3 Main Types of Rocks
Summary
TLDRThis educational script explores the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains how igneous rocks form from magma or lava, highlighting the differences between intrusive and extrusive rocks based on cooling rates and crystal sizes. It also covers how sedimentary rocks are created through weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Lastly, it discusses metamorphic rocks, which transform from existing rocks under extreme heat and pressure, with examples like marble and slate.
Takeaways
- 🔥 Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock that cools and solidifies, originating from magma inside the Earth or lava on the surface.
- 🌋 There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive, formed from magma below the surface, and extrusive, formed from lava on the surface.
- 💧 Extrusive rocks cool quickly and may have small or no crystals, often with a fine or smooth texture.
- 🌌 Intrusive rocks cool slowly, have larger crystals (over 1mm), and exhibit a coarse or rough texture.
- 📊 Igneous rocks can be classified as mafic (dark, low silica) or felsic (light, high silica) based on their silica content.
- 🏞 Metamorphic rocks result from existing rocks undergoing extreme heat and pressure, leading to their transformation into new types of rocks.
- 🔥➡️🪨 Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks are exposed to high heat, like magma, while regional metamorphism is due to intense pressure.
- 📖 Metamorphic rocks can be foliated, with layers or bands, or non-foliated, lacking such structures.
- 🌊 Sedimentary rocks are made up of around 75% of Earth's surface rocks and are derived from pre-existing rocks破碎成clasts.
- 🔄 The formation of clastic sedimentary rocks involves weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation, collectively known as lithification.
Q & A
What are the three main types of rocks mentioned in the transcript?
-The three main types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
How are igneous rocks formed?
-Igneous rocks are formed from hot molten rock that cools and solidifies. This molten rock can be magma (inside the Earth) or lava (on the surface of the Earth).
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
-Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma inside the Earth and cool slowly, resulting in larger crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed from lava on the surface and cool quickly, leading to smaller crystals or no crystals at all.
What is the texture of extrusive igneous rocks compared to intrusive igneous rocks?
-Extrusive igneous rocks generally have a fine texture and may even be smooth like obsidian. Intrusive igneous rocks have a coarse, rough texture due to their larger crystals.
How can you classify igneous rocks based on their silica content?
-Igneous rocks can be classified as mafic, felsic, or intermediate based on their silica content. Mafic rocks have 0-45% silica, felsic rocks have 65% or more silica, and intermediate rocks have 45-65% silica.
What are the characteristics of mafic and felsic igneous rocks?
-Mafic rocks are dark in color and contain magnesium and iron. Felsic rocks are lighter in color and contain feldspar and silica.
What are metamorphic rocks, and how are they formed?
-Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, transforming them into new types of rocks. This process can occur with igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
What is the difference between contact and regional metamorphism?
-Contact metamorphism occurs when existing rock comes into contact with extreme heat, such as magma. Regional metamorphism occurs due to extreme pressure, often at convergent plate boundaries.
What are foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
-Foliated metamorphic rocks have layers or bands, while non-foliated rocks do not have these layers or bands.
How are clastic sedimentary rocks formed?
-Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of pre-existing rocks called clasts, which go through the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation to form solid rock.
Outlines
🌋 Igneous Rocks: Formation and Characteristics
This paragraph introduces the three main types of rocks, with a focus on igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are born of fire, either from magma found inside the Earth or lava on the surface. They are categorized into intrusive and extrusive based on their formation location and cooling rate. Intrusive rocks, formed from magma within the Earth, have larger crystals due to slower cooling, while extrusive rocks, formed from lava on the Earth's surface, have smaller crystals or are glassy due to rapid cooling. The text also explains how to classify igneous rocks as mafic or felsic based on silica content, with mafic rocks being darker and felsic rocks being lighter.
🏞 Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks: Transformation and Formation
The second paragraph delves into metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks originate from existing rocks that undergo extreme heat and pressure, leading to their transformation into new types of rocks. Examples include marble, which is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone. The paragraph distinguishes between foliated rocks, which have layers or bands, and non-foliated rocks. It also discusses sedimentary rocks, which make up about 75% of the Earth's surface and are derived from pre-existing rocks. The process of clastic sedimentary rock formation is explained, involving weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation, collectively known as lithification.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Igneous Rocks
💡Sedimentary Rocks
💡Metamorphic Rocks
💡Magma
💡Lava
💡Crystals
💡Mafic Rocks
💡Felsic Rocks
💡Protolith
💡Clasts
💡Lithification
Highlights
Introduction to the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are born of fire, forming from hot molten rock that cools and solidifies.
Sedimentary rocks come from sediments called clasts.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from heat and pressure, transforming existing rocks into new types.
Igneous rocks can be intrusive, formed from magma inside the Earth, or extrusive, formed from lava on the surface.
Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly and may have small crystals or be vesicular.
Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly and have larger crystals, resulting in a coarse texture.
Mafic igneous rocks contain 0-45% silica and are dark in color, while felsic rocks have 65% or more silica and are lighter.
Metamorphic rocks are created by extreme heat and pressure, changing the original rock into a new type.
Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come into contact with extreme heat, like magma.
Regional metamorphism is caused by extreme pressure, similar to how gravity acts on a balloon.
Foliated metamorphic rocks have layers or bands, while non-foliated rocks do not.
Sedimentary rocks are derived from pre-existing rocks and make up about 75% of the Earth's surface.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces of pre-existing rocks called clasts.
The process of forming clastic sedimentary rocks involves weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Lithification is the process of loose sediment hardening into rock by cementation and compaction.
Examples of metamorphic rock transformations include slate from shale, phyllite from slate, schist from phyllite, and marble from limestone.
Examples of sedimentary rock formation include sandstone from sand and quartzite from sandstone.
Transcripts
rocks rocks and more rocks let's take a
look at the three main types of rocks
igneous rocks which are born of fire
sedimentary rocks which many come from
sediments called clasts and metamorphic
rocks which come from heat and pressure
you know kind of like the weight of the
world pressing down on you so up first
will be igneous rocks derived from a
greek word for fire igneous rocks formed
from hot molten rock that cools and then
solidifies igneous rocks may form from
magma which is found inside the earth
or lava which is molten rock on the
surface of the earth there are two major
types of igneous rocks intrusive and
extrusive let's take a look at how
intrusive and extrusive rocks differ in
terms of what they form from where they
are created the rate of cooling the size
of crystals and the texture extrusive
igneous rocks are created from lava lava
is molten rock found on the surface
intrusive rocks are created from magma
which is molten rock found inside the
earth extrusive rocks are created on the
surface where molten rock has flowed
intrusive rocks are created inside the
earth from hot magma
extrusive rocks cool quickly intrusive
rocks cool slowly they're inside the
earth which acts a little bit like an
oven which slows the rate of cool
extrusive rocks may have really small
crystals smaller than one millimeter or
no crystals at all sometimes they may
either be vesicular which means that
rock may have air bubbles intrusive
rocks have crystals larger than 1
millimeter take a look at these
intrusive rocks and their crystals
extrusive rocks have a very fine texture
some like obsidian may even be smooth
intrusive rocks have a coarse texture
which can be described as rough because
intrusive rocks have larger crystals
this makes their texture run see if you
can tell if the following rocks are
extra Civ or intrusive
another way that you can classify
igneous rocks is to determine if the
rock is mafic or felsic classifying as
mafic or self felsic is actually a scale
of the percent of silica found in the
rock
zero to 45 percent is considered mafic
and 65 percent or greater of silica
silica is felsic 45 to 65 percent is
considered intermediate mafic rocks are
dark in color and felsic rocks are
lighter in color the names give you a
clue as to what other minerals make up
these rocks mafi can be broken down into
ma for magnesium and then fic which is
Latin for iron felsic can be broken down
into fel four filled spar and SE for
silica let's take a look at some math ik
and felsic igneous rocks
let's take a look at metamorphic rocks
this classic building contains a
metamorphic rock called marble rocks are
classified by how they are formed
metamorphic rocks come from existing
rocks that are subjected to extreme heat
and pressure metamorphic rocks are
created when extreme heat and pressure
changes the original rock into a new
type of rock sedimentary metamorphic and
even igneous rocks can all become new
metamorphic rocks when exposed to heat
and pressure the original rock is
referred to as the protolith but it's
commonly referred to as the camp parent
Rock contact metamorphism occurs when
existing rock comes into contact with
extreme heat like magma found inside the
earth kind of like when this toast is
exposed to heat inside the toaster and
has changed regional metamorphism
is caused by extreme pressure the
pressure presses and squeezes the rock
and transforms it into something new
kind of like this gravity acts on the
balloon and transforms its shape this
often occurs at convex convergent plate
boundaries existing rocks are
transferred into new rock at these
boundaries two major types of
metamorphic rocks are foliated rocks
which have layers or bands and
non-foliated rocks which do not have
these layers or bands here's an a common
example of metamorphic rocks shell
morphs into slate which morphs into
phylite which transfers into schist that
can morph into night another common
example sandstone when exposed to heat
or pressure morphs into quartzite
and this limestone will morph into
marble now let's take a look at
sedimentary rocks this rock wall is an
example of sedimentary rock sedimentary
rocks are derived from igneous
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
sedimentary rocks make up around 75% of
the rocks on the Earth's surface let's
take a look at how clastic sedimentary
rocks form clastic sedimentary rocks are
the group of rocks most people think of
when they hear the term sedimentary
rocks
clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of
pieces of pre-existing rocks called
clasts that vary in size these
sedimentary rocks follow Webb CC in
order to form which stands for
weathering erosion deposition compaction
and cementation weathering is when
pre-existing rocks are broken down this
may occur by freezing and falling of
water inside the cracks of rocks trees
and other plants growing into cracks and
even blowing winds next you have erosion
which occurs when these clasps or pieces
of rocks are created during weathering
and then are transported by either wind
water or even gravity to a new location
deposition is when the particles are
deposited as loose sediment usually this
is near a body of water but not always
over time compaction occurs as layers of
deposition build on top of one another
and begin to squeeze together
cementation occurs eventually when the
minerals in the water will act like glue
and cement all the pieces together the
end result is a sedimentary rock this
process of loose sediment hardening into
rock by cementation and compaction
collectively is called lithification
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