Every Superpower Disorder Explained In 17 Minutes
Summary
TLDRThis script explores extraordinary human abilities resembling superpowers. It covers rapid tissue regeneration akin to Wolverine, hypermobility allowing extreme flexibility, insensitivity to temperature, hyperacusis leading to super hearing, dermal optical perception for 'seeing' with skin, eidetic memory for photographic recall, heightened olfactory senses, Charles Bonnet syndrome causing visual hallucinations, hyper reflexia with exaggerated reflexes, osteokinesis for bone manipulation, hyperacuity for exceptional sensory precision, and supercentenarians who live well past 110 with good health.
Takeaways
- 🩹 Rapid tissue regeneration is the ability to heal wounds quickly, similar to a superhero's power.
- 🦎 Hypermobility allows individuals to bend and twist their joints and bones to extreme degrees, like a rubber band.
- 🌡️ Congenital insensitivity to temperature is a rare condition where one cannot feel hot or cold, which can be dangerous.
- 👂 Hyperacusis is a condition where every sound is amplified, causing overwhelming auditory experiences.
- 👀 Dermatoptical perception is the alleged ability to see through the skin, though its legitimacy is debated.
- 📚 Eidetic memory is the ability to recall every detail of what one has seen, like having a photographic memory.
- 👃 Heightened olfactory sense allows individuals to detect scents with extraordinary precision.
- 🐘 Charles Bonnet syndrome causes visual hallucinations in people with severe vision loss.
- 🏃♂️ Hyperreflexia leads to exaggerated reflex responses, often due to neurological damage.
- 🦴 Osteokinesis is the hypothetical ability to control and manipulate one's bones with the mind.
- 🔍 Hyperacuity is the ability to perceive fine details with exceptional precision in various senses.
- 🎂 Supercentenarians are individuals who live to or past 110 years of age, often with good health.
Q & A
What is rapid tissue regeneration, and how does it work?
-Rapid tissue regeneration is the ability for the body to repair or replace damaged tissues at an accelerated rate. This means that cuts or injuries heal much faster than normal, similar to the healing factor of Wolverine from comics, but without the claws or personality.
Can humans regenerate limbs like some animals, and if not, what can they regenerate?
-Humans cannot regenerate entire limbs like animals such as axolotls. However, certain parts of the human body, like the liver, have impressive regenerative abilities. The liver can regrow even if up to 75% of it is removed.
What is hypermobility, and what are its potential downsides?
-Hypermobility is a condition where a person’s ligaments and tendons are more flexible than usual, allowing for unusual joint movements. While it can be advantageous for activities like gymnastics or ballet, it can also lead to muscle and joint dislocations, as the joints are more prone to instability.
How dangerous is congenital insensitivity to temperature, and why?
-Congenital insensitivity to temperature is extremely dangerous because individuals with this condition cannot feel hot or cold. This lack of sensation can lead to severe injuries, like burns or frostbite, without the individual realizing the danger, potentially causing untreated wounds and infections.
What is hyperacusis, and how does it affect daily life?
-Hyperacusis is a condition where everyday sounds are perceived as much louder than normal, making them overwhelming. People with hyperacusis may find it difficult to cope with normal environmental noises, leading to discomfort and the need for noise-cancelling headphones or earplugs.
What is dermo-optical perception, and has it been scientifically proven?
-Dermo-optical perception is the claimed ability to perceive colors and shapes using the skin, rather than the eyes. While some studies have suggested it might be real, there is little scientific consensus, and it remains controversial, with many considering it an elaborate trick.
What is eidetic memory, and how does it differ from regular memory?
-Eidetic memory is often referred to as photographic memory. It allows individuals to recall images, sounds, or objects in great detail, almost as if their brain takes a snapshot. Unlike regular memory, eidetic memory enables a person to recall vast amounts of information after seeing it just once.
How does heightened olfactory sense impact daily life?
-Heightened olfactory sense means a person has an unusually strong sense of smell. While this can be beneficial in some cases, such as identifying subtle scents, it can also be overwhelming in environments with unpleasant odors, making daily activities more difficult.
What is Charles Bonnet syndrome, and how does it manifest?
-Charles Bonnet syndrome is a condition in which individuals with visual impairments experience vivid hallucinations. These hallucinations can range from simple patterns to complex, bizarre images, such as animals or objects that don't exist, as the brain compensates for the lack of visual input.
What is osteokinesis, and what potential risks are associated with it?
-Osteokinesis is the ability to control and manipulate one’s bones independently of the muscles. While this could allow for extraordinary physical flexibility, it carries the risk of unintended or harmful bone shifts, potentially leading to skeletal damage or deformities.
Outlines
🦸♂️ Rapid Tissue Regeneration: Healing Like a Superhero
Imagine being able to heal from cuts in mere moments, much like Wolverine’s healing factor but without the claws. This condition, rapid tissue regeneration, allows the body to repair damaged tissue at an accelerated rate. It is as if the body’s cells are supercharged for speed healing, similar to creatures like the axolotl, which can regrow entire limbs. While humans can't regenerate limbs yet, we do have the ability to repair some organs, like the liver, which can regenerate even after 75% of it is removed.
🌀 Hypermobility: The Human Rubber Band
Hypermobility turns the body into a flexible, jelly-like structure, making people with this condition appear to have superhuman elasticity. Their joints and ligaments are unusually loose, allowing them to perform impressive feats like touching their nose with their toes. However, this condition can also lead to frequent joint dislocations, turning what might seem like a dream superpower for athletes into a potential source of pain and injury.
🔥 Insensitivity to Temperature: Immune to Heat and Cold
Congenital insensitivity to temperature is a rare and dangerous condition where a person cannot feel heat or cold. This means they could walk through extreme temperatures without realizing the risk, potentially leading to burns or frostbite. While it might seem like a superpower at first, the inability to detect temperature can result in severe injuries that go unnoticed, making this condition incredibly hazardous.
🔊 Hyperacusis: Supercharged Hearing
People with hyperacusis experience the world at an amplified volume. Everyday sounds, like birds chirping or a refrigerator buzzing, become unbearably loud. This condition can make life feel like an ongoing heavy metal concert, with even whispers or light rain sounding overwhelming. It’s thought to be caused by changes in how the brain processes sound, possibly due to injury or medication, and often results in the need for constant noise-cancelling equipment.
👁️ Dermal Optical Perception: Reading with Skin
Dermal Optical Perception (DOP) is a mysterious condition where people claim they can see or read using only their skin. First reported in the 1960s, cases involved individuals like Rosa Kulova, who said she could read newspapers with her fingertips. While some believe it’s a legitimate ability, others argue it’s a clever trick. Scientists remain divided, and the phenomenon continues to puzzle researchers.
🧠 Identic Memory: The Ultimate Photographic Recall
Identic memory, also known as photographic memory, allows a person to recall every detail of a scene or image with near-perfect accuracy after seeing it just once. Like a mental camera, their brain captures and stores vivid memories, allowing them to recall entire rooms or pages of a book with astonishing detail. This ability gives people an incredible advantage, especially in academic or visual tasks.
👃 Heightened Olfactory Sense: The Super Smeller
A heightened olfactory sense allows someone to detect smells with extraordinary precision, much like having a 'high-definition' nose. They can differentiate complex aromas, even from long distances, which can be both a blessing and a curse. While this ability lets them savor subtle fragrances, it also means unpleasant smells, like public restrooms, are almost unbearable.
🐘 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Hallucinations for the Visually Impaired
Charles Bonnet Syndrome causes vivid visual hallucinations in people with visual impairments. Their brain, starved of visual input, begins creating its own images, which can range from simple patterns to fantastical scenes like animals in strange costumes. While harmless, these hallucinations can be incredibly disruptive and emotionally exhausting, leaving those affected questioning their reality.
⚡ Hyperreflexia: Reflexes in Overdrive
Hyperreflexia causes exaggerated reflex responses, making simple actions, like a knee tap, result in extreme reactions. It occurs when the nervous system’s reflex arc becomes overactive, often due to spinal cord injuries or strokes. With reflexes on hyperdrive, everyday stimuli can trigger intense, uncontrollable movements, turning what should be a minor response into a dramatic event.
🦴 Osteokinesis: Control Your Bones with Your Mind
Osteokinesis is the extraordinary ability to move one’s bones without relying on muscles. People with this condition can reshape their skeleton, growing taller or shorter at will, or altering their bone structure mid-movement. While it might seem like a fantastical superpower, there’s a risk of deforming the body if used incorrectly, potentially leaving a person looking like a living abstract painting.
🔍 Hyperacuity: Seeing, Hearing, and Feeling with Extreme Precision
Hyperacuity is the ability to perceive fine details with exceptional clarity, whether in sight, sound, or touch. Someone with visual hyperacuity can spot minute differences, while those with auditory hyperacuity hear sounds that others miss. Tactile hyperacuity allows for extreme sensitivity to textures and pressure. While this level of perception can be impressive, it often leads to sensory overload and discomfort.
🎂 Supercentenarians: The Secrets to Living Over 110
Supercentenarians are those who have lived beyond 110 years of age. These individuals defy normal aging, often avoiding age-related diseases and living vibrant lives well into their second century. While rare, with only a handful of verified cases globally, supercentenarians offer clues into longevity, with many attributing their long life to a mix of genetics, healthy living, and luck.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Rapid Tissue Regeneration
💡Hypermobility
💡Congenital Insensitivity to Temperature
💡Hyperacusis
💡Dermal Optical Perception
💡Eidetic Memory
💡Charles Bonnet Syndrome
💡Hyper Reflexia
💡Osteokinesis
💡Supercentenarian
Highlights
Rapid tissue regeneration is like having Wolverine's healing factor, allowing the body to repair or replace damaged tissues at an accelerated rate.
Axolotls, a type of salamander, can regenerate entire limbs, showcasing impressive natural examples of regeneration.
Humans have some impressive healing abilities, such as the liver's capacity to regenerate even if up to 75% of it is removed.
Hypermobility allows individuals to bend and twist their joints and bones as if they were made of jelly, leading to unique physical abilities.
Hypermobility can be a double-edged sword, causing constant muscle and joint dislocations due to loose ligaments and tendons.
Congenital insensitivity to temperature is a rare condition where the body cannot detect temperature differences, potentially leading to dangerous situations.
Individuals with congenital insensitivity to temperature might not realize they are injured due to their inability to feel pain, leading to untreated wounds.
Hyperacusis, or super hearing, results in every sound being extremely loud, similar to having a built-in volume knob stuck on max.
Hyperacusis can be caused by damage to auditory pathways or changes in how the brain processes sound, and is often accompanied by tinnitus.
Dermo Optical perception is a condition where individuals claim to see colors and shapes, or even read, with their skin.
Identic memory allows individuals to recall every detail of every moment of their life, like having a photographic memory for life experiences.
Heightened olfactory sense enables individuals to detect fine details of smells, like identifying specific ingredients in a dish from a distance.
Charles Bonnet syndrome causes visual hallucinations in people with visual impairment, as the brain creates its own images due to lack of visual input.
Hyper reflexia leads to exaggerated reflexes, where the nervous system responds too quickly and intensely to stimuli.
Osteokinesis is the ability to manipulate and control one's bones with the mind, independently of muscles.
Hyperacuity allows individuals to perceive fine details with exceptional precision, enhancing the senses beyond the norm.
Supercentenarians are individuals who live to or past 110 years of age, often without most age-related sickness or disease.
As of 2021, there were only about 30 verified living supercentenarians in the world, making it a rare phenomenon.
The oldest verified person was Jeanne Calment of France, who lived to be 122 years and 164 days old.
Transcripts
rapid tissue
regeneration so you're chopping
vegetables for dinner and accidentally
Nick your finger but instead of reaching
for a Band-Aid you watch in amazement as
the cut closes up faster than you can
say what the hell well this is because
you have rapid tissue regeneration which
is like having Wolverine's healing
Factor minus the adamantium claws and
brooding personality the body can repair
or replace damaged tissues at an
accelerated rate it's as if your cells
decided to take a crash course and speed
healing and graduated with flying colors
in nature we see some pretty impressive
examples of regeneration like the axotal
a little salamander that can regrow
entire limbs like it's no big deal so
you're basically the lizard equivalent
of saying oh I lost an arm no worries
I'll just grow a new one bub while
humans can't regrow limbs yet we do have
some pretty impressive healing abilities
our liver for example can regenerate
itself even if up to 75% of it is
removed moved hyper Mobility it's been 6
weeks since you went on America's Got
Talent to show off your skills and while
you didn't win the prize or anything you
gathered a massive following on YouTube
because of your insanely amazing ability
to twist and bend your joints and Bones
as if they were made out of jelly this
weird condition happens because you have
hypermobility which means you are the
human equivalent of a rubber band you
can even stretch to points that would
break a rubber band you're like the real
life elastic girl mine is the beautiful
bodysuit if you have hypermobility it
would mean that your ligaments and
tendons are like overcooked spaghetti
floppy and loose and they can literally
turn like a ferris wheel you'd be able
to do things regular people can't do
with their bodies like touch your nose
with your toes or bend your thumb back
to touch your wrist or your elbow now
this might sound like the dream
superpower of every ballerina gymnast or
yoga instructor but hypermobility can be
a double-edged sword you'd be prone to
constant muscle and joint dislocation
because you're basically spending your
whole day twisting and turning your
bones like jelly insensitivity to
temperature it's a scorching 40° outside
and everyone is outside with their tank
tops and bottles of water complaining of
a heatwave yet you're casually strolling
around in long sleeves with a thick
hooded sweater and joggers crazy enough
you're not sweating at all and even
though people are looking at you crazily
you literally cannot feel the heat they
keep talking about unknown to you you
have a congenital insensitivity to
temperature it's a rare condition where
your body's thermostat decides to quit
its job and go on an eternal vacation
making your body forget the difference
between hot and cold you could literally
be standing in a burning furnace or the
middle of a snowstorm in a bikini and
feel absolutely nothing this weird
condition can be super dangerous because
your body's ability to detect
temperature can save you from dying
imagine freezing to death and having
absolutely no idea you could literally
be walking around with burn marks all
over your arm and have no idea how they
got there even though you're always
resting your body on hot piping stoves
unfortunately due to their inability to
feel pain individuals with sea often
injure themselves without realizing it
leading to untreated wounds and frequent
infections
hyperacusis ever since you were a kid
you've had to wear noise cancelling
headphones 24/7 because you can hear
everything around you and it's very very
loud the birds tripping in the trees a
block away the tiny beeping of the
refrigerator back in the kitchen and
even the worm burrowing in the ground in
your backyard would sound like a sonic
boom has hit you this super hearing
results from hyper ausia a condition
that makes every sound around you
cranked up to a th000 it's like having a
built-in volume knob that's perpetually
stuck on way too loud if if you have
hyperacusis everyday sounds can be as
overwhelming as sitting in the front row
at a heavy metal concert a whisper might
sound like a shout and don't even get me
started on the chaos of a busy street
it's like your ears are playing an
eternal game of everything is lava but
with noise even the soft drizzle of rain
falling would sound like a hail storm
scientists believe hyperacusis could be
caused by damage to the auditory
Pathways or changes in how the brain
processes sound it's like there their
brain decided to crank up the volume on
life's soundtrack without asking for
permission first other factors like head
injuries or certain medications can also
cause hyperacusis and the condition
often comes hand inand with ttis which
is a situation where your ear is buzzing
non-stop like there's a bee stuck inside
if you have hyperacusis you'll develop
creative coping mechanisms like always
wearing noise cancelling earplugs and
headphones you'd literally give new
meaning to the phrase silence is golden
because you can do anything necessary to
shut out the noise dermo Optical
perception you're at your Town's annual
Easter Fair stuffing your face with
cotton candy and cinnamon rolls faster
than you can chew and swallow when you
suddenly see a woman reading a newspaper
with her eyes closed and completely
blindfolded she's weirdly rubbing the
newspaper along her arms and skin what
you've just witnessed isn't your average
magic trick but a condition called
dermal Optical perception people with
this condition say they can see colors
and shapes or even read books with just
their skin it's like their epidermis
decided to change into a weird pair of
eyeballs as crazy as this sounds
scientists have been scratching their
heads over this since the
1960s when a Russian woman named Rosa
kulova claimed she could read newspapers
with her fingertips after that everyone
and their grandmother claimed they had
magical skin and could identify Colors
by touch While others boasted about
reading books with their armpits but
after years of research it's been really
difficult to prove if dop is legit or
just an elaborate magic trick some
studies suggest it might be real While
others call it a magic trick some people
believe those who claim to have dop can
tell a color just by touching it because
of the temperature difference between
colors while some others believe it
could just be plain old clever guessing
identic memory so your midterm tests are
coming up and while everyone in the
class is stressing about studying and
all you are busy sleeping playing on
your phone and watching Tik Tok videos
of cats the reason why you're so chill
is because you literally have a
superpower and can know every single
sentence and word in your huge biology
textbook within 24 hours this is because
you have a condition known as identic
memory which is basically like having
Google Street View in your head but for
every moment of your life it's as if
your brain took photographic memory too
literally and decided to become the
world's most detailed walking talking
scrapbook the minute you lay your eyes
on something your brain would go click
and just like that it's saved in your
memory forever if you glance by a room
while walking past you can immediately
recall every detail the carpet pattern
the exact shade of blue on the wall and
even the number of cracks in the ceiling
with extr ex dreeme Precision it's like
having a mental DVR that's always set to
record but without a delete button
heightened old factory sense imagine
you're going down the street minding
your business when suddenly your nose
goes into overdrive it's like your nose
got a superpow upgrade and suddenly
you've gone from an ordinary person to
someone with an extraordinary nose this
is basically what having heighten old
factory senses means it's like having a
highdefinition TV be but for your nose
so While others might just smell
something cooking you can tell it's a
triple cheese pizza with extra garlic
and a hint of oregano to some people
this just happens suddenly they can just
wake up one morning and realize that
their sense of smell has just become
very powerful you can smell your
neighbor's coffee brewing three houses
down and even the faint Aroma of your
co-workers perfume even though she drove
by 10 minutes ago however with great
power comes great responsibility because
you would also experience the worst part
of this condition imagine you're in a
vicinity with a public toilet or local
dump then it would automatically turn
into a nasal nightmare Charles Bonnet
syndrome you're walking down the busy
road minding your business when you
suddenly see a green elephant wearing a
tutu and a top hat strolling down the
sidewalks you blink twice as hard to see
if you're actually daydreaming or
someone spiked your muffin with some
shrooms well no you've not had had some
weird Edibles you're probably
experiencing Charles Bonnet syndrome
this condition is named after a Swiss
philosopher in 1760 after he probably
thought he saw some mouse reciting a
sonnet from Shakespeare one day in his
study Charles Bonnet syndrome affects
people with visual impairment it's
literally a condition where your mind
gets bored and Rebels against you
because you're not feeding in enough
visuals so it starts to create its own
ridiculous pictures it's like your brain
is saying if you're not going to get
give me visual input I'll make my own
thank you very much these hallucinations
can range from normal bright colored
Mosaic patterns appearing everywhere
seeing people that look like they just
got out of the set of little woman to
bat crazy like seeing a unicorn
flying in the sky or seeing a T-Rex
strutting into your living room it's
like having a personal augmented reality
system minus the cool headset Charles
Bonet syndrome isn't so much of a
superpower as it is a nuisance it could
really put a strain on all areas of your
life imagine making out with your
partner and seeing a spider crawling
over their face a scene out of a
nightmare these hallucinations can be
incredibly disruptive and emotionally
taxing unfortunately this condition
affects an estimated 47 million people
worldwide and currently there's no cure
to stop it hyper reflexia hyper reflexia
is a condition where a person's reflexes
are quite literally on overdrive it's
like their nervous system decided to
chug a Triple Espresso and then run a
marathon all while trying to solve a
Rubik's cube blindfolded you see your
nervous system has this neat little Loop
called the reflex arc it is a
straightforward pathway where your
body's neurons detect stimuli let's say
someone Taps you on the knee this reflex
arc would send a message to the spinal
cord which would send a command back to
your muscles immediately so your knee
would automatically react and jerk up
now all of this happens in the blink of
an eye so in a way you can say your
systems reflex is like a well-trained
butler that responds promptly
appropriately and only when called upon
now in hyper reflexia your reflex arc
gets a little too enthusiastic leading
to exaggerated responses imagine every
time someone wraps your knee it kicks
out like a soccer player trying to score
a winning goal it's like having a car
that accelerates every time you lightly
touch the gas pedal this condition is
often caused when you've had a spinal
cord injury or stroke which can cause
damage to the brain lead to highly
heightened reflexes it'll look as if
your spinal cord decided to become an
overzealous traffic cop letting signals
Zoom by at lightning speed without
regard for the speed limit this
condition can be pretty unpredictable
and surprising to live with but you're
sure nothing would ever catch you by
surprise so a win is a win at least
you'll never have a dull moment if you
want to find out more about weird
superpowers that you might possibly have
then join our Discord server today to
stay informed and updated on all the
latest gists
osteokinesis
osteokinesis is the insane almost creepy
ability to manipulate and control your
bones with your mind it's not just about
waving your hand or shaking your leg
it's about shifting your bones
independently of your muscles it's like
having an internal Puppeteer but instead
of strings you're pulling on your own
skeletal structure talk about being
comfortable in your own skin and bones
to understand osteokinesis let's take a
PE inside our bodies normally your bones
are moved by muscles attached to them
muscles contract and your bones follow
it's a simple and reliable system much
like how your cat expects you to follow
its every whim however in someone with
osteokinesis bones can move
independently of these muscles you'd be
able to reshape your skeleton at will
potentially growing taller shorter or
even giving yourself a temporary
Hunchback you basically have a built-in
Halloween costume quasi one day Slender
Man the next Imagine a basketball player
who could extend their arms mid jump or
a gymnast who could adjust their spine
for The Perfect Landing they'd be
raising the bar and their own bodies to
new heights anyway you still have to be
careful if you have this condition
because even though it can make life
more interesting and definitely keep
orthopedic doctors on their toes one
wrong bone shift and you might end up
looking like a living Picasso painting
abstract and confusing to the General
Public
hyperacuity are you familiar with the
term you can't spot a needle in a hay
stack well don't tell that to someone
with hyperacuity because they can spot a
needle even if it's buried in a hay
stack wrapped in a sack and then thrown
into a crowded room now hyper Acuity
refers to the ability to perceive fine
details with an exceptional level of
precision think of it as having a
magnifying glass mode built into your
senses and yes this condition does not
only apply to your visuals some people
have auditory hyperacuity a situation
where every Whisper Creek and hum
becomes part of your personal soundtrack
it's like your ears have gone from
standard definition to highdefinition
surround sound you can hear
conversations from across the room the
subtle rustle of leaves or the faint
buzzing of a fly like it's right next to
you then there is tactile hyperacuity
remember the story of The Princess and
the pee she could feel a pee under 20
mattresses That's a classic casee of TAC
hyperacuity people with this super sense
can detect even the slightest changes in
texture pressure or temperature while
this might sound glamorous it means
you're the one who notices the tiny
scratch on your phone screen or the
uneven stitching on your shirt you're
also the person who can't wear wool
because it feels like a cactus is
hugging you of course every superpower
has its cryptonite and for those with
Hyper Acuity it's sensory overload and
meltdown super
centenarians every year your entire
extended family gathers to celebrate the
life of your great great great great
grandmother this year it's your turn to
plan the party and honestly putting in
135 birthday candles on a cake seems
like an impossible chore so instead you
tell the cake decorator to slap the word
super centenarian on it a super
centenarian is anyone who's lived to or
past their 110th birthday they're like
the Olympic gold medalist of Aging but
instead of a metal they get well more
candles on their cake they typically
live their lives free from most age
related sickness or disease talk of an
actual superpower seeing a
supercentenarian is as rare as seeing a
teenager without an iPhone as of 2021
there were only about 30 verified living
supercentenarians in the world so
technically you're more likely to get
struck by lightning on a sunny day than
see a super cenarion when you see one it
might very well be a woman because about
90% of supercentenarians worldwide are
women it's like the ladies are not just
outliving men they're out living them by
decades the oldest verified person was
Jean clont of France who lived to the
ripe old age
of2 years and 164 days she passed away
in 1997 probably from the sheer
exhaustion of learning to use a new TV
remote every decade some researchers are
hoping for a crash course of super
cenarius 10 one hoping to unlock the
secrets of longevity many
supercentenarians share that not
drinking smoking maintaining a healthy
weight and winning the genetic Lottery
is their secret recipe to living that
long
関連動画をさらに表示
What hallucination reveals about our minds | Oliver Sacks
Every Superpower Disorder Explained in 16 Minutes
Taste & Smell: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #16
UQx PSYC1030.3x 2.3.4 Hallucinations
Estos son los Savants más impresionantes del mundo
BIOLOGI Kelas 11 - Sistem Koordinasi (Sistem Indra) | GIA Academy
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)