BAB 1 PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN MANUSIA IPA KELAS 9 KURIKULUM MERDEKA #ipakelas9

Summary

This educational video discusses growth and development in humans, animals, and plants, focusing primarily on human development. It covers the stages from fertilization to birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The video explains the physical changes during puberty, including secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females. It also touches on the aging process, highlighting the cessation of growth and the physical changes that occur as one transitions from adulthood to old age.

Takeaways

• 🌿 Growth and development are natural processes that occur in all living beings, including humans, animals, and plants.
• 📏 Growth can be measured (e.g., height and weight), while development refers to the acquisition of abilities and skills, which is not quantifiable.
• 👶 The human life cycle begins with fertilization, leading to the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo, and finally a fetus.
• 👣 Post-birth, infants grow rapidly, doubling their birth weight within a year and learning to move and communicate.
• 👧 The toddler and early childhood stage is marked by significant physical growth and the development of motor skills, language, and cognitive abilities.
• 🏃‍♂️ Adolescence is a transitional phase characterized by physical and psychological changes, including the activation of reproductive hormones and the onset of puberty.
• 🧔 Secondary sexual characteristics emerge in teenagers, such as facial hair in boys and breast development in girls.
• 💃 The menstrual cycle begins in females, and sperm production starts in males, indicating the start of reproductive capabilities.
• 👩‍💼 Adulthood is a period of stability in physical and emotional aspects, with no significant increase in height and the cessation of secondary sexual development.
• 👵 Aging brings about signs of physical decline such as wrinkles and muscle mass reduction, and in women, menopause occurs, marking the end of menstruation.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the video?

The main topic of the video is the growth and development of living beings, focusing specifically on human growth and development.

What are the three subtopics discussed in the video?

The three subtopics discussed are growth and development in humans, growth and development in animals, and growth and development in plants.

What is the difference between growth and development as explained in the video?

Growth is a measurable process, such as an increase in height or weight, while development is a process of increasing abilities in various aspects and cannot be measured numerically.

How does the video describe the human life cycle?

The video describes the human life cycle starting from fertilization, then to zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo, fetus, and finally to birth as a baby.

What significant changes occur in a baby's body from birth to two years old?

A baby's body grows rapidly in weight and size, their head grows to a quarter of their body length, and they start to develop motor skills, such as crawling and walking, and begin to learn speech and simple commands.

What are the key features of the childhood stage mentioned in the video?

During childhood, children grow in size and height, their motor skills and coordination improve, their cognitive abilities develop, and their language skills increase dramatically.

What is puberty and why is it considered a challenging phase?

Puberty is the phase where significant physical and mental changes occur, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. It is considered challenging because of the many changes happening in the body.

What are the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in adolescent boys according to the video?

In adolescent boys, secondary sexual characteristics include facial hair growth, voice deepening, body hair growth in the chest and pubic area, and the beginning of reproductive organ functions such as penis enlargement and sperm production.

What are the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in adolescent girls?

In adolescent girls, secondary sexual characteristics include body hair growth in the pubic area, breast enlargement, widening of the hips, and the onset of menstruation.

How does the video describe the adult stage of the human life cycle?

The adult stage is characterized by stability in physical and emotional aspects. There is no longer an increase in height, and sexual development ceases. Signs of aging may start to appear after the age of 30.

What happens during the aging stage as described in the video?

During the aging stage, humans experience signs of aging such as graying hair, wrinkles, and a decrease in muscle mass. Women may experience menopause, and men may experience a decrease in sperm production.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Introduction to Growth and Development

This paragraph introduces a learning video for students, focusing on the concepts of growth and development in living beings. It is aimed at students of grades 7 and 8, and is part of an independent curriculum. The video discusses the normal changes that occur in the adolescent body, such as height increase, voice changes, and facial hair growth. It explains that these changes are part of the natural process of growth and development. The paragraph outlines three subtopics to be covered: growth and development in humans, animals, and plants. The video specifically focuses on human growth and development. The difference between growth, which is measurable (like height and weight), and development, which is the acquisition of abilities and skills, is clarified. The life cycle of humans is then described, starting from fertilization to the stages of embryo and fetus development, leading to birth as a baby.

05:01

👶 Growth and Development Stages in Humans

This paragraph delves into the different stages of human growth and development, starting from infancy to adulthood. It describes the rapid growth and development of babies during their first two years, including physical growth and the development of motor skills and language. The next stage, childhood, is characterized by further growth in size and height, with increased motor skills, cognitive abilities, and language development. The paragraph then discusses adolescence and puberty, a challenging period marked by significant physical and mental changes. It highlights the activation of reproductive hormones, leading to sexual maturity. The video script mentions secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females, such as facial hair growth in males and breast development in females. The menstrual cycle and the production of sperm are also mentioned. The paragraph concludes with adulthood, where growth and sexual development stabilize, and signs of aging begin to appear after the age of 30. The script also touches on the concept of menopause in women and the decrease in sperm production in men during middle age. It emphasizes the importance of a healthy lifestyle for maintaining activity into old age.

Keywords

💡Growth

Growth refers to the process of increasing in size or amount, which can be measured, such as an increase in height or weight. In the context of the video, growth is discussed as a measurable biological process, with examples given like a child increasing in height from 100 cm to 150 cm.

💡Development

Development is the process of increasing abilities or skills in various aspects, which cannot be measured numerically. It is related to growth but focuses more on the qualitative changes in an individual's capabilities, like a baby learning to speak fluently by the age of four.

💡Fertilization

Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell and an egg cell meet and combine to form a new organism. In the video, it is mentioned that human fertilization occurs in a woman's body, marking the beginning of the developmental stages.

💡Zygote

A zygote is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells (sperm and egg) fuse during fertilization. The script explains that after fertilization, the cell becomes a zygote ready to develop and undergoes continuous cell division.

💡Mitosis

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. The script mentions that the zygote will divide through mitosis, leading to the formation of a morula.

💡Morula

Morula refers to an early stage in embryonic development where the number of cells increases without an increase in cell mass. The video script describes the zygote progressing to the morula phase, indicating the beginning of cell multiplication.

💡Blastula

Blastula is the stage of development following the morula, where the cells form a hollow ball called the blastocyst. The script uses the term to illustrate the next phase after the morula stage in embryonic development.

💡Gastrula

Gastrula is an embryonic stage where the blastula undergoes significant changes to form three germ layers. The video mentions that cells enter the gastrula phase, which is a crucial step in the formation of the embryo.

💡Embryo

An embryo is the early developmental stage of a multicellular organism. The script explains that after 8 weeks, the embryo will develop into a fetus, marking the beginning of organ formation within the body.

💡Fetus

A fetus is the term used to describe the developmental stage of a mammal from the end of embryonic development to birth. The video script indicates that the embryo will develop into a fetus, where the formation of body organs continues until birth.

💡Puberty

Puberty is the period during which sexual maturity is attained. The video describes it as the phase where significant physical and hormonal changes occur, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. Hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone become active, leading to secondary sexual characteristics.

💡Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Secondary sexual characteristics are the physical features that distinguish the sexes but do not directly participate in reproduction. The script provides examples such as facial hair growth in males and breast development in females, which are signs of puberty.

Highlights

Introduction to growth and development for class 9, independent curriculum.

Explains the normal changes during adolescence such as height increase and voice changes.

Growth is measurable, like height and weight, while development is the increase in abilities and skills.

Life cycle of humans starting from fertilization to birth.

Description of the stages from zygote to embryo to fetus.

Infants grow rapidly and develop motor skills like crawling and walking.

Toddlers learn to speak and follow simple commands.

Children grow in size and motor coordination, and their cognitive abilities improve.

Puberty is the transition from childhood to adulthood with physical and mental changes.

Hormones play a key role in puberty, with estrogen and progesterone in females, and testosterone in males.

Secondary sexual characteristics in males include facial hair growth and voice deepening.

Secondary sexual characteristics in females include breast development and the onset of menstruation.

Adulthood is marked by emotional and physical stability.

Aging signs appear after the age of 30, such as wrinkles and muscle mass reduction.

Menopause occurs in women between the ages of 40-50, while sperm production decreases in men.

Encouragement for a healthy lifestyle to maintain activity in adulthood.

Overview of human growth and development, inviting questions in the comments section.

Transition to discussing growth and development in animals in the next video.

Transcripts

[Musik]

[Musik] Hai semua Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi  Wabarakatuh Ini video pembelajaran untuk kelas  

9 kurikulum merdeka dan kali ini kita akan  belajar Bab 1 yaitu tentang pertumbuhan dan  

perkembangan untuk video pembelajaran kelas  7 dan kelas 8 juga ada loh bisa kalian cek  

linknya di pojok kanan atas di akhir video atau  di kolom deskripsi di usia remaja seperti kalian  

ini kalian pasti sering bertanya-tanya  Apa sih yang sedang terjadi pada tubuhku  

ini kenapa badanku bertambah tinggi kemudian  suaraku berubah wajah aku mulai berjerawat dan  

lain sebagainya nah hal tersebut adalah normal  karena kalian sedang bertumbuh dan berkembang  

nah dalam bab ini kita akan belajar tentang  pertumbuhan dan perkembangan makhluk hidup  

jadi ada tiga subbab yang akan dipelajari  yang pertama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan  

pada manusia Kemudian yang kedua pertumbuhan  dan perkembangan pada hewan dan yang ketiga  

pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada tumbuhan dan  di video kali ini kita hanya akan fokus membahas  

yang pertama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan  pada manusia Baiklah langsung saja kita mulai

baik yang pertama kita akan mengenal dulu apa  sih perbedaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan nah  

sekilas kata pertumbuhan dan perkembangan itu  tidak jauh berbeda bertumbuh berarti berkembang  

dan bertambah besar tetapi untuk makhluk hidup  bertumbuh dan berkembang itu memiliki arti yang  

berbeda bertumbuh itu merupakan suatu proses yang  dapat diukur dengan alat ukur Seperti contohnya  

tinggi badan kemudian ada juga berat badan Nah itu  kan bisa diukur tinggi badan kalian bertambah dari  

yang awalnya 100 cm misalkan menjadi 150 cm begitu  pula dengan pertambahan berat badan sebaliknya  

berbeda dengan perkembangan kalau perkembangan ini  tidak bisa diukur dengan angka jadi perkembangan  

ini merupakan proses penambahan kemampuan seorang  manusia dalam berbagai aspek contohnya pada  

seorang bayi waktu kecil dia belum bisa berbicara  namun ketika sudah berusia 4 tahun maka anak  

tersebut sudah sangat lancar berbicara nah  seperti itulah yang disebut dengan perkembangan  

mudah dipahami kan baik selanjutnya kita akan  membahas tentang siklus hidup manusia yang  

pertama dimulai dari bayi ketika sel sperma dan  sel telur bertemu maka proses fertilisasi dimulai  

fertilisasi manusia ini terjadi dalam tubuh wanita  setelah fertilisasi maka sel akan berubah menjadi  

zigot yang siap berkembang zigot ini akan membelah  secara terus-menerus secara mitosis yang akhirnya  

zigot akan berada di fase morula yaitu penambahan  jumlah sel tanpa penambahan massa sel dari fase  

morula ini sel terus membelah hingga terbentuk  rongga fase tersebut disebut dengan blastula  

sedangkan sel-sel tersebut dinamakan blastosis  lanjut setelah itu Sel akan memasuki fase gastrula  

kemudian berkembang menjadi embrio Nah setelah  8 Minggu embrio ini akan berkembang menjadi  

fetus atau janin nah di tahap ini sudah dimulai  proses pembentukan organ-organ tubuh fetus atau  

janin ini akan terus berkembang sampai pada  akhirnya nanti akan dilahirkan menjadi bayi  

Oke kemudian setelah bayi itu lahir selama satu  hingga dua tahun kehidupannya bayi akan bertumbuh  

dan berkembang dengan pesat berat dari bayi ini  bisa berkembang berkali-kali lipat dibandingkan  

Waktu mereka dilahirkan saat dilahirkan kepala  bayi ini akan berukuran seperempat dari panjang  

tubuh mereka tapi lama-kelamaan bagian tubuh  lainnya pun akan berkembang dan menyesuaikan

sistem saraf dan ototnya pun mulai  berkembang jadi bayi sudah mulai bisa  

melakukan gerakan-gerakan seperti tengkurap  merangkak dan kemudian berjalan Mereka pun  

juga akan mulai belajar untuk berbicara  dan mengikuti perintah-perintah sederhana

lanjut Pada siklus berikutnya yaitu masa anak-anak  masa anak-anak ini dimulai sejak usia 2 tahun  

mereka bertambah besar dan bertambah tinggi  kemampuan motorik dan koordinasinya pun juga  

berkembang rasa ingin tahunya juga semakin tinggi  dan kemampuan mentalnya juga sangat berkembang  

kemampuan berbahasa mereka juga meningkat  drastis ilustrasinya bisa kalian lihat pada  

gambar ini contoh perkembangan motorik kasar pada  anak di usia 3-5 tahun jadi di sana bisa terlihat  

Bagaimana perkembangan dan pertumbuhan dari anak  dimulai dari usia 3 tahun kemudian 4 tahun dan  

5 tahun lanjut Pada siklus berikutnya yaitu  masa remaja dan pubertas Fase ini merupakan  

fase paling sulit bagi anak-anak karena apa Karena  banyak terjadi perubahan pada tubuh baik itu dari  

fisik maupun mental masa remaja ini merupakan  fase perubahan dari anak-anak menjadi dewasa Fase  

ini biasanya dimulai sejak berusia 9 sampai  15 tahun pubertas ini ditandai dengan mulai  

aktifnya hormon-hormon reproduksi artinya Pada  tahap ini seorang remaja telah mampu melakukan  

reproduksi hormon reproduksi yang berperan pada  wanita yaitu hormon estrogen dan progesteron  

Kemudian pada laki-laki dinamakan hormon  testosteron baik selanjutnya coba perhatikan  

ini akan saya Tunjukkan beberapa perkembangan  seksual sekunder pada remaja pria dan wanita  

dimulai dari remaja pria dulu ya yang pertama  tandanya tumbuh rambut-rambut pada wajah seperti  

kumis dan jenggot atau janggut ya tanda yang  kedua suaranya mulai membesar dan tumbuh jakun  

kemudian yang ketiga tumbuh rambut di ketiak  kemudian tumbuh rambut di kemaluan dan organ  

reproduksinya itu sudah mulai berfungsi penisnya  mulai membesar dan testisnya mulai memproduksi  

sperma kemudian selanjutnya perkembangan seksual  sekunder pada remaja wanita yang pertama tumbuh  

rambut di ketiak kemudian payudara membesar bokong  dan pinggul membesar tumbuh rambut di kemaluan dan  

organ reproduksinya mulai berfungsi yang ditandai  dengan dimulainya periode menstruasi paham ya  

baik selanjutnya masuk pada masa dewasa siklus  dewasa ya setelah pubertas mental emosi dan  

fisik manusia itu mulai stabil nah pada saat ini  manusia akan memasuki masa dewasa dan pada masa  

dewasa ini tidak lagi mengalami pertambahan  tinggi dan pertumbuhan seksual sekunder pun  

sudah berhenti di usia 30 tahun manusia akan  mengalami tanda-tanda penuaan seperti tumbuhnya  

uban atau berkurangnya massa otot Kemudian pada  masa 40-50 tahun Pada masa pertengahan wanita ini  

akan mulai berhenti mengalami menstruasi atau  yang biasa disebut dengan menopause sementara  

pada pria ini masa produksi spermanya akan  berkurang tetapi dengan menerapkan gaya hidup  

sehat diharapkan pria dan wanita dewasa akan  tetap aktif di sepanjang hidup mereka setelah  

melalui masa dewasa barulah kemudian manusia akan  memasuki masa tua bisa dipahami Ya baik itu tadi  

penjelasan mengenai pertumbuhan dan perkembangan  pada manusia jika ada pertanyaan bisa diajukan  

di kolom komentar Baiklah berikutnya kita akan  membahas tentang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan  

hewan video ini sampai di sini dulu terima kasih  wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

[Musik]