (absorbing energy) and freezing (releasing energy).
Q & A
What are the four states of matter mentioned in the script?
-The four states of matter mentioned in the script are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
What is the characteristic particle arrangement in a solid?
-In a solid, particles are very close to one another, tightly packed, and often form geometric patterns.
How does the shape of a solid differ from that of a liquid?
-Solids have a definite shape, whereas liquids take the shape of their container.
What happens to the particle arrangement as matter transitions from solid to liquid?
-As matter transitions from solid to liquid, particles spread out and move further away from each other.
Is a solid compressible? If so, to what extent?
-Solids are generally not compressible, but they can be compressed a tiny bit under extreme conditions.
How does the space between particles in a gas compare to that in a solid or liquid?
-The space between particles in a gas is much greater than in solids or liquids, allowing for more freedom of movement.
What is the process called when a solid turns into a liquid?
-The process of a solid turning into a liquid is called melting.
How does the process of evaporation differ from condensation?
-Evaporation is the process of a liquid turning into a gas, while condensation is the process of a gas turning back into a liquid.
What is plasma, and where is it commonly found?
-Plasma is a superheated, ionized gas and is commonly found in areas of extreme heat, such as stars and plasma TVs.
What is sublimation, and how does it differ from deposition?
-Sublimation is the process where a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid stage, while deposition is the process where a gas turns directly into a solid.
Are changes in the state of matter physical or chemical changes? Why?
-Changes in the state of matter are physical changes because they involve a change in the arrangement of particles without altering the chemical composition of the substance.
How does energy relate to changes in the state of matter?
-Energy is either absorbed or released during changes in the state of matter. For example, energy is absorbed during melting and evaporation, while it is released during freezing and condensation.
Outlines
🧊 Introduction to States of Matter
Mr. Millings introduces the concept of the four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. He explains that all matter can exist in one of these states and gives examples for each: ice cubes for solids, water droplets for liquids, water vapor for gases, and plasma as seen in plasma TVs. The video aims to teach the differences between these states, compare and contrast them, and explore changes in state such as melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.
💧 Properties of Solids and Liquids
The script describes the properties of solids and liquids. Solids have tightly packed particles that form geometric patterns and have a definite shape and volume. They are not easily compressible. An example given is a ping pong ball, which is spherical. Liquids, on the other hand, have particles that are less tightly packed than solids, allowing them to take the shape of their container. They have a definite volume but an indefinite shape. The example of water is used to illustrate this, noting that it can be poured into different containers and will take their shape.
🌬️ Properties of Gases and Plasma
The script discusses the properties of gases and plasma. Gases have particles that are much farther apart than those in solids and liquids, and they move quickly and chaotically. They have an indefinite volume and shape, taking the shape of their container. Gases are easily compressible due to the large amount of space between particles. Plasma is described as a superheated ionized gas found in extreme heat environments like stars or plasma TVs. The script also covers changes in state of matter, including melting, evaporation, condensation, freezing, sublimation, and deposition, emphasizing that these are physical changes, not chemical ones.
🔥 Energy Changes in States of Matter
This part of the script focuses on the energy changes associated with different states of matter. When a solid melts into a liquid, it absorbs energy, and when a liquid boils into a gas, it absorbs even more energy. Conversely, when a gas condenses into a liquid, it releases energy, and when a liquid freezes into a solid, it also releases energy. The script emphasizes that understanding these energy changes is crucial for grasping the concept of changes in state of matter.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡States of Matter
💡Solid
💡Liquid
💡Gas
💡Plasma
💡Particle Arrangement
💡Melting
💡Evaporation
💡Condensation
💡Freezing
💡Sublimation
💡Deposition
💡Physical Changes
Highlights
Introduction to the four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Solids have tightly packed particles with a definite shape and volume.
Liquids have particles with more space between them and take the shape of their container.
Gases have particles that are far apart, move quickly, and have an indefinite volume and shape.
Plasma is a superheated ionized gas found in areas of extreme heat, like stars.
The process of changing from solid to liquid is called melting.
Evaporation is the process of changing from liquid to gas.
Condensation is the process where water vapor turns back into liquid.
Freezing is the process of changing from liquid to solid.
Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming liquid first.
Deposition is the process where gas turns directly into a solid without becoming liquid.
All changes in state of matter are physical changes, with no chemical change occurring.
Energy is either absorbed or released during changes in state of matter.
Solids are not easily compressible.
Liquids can be slightly compressible under pressure.
Gases are easily compressible due to the large space between particles.
The particle arrangement in solids forms geometric patterns.
The volume of a solid can be calculated using geometric formulas.
The shape of liquids is determined by their container.
The volume of a gas is determined by its container and is indefinite.
Transcripts
hey you guys this is Mr millings and
today we're going to learn about the
four states of matter so what are the
four states of matter and how do they
work well the four states of matter are
right here in front of you all matter
can exist in one of four states matter
can exist in the solid state like the
ice cubes that you see right here matter
can exist in the liquid state kind of
like the droplets of water that you see
right here matter can exist in the gas I
State like you see right here this iron
here is emitting water vapor as it heats
up the water turns into water vapor at
100° C and last but not least all matter
can exist in this fourth state of matter
called plasma okay so kind of like in a
plasma TV that's hanging from your
living room wall okay so all matter can
exist in one of these four states and
what we're going to do in this video is
we're going to learn about the
differences between between each state
of matter we're going to compare them
we're going to contrast them and then
last but not least we're going to take a
look at changes in state of matter as we
go from solid to liquid liquid to gas or
gas to liquid or liquid to solid or
solid to gas and gas to solid etc etc
all right so let's Jump Right In here
and take a look at the four states of
matter all right so what we have here is
a little table of the four states of
matter we have solids we have liquids we
have gases and we have plasma right here
and if we take a look at the particle
Arrangement or the space between the
particles that make up a solid we'll
notice that these particles are very
very close to one another they're very
tightly packed and often times the
particles that make up a solid are going
to form uh geometric patterns okay so
particles that make up a solid they're
very close together they're just kind of
vibrating back and forth and they form
geometric patterns if I were to ask you
what the shape of a pingpong ball is you
might say that it is spherical that is
because uh solids tend to have a
definite shape they have a definite
shape a pingpong ball is spherical in
nature if I were to ask you what the
volume of a ping pong ball is you can
probably use the uh the formula of a
sphere to calculate the volume of that
that ping pong ball that is because
solids tend to have a definite shape
okay so solids if you take a look right
here they have a definite shape they
have a definite volume the particle
arrangement as you see right here tend
to be very close to one another and form
tightly packed geometric patterns also
you should know that solids are not
compressible or they're often times uh
they're not compressible and every once
in a while you can compress them a tiny
little bit but generally speaking solids
are not compressable you can't squeeze
them together for example if you put
your hand on a desk you can't compress
that desk any further it's made of solid
material okay let's take a look at
liquids right here if we take a look at
the space between the particles of a
liquid we'll notice that the spaces
between them are greater than the the
distances or spaces between the
particles that make up a solid right so
as you go from solid to liquid the
particles have a tendency to spread out
as you go from an ice cube to liquid
water these particles these water
molecules are going to move further away
from each other okay so spaces between a
the particles that make up a a liquid
have a little bit more space than they
do in a solid if I were ask you uh how
much uh how much space does water take
up
well water also has a definite shape we
can pour that into a graduated cylinder
and determine the volume of that liquid
water quite simply all right what about
the shape what if I ask you what the
shape of water is that's kind of a weird
question and you might say to yourself
well Mr millings the shape of water H it
takes the shape of its container right
if you put water in a glass and that
water is going to take the shape of a
glass glass okay if you put water in a
bowl then it takes the shape of that
bowl so water or liquids tend to have an
in indefinite shape and they have a
tendency to take the shape of their
container all right last but not least
you should know that Waters I'm sorry
liquids are compressible you can
compress them just a little bit if you
squeeze these particles together just a
little bit you can do so and they'll
turn back into into solid ice at some
point okay Under Pressure so understand
that concept let's take a look at gases
if you take a look at the space between
each particle of the gas here you will
notice that the spaces are even uh
further away from one another they're
they have a great greater distance
between the particles so as you go from
solid to liquid they move away from one
another and as you go from liquid to gas
they move away from each other even
further and these guys are moving pretty
quickly they're all around they're
bouncing off the walls back and forth
there's a lot of chaos going on between
these little gas particles here so
understand that concept that there's a
lot of space between these uh these gas
particles here what about the volume
well if I ask you what the shape I'm
sorry the volume of a gas is if I ask
you what the volume of the gas in a
classroom is it's indefinite really it
really depends on on the container that
that that gas is in right and if I
wanted to move the four walls of this
classroom in we'll notice that the gas
is volume will also decrease okay so the
the volume of a gas is in definite it
really depends uh upon the container
that that gas is in what if I ask you
about the shape of a gas well gases also
have a tendency to take a shape of a
container that they're in for example if
I fill up a balloon with air from my
lungs then that gas from my lungs being
expelled is going to take the shape of
that balloon that is because the shape
of a gas is indefinite it takes the
shape of whatever container it's in and
last but not least you should know that
the gases are easily compressible if you
take a look at the distance between
these particles of a gas here you can
see that you can squeeze them together
quite simply right because there's a lot
of space between them all right so those
are the differences between solids
liquids and gases understand those
Concepts understand the particle
arrangement that solids are close
together tightly packed as you heat is
solid up they're going to have a
tendency to melt and move away from one
another a little bit and as you continue
to heat this liquid up what's going to
end up happening is that these particles
are going to move even further away from
one another and have more kinetic energy
and move more freely about with a lot
more speed and energy all right so
understand that concept last but not
least let's take a look at plasma what
do you need to know about plasma well if
you continue to heat a gas up super hot
like as hot as it gets in Stars you will
have this fourth state of matter called
plasma and plasma is really nothing more
than a superheated ionized gas that's
found in areas of extreme heat like like
in stars like in your plasma TV all
right so you have really superheated gas
that turns into this for state of matter
called plasma so now let's take a look
at changes in state of matter and see
what happens to the amount of energy
that uh that occurs when you start
changing state of matter all right if we
take a look right here we're going to
talk a little bit about changes in state
of matter so what happens as you go from
solid to liquid liquid to gas gas back
to liquid
and liquid back to
solid well if we take a look right here
there's some terms that you're going to
have to know as you go from solid to
liquid that process is called melting as
you go from liquid to gas that's that
process is called
evaporation uh if you go from the other
direction here is you go from water
vapor to water that process is called
condensation and as you go from uh water
or liquid to uh say ice which is in the
solid state
that process is going to be called
freezing a few more vocabulary terms you
need to know there's something called
sublimation and this is
uh this is when a solid goes directly to
a gas without passing the liquid stage
first and you can think of dry ice right
if we take a look at dry ice we've got a
chunk of carbon dioxide that's in the
solid stage so this is
CO2 that's in the solid stage and if
you've ever seen dry ice it's emitting
carbon dioxide that's in the gaseous
stage right so you got a solid going
directly to a gas without hitting the
liquid stage first and that's called
sublimation okay that's called
sublimation okay if we take a look at
the other way this is how snow is made
it's made in a process called
deposition uh those water molecules way
up in the uh the Earth's atmosphere that
are in the gaseous stage right what's
happening to them is that they are
cooling down super super quickly right
they're cooling down super quickly and
losing a lot of energy very quickly so
quickly that they bypass the liquid
stage and turn into solid ice hail or
snow okay so that's what's happening
there so understand the different
terminologies you have melting you have
freezing you have evaporation
condensation sublimation and deposition
and understand this concept right here
that all changes in state of matter are
always going to be physical changes
right if we take a look this is ice
that's in the solid stage if we melt it
it's still considered water right we
have ice which is H2O here we have water
now that's in the liquid stage but it's
still H2O and if we continue to heat
this up we'll have water Vaper but you
guessed it it's still H2O so all changes
in state of matter are going to be
physical changes no chemical change
takes place here we have water here we
have water here and we have water here
all right one last thing you should
probably pay attention to is the amount
of energy that's associated with each
one of these little changes in state of
matter as we go from solid to liquid and
liquid to gas uh what's happening here
is that this solid ice here needs to
absorb a certain amount of thermal
energy in order to melt and turn into
water and then this water here is going
to have to absorb a certain amount of
thermal energy to bring it to boil at
100° C and turn into water vapor so as
you go this this way right uh energy is
being absorbed by the system and as you
go the other way energy is being
released by the system so in order for
this water here sorry the water vapor
here to turn back into water it's going
to have to lose a significant amount of
energy in a process called
condensation right and as this liquid
water here turns into solid ice or ice
cubes here it too is going to have to
release a certain amount of energy in
order to do so in a process called
freezing so understand that concept so
these are the four states of matter
that's how they work uh here's all the
the vocabulary terms you'll need to know
when we talk about changes in state of
matter and I hope you understand the
concept that energy is either last or
absorbed during these different changes
in state of matter so if you like what
you see go ahead and click that little
palm in the bottom right hand corner and
I hope this was helpful
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