Organic Biochemistry Screencast Session 1.mp4
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Mr. Gailes introduces the chemistry of life, focusing on organic chemistry's role in biology. He emphasizes the significance of the carbon atom due to its tetravalence, allowing it to form complex molecules essential for life. The video explores various organic molecules like DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates, highlighting how functional groups add diversity and functionality. Mr. Gailes also discusses the historical view of organic chemistry and its distinction from inorganic chemistry, concluding with a look at key functional groups and their impact on molecular properties.
Takeaways
- 🧬 The chemistry of life is rooted in organic chemistry, which focuses on molecules associated with living organisms, most notably DNA.
- 📚 Students are encouraged to take notes using a two-column format, with main ideas on the left and key concepts, definitions, and examples on the right.
- 🌿 All living organisms, despite their diversity, share a common organic biochemistry, highlighting their evolutionary connection.
- ⚛️ Organic chemistry is centered around carbon, an element crucial for building the complex molecules that sustain life.
- 🔗 Carbon's valence of four allows it to form four covalent bonds, a key feature that enables the creation of large and diverse organic molecules.
- 🌟 The ability of carbon to form multiple bonds means it can store and release significant amounts of energy, which is vital for life processes.
- 🔑 Functional groups are essential in adding diversity and functionality to organic molecules, determining their chemical properties and roles in living organisms.
- 💧 Hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups are among the key functional groups that influence an organic molecule's polarity and solubility.
- 🧪 The study of organic chemistry in biology is not only about understanding the structure of life but also the functional aspects that enable biological processes.
- 🤔 Students are prompted to record questions that arise during the presentation, fostering an interactive and inquiry-based learning approach.
Q & A
What is the most recognizable organic molecule associated with life?
-The most recognizable organic molecule associated with life is the DNA molecule, which is used by all living things to store their genetic blueprint.
What is the significance of the two-column note format mentioned in the script?
-The two-column note format is a method for organizing notes with main ideas on the left and key ideas, definitions, examples, and drawings on the right, which aids in studying and reviewing the material.
Why is organic chemistry important in the study of biology?
-Organic chemistry is important in the study of biology because it focuses on the chemistry of life, specifically the molecular organic chemistry that underpins the functions and structures of all living organisms.
What role does the carbon atom play in building organic molecules?
-The carbon atom is central to building organic molecules due to its tetravalence, allowing it to form four covalent bonds, which is essential for creating the large and diverse molecules found in living organisms.
How does the carbon atom's ability to form many bonds relate to energy storage and release in living organisms?
-The carbon atom's ability to form many bonds allows it to store and release energy. When bonds form, potential energy is stored, and when they break, that energy is released and can be used by cells to perform work.
What is a functional group and how does it contribute to the diversity of organic molecules?
-A functional group is a group of atoms that can bond to a carbon skeleton, determining the properties and functions of organic molecules. The addition of different functional groups to a carbon backbone creates diverse molecules with specific roles in living organisms.
Why are organic molecules generally associated with living things?
-Organic molecules are generally associated with living things because they are typically made by living organisms or are directly related to the functions of living things, unlike inorganic chemicals that are generally associated with the environment.
What are the six key elements of life in organic chemistry?
-The six key elements of life in organic chemistry are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
How does the structure of carbon allow it to form such a variety of bonds?
-Carbon's structure allows it to form a variety of bonds due to having four valence electrons, which it can share, lose, or gain to form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
What is the role of the phosphate group in organic molecules?
-The phosphate group is found in lipids, forming the polar head of phospholipids which are components of cell membranes, and in nucleic acids, where it forms the backbone along with sugar molecules. It is also part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy source.
How does the addition of functional groups affect the properties of organic molecules?
-The addition of functional groups to a carbon skeleton affects the properties of organic molecules by imparting polarity and hydrophilicity, which determines how they interact with water and other molecules, thus influencing their functions in living organisms.
Outlines
🌿 Introduction to Organic Chemistry in Biology
Mr. Gailes introduces the concept of organic chemistry as the chemistry of life, focusing on the DNA molecule as the iconic organic molecule used by all living organisms to store genetic information. He emphasizes the importance of understanding organic chemistry in the context of biology and reminds students to use their organic chemistry packets for note-taking in the two-column format. Main ideas and key points should be recorded, along with any questions that arise during the presentation. The presentation will cover four major ideas: the chemistry of life, the importance of carbon in building organic molecules, and the role of functional groups in adding diversity and functionality to organic molecules.
🔬 Organic Chemistry: The Chemistry of Carbon
This section delves into what organic chemistry is, distinguishing it from inorganic chemistry by focusing on the six key elements essential for life: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Organic molecules, primarily built on carbon, tend to be large and associated with life, unlike inorganic chemicals that are generally associated with the environment. Carbon's central role in organic molecules is due to its tetravalent nature, allowing it to form four bonds, which is crucial for building large and diverse molecules. The video also touches on the historical view of organic chemistry and how it has evolved from being seen as the chemistry of life to the chemistry of carbon-based molecules.
⚛️ Carbon: The Cornerstone of Organic Molecules
The video script explains the significance of carbon due to its ability to form four covalent bonds, a property known as tetravalence. This allows carbon to create large and complex molecules that are capable of storing and releasing energy. Examples of simple organic molecules like glucose and complex ones like DNA are given to illustrate the diversity of organic molecules built on a carbon skeleton. The script also includes a video that historically contextualizes the study of carbon and its compounds, highlighting carbon's unique ability to form a vast array of chemical structures, which are essential to life.
🔍 Functional Groups: The Key to Molecular Diversity
This part of the script discusses functional groups, which are atoms or groups of atoms that, when bonded to a carbon skeleton, confer specific properties to organic molecules. The script outlines the six major functional groups: hydroxy, carbonyl (including aldehyde and ketone), carboxy, amino, and phosphate groups. It explains how these groups, when added to a carbon backbone, determine the molecule's behavior and function in living organisms. The video also includes a clip that illustrates how the addition of functional groups to hydrocarbons results in a wide variety of organic compounds, each with unique characteristics and roles in biological systems.
🧬 Functional Groups in Organic Molecules
The script provides a detailed look at the six key functional groups found in organic molecules: hydroxy, carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups. It describes how each group imparts polarity and hydrophilicity to the molecules, which is crucial for their interaction with water and biological functionality. The phosphate group, in particular, is highlighted for its role in cell membranes and nucleic acids, while the amino group is noted for its presence in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The script concludes with a reminder for students to record any questions in their notes for future class discussions and the anticipation of a quiz to test their understanding of organic chemistry.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Organic Chemistry
💡DNA Molecule
💡Carbon Atom
💡Functional Groups
💡Hydrocarbons
💡Polarity
💡Hydroxy Group
💡Carbonyl Group
💡Carboxylic Acid
💡Phosphate Group
💡Amino Group
Highlights
Introduction to the chemistry of life as organic chemistry, focusing on the DNA molecule.
Emphasis on the importance of having the organic chemistry packet for note-taking in the two-column format.
The four major ideas to be covered: the chemistry of life, organic chemistry, the carbon atom's importance, and functional groups.
All living things share a common organic biochemistry, highlighting the unity of life.
Definition of organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon and its significance in life.
Traditional view of organic chemistry as the chemistry of life, contrasting with inorganic chemistry.
The role of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in organic chemistry.
Carbon's tetravalence and its ability to form large and diverse molecules.
Importance of carbon in storing and releasing energy through bond formation and breaking.
Examples of organic molecules: glucose, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Historical perspective on the distinction between organic and inorganic substances.
Carbon's unique ability to bond in various combinations due to its electronic configuration.
The concept of functional groups and their role in adding diversity to organic molecules.
Introduction to six key functional groups: hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups.
Explanation of how functional groups impart polarity and hydrophilicity to organic molecules.
The significance of functional groups in the structure and function of biomolecules.
Concluding remarks on the importance of understanding organic chemistry in a biology context.
Transcripts
hey biology 400 students this is Mr
gailes and today I'm going to be talking
to you about the chemistry of life we
know the chemistry of life as organic
chemistry it's a special branch of
chemistry that we're going to turn our
attention to now in class on the screen
you see probably the most iconic or most
recognizable of all the organic
molecules associated with life this is
the DNA molecule all living things use
the DNA molecule to store their genetic
blueprint we're going to learn a lot
about the DNA molecule in our coming
unit and also later in the
year let me remind you as we're getting
ready to begin this screencast that you
should have your uh organic chemistry
packet available so that you can take
notes in your packet your notes should
be done in the two column note format
that we've used in class before main
ideas go on the leftand side main ideas
are always underlined they're usually at
the top of the slide on the right hand
side of your notes you're going to put
uh key ideas definitions
examples uh you can make drawings of any
of the uh important molecules that
you're seeing on the screen and then
also it's a good idea for you to write
down questions that you have after we
watch this uh screencast so as you're
working through this if you have
questions on something you're not
understanding please make sure you
record those in your notes you will get
to use those notes on the screencast
quick quizzes that we do in class
following the screencast all right so
let's get started what are we going to
look at in this presentation this
presentation is going to focus on four
major
ideas the first idea is the chemistry of
life and just to kind of understand why
it's important for us to understand the
the molecular organic chemistry in
biology we're going to look at what
organic chemistry is uh how is it
different from the basic chemistry that
we learned earlier in the year we're
going to focus on the carbon atom and
its importance in building organic
molecules and then finally the
functional groups the role of functional
groups in adding diversity and
functionality to basic organic
backbones all right our first main idea
is the chemistry of life now you when
you look at this slide you see a
collection of organisms that see seem
vastly different from one another um we
can start by taking a look at an
organism that we're already familiar
with we talked earlier in the year about
the Bombadier Beetle and the Bombadier
beetle is really special because it
produces this Burning costic chemical in
it in its abdomen and it uses that
chemical to protect itself from
predators uh another example of a really
interesting organism is the puffer fish
we see the puffer fish down here the
puffer fish produces in its tissues a
toxin which is widely believed to be
probably the second most dangerous or
lethal toxin in all of the vertebrate
world so we've got these two organisms
that produce incredibly crazy chemicals
in their bodies we also have organisms
that are you know for instance think
about the the eagle a bird and a
butterfly and insect both of those are
capable of flight but yet they're very
different in terms of their
overall structure we have an organism
here a flower an example of a plant
that's able to do photosynthesis and
this this is a protest a single celled
organism that moves around on its own
but can also do photosynthesis so we've
got a a wide collection of organisms how
are they all similar what do they have
in common well all organisms are made up
of organic molecules those molecules
that we find in their cells that build
their cells and make all these diverse
functions possible are referred to as
organic molecules so even though we are
very different all living things have
their special qualities that make them
different from each other all living
things share a common organic
biochemistry and that's what we focus on
here in this presentation in in this
unit is that common organic biochemistry
that ties all living things together and
again that's just one further evidence
from for the fact that all living things
have evolved over time from a common
ancestor okay the first main idea the
first big main idea that we're going to
going to get into here is organic
chemistry what is organic chemistry
today organic chemistry is defined as
the chemistry of the carbon atom and of
the molecules that are built on carbon
traditionally organic chemistry was seen
as the chemistry of life or or the
chemistry of molecules made by living
things so a quick rundown uh between
organic chemistry and what we might call
or inorganic chemistry in organic
chemistry we really focus on the six
important elements for Life carbon
hydrogen nitrogen ox oxygen phosphorus
and sulfur inorganic chemistry can not
be limited to those six major elements
it really can include any any and all
elements uh on the periodic table with
uh organic molecules carbon is the key
element and usually hydrogen and oxygen
will be present we start adding in some
different elements when we add in
nitrogen we find nitrogen in proteins
and also in the nucleic acids we have
phosphorus in the nucle acids and also
in adenosine triphosphate which is an
energy molecule our cells use and then
sulfur sulfur is found in complex
protein
structure um organic molecules tend to
have a large number of atoms the picture
that you see at the bottom of the screen
is an example of a relatively small
organic molecule this has 24 atoms in it
this is the glucose molecule its
molecular formula is C6
h126 so even though with 24 atoms that
might seem quite large when we compare
that with something like DNA which is
made of billions of atoms relatively
small but the general sense is that
organic molecules tend to be large and
also organic molecules tend to be
associated with life what we mean by
that is they're generally molecules that
are made by living things or directly
related to the function of living
things uh inorganic chemicals are
generally associated with the
environment now that doesn't mean that
they're not important for living things
sodium chloride which is an ionic
compound we learned about in our last
unit we know is composed of the cat ion
sodium
which is just
na+ uh when sodium chloride dissolves in
water or dissociates it forms the sodium
ions and so when we have sodium ions in
our cells they play a very important
role in the transmission of nerve
impulses other important inorganic
chemicals that are critical for Life
include oxygen molecular oxygen O2 water
obviously H2O and carbon dioxide
CO2 okay carbon next main idea will be
carbon carbon is the atom which is at
the center of all organic molecules so
we need to understand why carbon is so
important and the importance of carbon
really derives from its U chemical
activity and based on the characteristic
of carbon having a veence number of four
carbon can form many bonds because of
that veence number so let's do a quick
review of what that means in our
previous unit we learned that the veence
number is the essentially the bonding
capacity of any atom carbon has a veence
number of
four so what that means is carbon can
make bonds with up to four other atoms
and those atoms can be other carbon
atoms they can be hydrogen atoms they
can be groups of atoms which might
include for instance oxygen and you know
another hydrogen that's going to be
called a hydroxy group you'll be
learning about that uh or any other
group of atoms that might be involved uh
so with that veence number of four
carbon is able to build very large
diverse
molecules okay that property of carbon
the ability that to form four bonds
because of its veence number of four is
referred to as tetravalent so I'm going
to write that in right here
Tetra from
four and veent referring to the veence
number so we say that carbon is a an
atom that is tetravalent or its property
of tetravalence is critical to its
functioning okay so why is the
tetravalence so important well when uh
molecules can form many bonds like this
we say that they have the ability to
store and release lots of energy in a
general sense when atoms bond together
like when we see a bond here between the
carbon and the oxygen or between a
carbon and a
hydrogen those bonds represent stor
potential energy when the bond forms
energy is stored within that Bond and
that's a form of potential energy when
those bonds are broken whether it be
between carbons and carbons or carbons
and hydrogens or whatever it may be when
the bond is broken that potential energy
is released and often times captured by
the cell en able then used to to do work
so carbon's ability to form many bonds
allows it to store and release lots of
energy also carbon can build large and
diverse different types of molecules
those large molecules that we'll talk
about in this unit are all going to be
built on a carbon skeleton we see here a
basic kind of molecule called a
hydrocarbon which is carbon atoms bonded
to hydrogen this is a very generic very
plain molecule it will be non-polar
because it's all carbon and hydrogen
therefore it's going to be hydrophobic
and not interacting with water um
obviously we know that living things are
composed primarily of water and so
that's not going to be very functional
when we start adding on different groups
groups to that hydrocarbon then we
derive the functions of the organic
molecules we'll learn about these
molecules down at the bottom here that
you see are called fatty acids and they
are the building blocks of lipids a
simple hydrocarbon with the addition of
a carboxy group on the end of it
produces a fatty acid another example of
an important organic molecule that cells
use is a carbohydrate this carbohydrate
is glucose again uh this is the molecule
that our cells use to uh provide energy
it's an energy source molecule
our cells send that molecule through
cellular respiration breaking down the
bonds releasing some energy which is
captured in the molecule called
ATP all right we also have up here
nucleic acids this is the DNA molecule
and down at the bottom this is a protein
so we have a wide collection of
molecules that are all built on carbon
with the addition of the functional
groups and that produces the diversity
of the molecules we see in living
cells okay the video we're going to take
a short look at here is is uh all about
carbon so let's take a a look at that
and then we'll come back and look at the
next main idea how we begin to develop
diverse
molecules right go back to
that in the 17th and 18th centuries when
chemistry was in its infancy researchers
believed that there were fundamental
differences between things that were
living and inorganic
materials the living things they felt
had some sort of vital life force
today we know that all matter whether
living or non-living follows the same
scientific principles but there are
significant differences in the chemical
makeup of organic and inorganic
[Music]
substances organic matter to a chemist
is any material made up of substances
that are or were once living the element
carbon is the basis of all organic
substances and sometimes organic
chemistry is defined as the study of
carbon
compounds carbon has been called the
element of life it provides the
foundation of the molecular structure of
all living things whether they are
plants animals or
microorganisms carbon's ability to
combine with other elements results in a
a vast array of chemical structures of
the estimated 12 million substances that
have been identified fully 80% of them
have carbon as an important part of
their molecular
structure carbon-based substances range
from simple sugars to complex proteins
and DNA and even
diamonds they include fibers in the
clothes we wear almost all of the food
we eat oil gasoline coal Plastics wood
graphite Limestone coral and
marble all of these products are
composed of organisms that were once
alive and all of them have carbon as an
important part of their molecular
structures The Secret of this unusual
element lies in its atomic structure
carbon has the atomic number of six and
is in the second row or period of the
per periodic
table it is an atom with six electrons
in two energy levels the outer shell or
veence level has only four
electrons elements in the second period
such as carbon need eight electrons in
order to fill the veence
level carbon exactly fills half of its
veence level with
electrons the octet rule says that atoms
tend to gain lose or share electrons in
order to acquire a full set of veence
electrons a carbon atom usually
satisfies the octed rule by making four
calent bonds with other
atoms these bonds can be four single
bonds a double bond and two single bonds
or a triple bond with one single
Bond carbon is the only element that has
the ability to bond in such a variety of
combinations
because carbon has only two energy
levels and consequently its veence
electrons are relatively close to the
nucleus carbon is able to form short
strong stable calent
bonds due to these characteristics
carbon frequently links up with other
carbon atoms as well as other elements
like hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen to
produce long chains of
atoms carbon at provide the framework
for an enormous variety of different
compounds that can participate in an
amazing range of chemical reactions and
it is these compounds that provide the
basis of
Life all right we see carbon is
obviously very very important but carbon
by itself forms very boring molecules
it's only with the addition of
functional groups that we really develop
these diverse molecules that have
important uh jobs that they perform in
living
things so what are functional groups
group uh functional groups are groups of
atoms that can bond to the carbon
skeleton the carbon skeleton is the
basic backbone uh that builds all
organic molecules so I'm going to show
you here what the uh carbon skeleton
might look like we can have carbon
skeletons which are just very basic
straight chain carbons like this so we
have a straight chain backbone here we
also can have branched chain carbon
backbones here you see the branching of
the carbon atoms off of the main chain
we also see typically uh in organic
molecules this ring type structure here
and we'll also see where rings are
bonded them to to other rings to form
double ring structures now those
structures Again by themselves don't
have a whole lot of diversity to them in
terms of the way they behave but when we
start adding uh functional groups we can
see that that really is going to
determine the properties of the organic
molecules themselves one thing that's
very important to understand is once you
know the functional groups you are going
to need to understand that they behave
consistently from one carbon based
molecule to another so when we add for
instance a hydroxy group to any of these
particular carbon skeletons that hydroxy
group is going to impart the same
functionality so the six major groups
that we're going to learn about and
focus on in our class will be the
hydroxy group the carbonal group the
carbonal group is broken down into two
different types of carbonal the aldah
and the
ketones the carboxy group the amino
group and the phosphate group and you
can see here the structural formula for
each of these a ball and stick model
which kind of gives you a better
understanding of the orientation between
the atoms and then the kinds of uh
organic molecules that they would be
found
in so now we're going to turn our
attention to functional groups and kind
of uh begin to understand the different
functions that they add to the organic
molecules we'll begin with a short
little video clip that talks about the
effect of adding functional groups to um
our carbon backbone
[Music]
hydrocarbons are compounds containing
only carbon and hydrogen but a number of
organic compounds contain carbon
hydrogen and other elements these are
called hydrocarbon
derivatives there are a staggering
variety of these compounds but
fortunately they can be grouped into
classes based on their molecular
structures these classes are called
functional
groups in hallo carbons one or more of
the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by
atoms from the hallogen family Florine
chlorine bromine or
iodine
chcl3 is structured like the methane
molecule but three of the hydrogen atoms
have been replaced by three chlorine
atoms this is called Tri chloromethane
its name follows the pattern seen before
Tri chloro three chlorine atoms meth one
carbon atom and a single
bonds this compound was known as
chloroform a chemical widely used as a
solvent and once used as an
anesthetic there are many hoc
carbons most have chains of carbon atoms
bonded to hydrogen and other atoms from
the hallogen group
just as hogen atoms can substitute
hydrogen atoms so can atoms from the
hydroxy group which contains
oh these are alcohols there are many
different alcohols and their chemical
names all end in the suffix
all this is methanol the simplest of the
alcohol group again the chemical name
follows the pattern meth only one carbon
atom an signifies a single Bond and all
an
alcohol methanol's other name is wood
alcohol it is a dangerous substance that
can be lethal or cause blindness to
those that drink
it there are many different types of
alcohols beer and wine contain ethanol
the same type of alcohol that can be
blended with gasoline to produce a clean
burning fuel for
cars ethers are another group they are
molecules which contain oxygen bonded to
two carbon
atoms ethers have various applications
they were once used as an
anesthetic and now are used to improve
the performance of
engines when an oxygen atom is attached
to a carbon atom by a double calent bond
it is a carbonal
group
aldahhan group and are used in the
manufacture cure of plastics and
adhesives two oxygen atoms can also bond
to the same carbon atom which creates
groups called carboxilic acids and
Esters and there are several classes of
organic compounds produced when carbon
combines with nitrogen these classes are
called
amines and
amides carbon can enter into a large
number of other molecular arrangements
to form a variety of common organic
compounds all right so we see adding
those functional groups really makes the
carbon molecule or the carbon atom much
more
diverse all right we're going to run
down quickly our six key functional
groups the first one is hydroxy so this
is your main
idea we see a hydroxy group uh which is
going to be very similar obviously in
its appearance to what we learned about
in the when we studied pH the H the
hydroxide ion the hydroxy group is O and
so here circled in red we see the
hydroxy group as you saw in the video
hydroxy groups are are found commonly in
alcohols but in terms of organic
chemistry we see them in carbohydrates
quite a bit so hydroxy key idea to find
them in
carbohydrates now anytime you see oxygen
bonded we know that car oxygen bonded
with either carbon or hydrogen is going
to produce a polar calent bond so that
we're going to say that the hydroxy
group imparts polarity to the carbon
molecule that it's it's added to and
that means that it's going to be
hydrophilic it's going to be able to
interact and dissolve in
water okay the next major functional
group is called a carbonal group
carbonal groups can be divided into two
subgroups one of those subgroups is
called an
alahh the alahh is a carbon double
bonded to oxygen at the end of the
carbon skeleton
right uh one way that a student in the
past told me that they remembered this
is that alahh starts with a and a is at
the end of the alphabet or the beginning
of the alphabet depending on your
perspective so at the beginning of the
alphabet we can see that the uh carbon
double bonded to oxygen is at the
beginning of the chain rather than
within the middle of it uh the aldah are
going to be found in carbohydrates
particularly those that we call Aldos
sugars and we'll see those when we begin
studying carbohydrates very soon
all right again carbon bonded to oxygen
produces polar calent bonds when you
have carbon double bonded to oxygen
that's extremely polar so this again
produces a very hydrophilic type of
molecule uh another type of carbonal is
called a ketone we also here are going
to recognize carbon carbon double bonded
to oxygen the difference here is that in
a ketone it's on the inside of the
carbon skeleton rather than at the end
of it or at the beginning of it as it
were so here you're seeing on the second
carbon in the in the chain the carbon
double bonded to oxygen this is a ketone
this also is found in carbohydrates we
call these carbohydrates that contain
ketones we call them ketos
sugars also again carbon double bonded
to oxygen very polar so any Ketone
groups are going to impart
hydrophilicity to the molecule the
ability for the molecule to dissolve in
water okay next functional group is
called a carboxy group this is a very
important functional group this is
carbon double bonded to oxygen and also
to a hydroxy group so we're seeing here
the carbon double bonded to oxygen like
we had with the carbonal and then the
addition of a hydroxy group these are
going to be present in lipids they form
the what we call the polar head on a
fatty acid molecule and then also we
find them in in proteins they're a major
port part of the construction of an
amino
acid very polar because of the oxygen uh
that means they're going to be very
hydrophilic and carboxy groups have the
ability to release hydrogen ions by
dissociating the hydrogen from the
hydroxy end of it when that happens they
are referred to as carboxilic acid which
is uh plays an important role in
biological
functioning okay our next functional
group is called a phosphate this one is
extremely easy for you to identify
because it's the only one that contains
the phosphorus atom at at center right
here uh it's generally a phosphorus
surrounded by oxygen so if you thought
about it it's going to have lots of
oxygen attached to it that means it's
going to be extremely polar and
extremely hydrophilic we see phosphate
groups in lipids they're going to make
up the polar head of the phospholipid
which is a component in building cell
membranes we also see phosphate groups
in the nucleic acids they build the
backbone along with the sugar deoxy
ribos in the uh nucleic acid molecules
and phosphate are also attached to a
molecule called a denzine triphosphate
that is the cellular energy source
okay so phosphate groups P3 2 minus uh
very uh polar very
hydrophilic all right and the final
group that we're going to take a look at
here in terms of functional groups is
the amino group the amino group is the
group that contains uh nitrogen and then
two hydrogen atoms we find Amino groups
in amino acids they are the building
blocks of proteins they are one of the
two major functional groups that we add
on to uh Central carbon to make the
amino acid uh nitrogen behaves very
similarly to oxygen and that when it's
attached to either carbon or hydrogen it
is going to form polar calent bonds and
because of that we again have a
hydrophilic type of molecule that forms
one other characteristic of amino groups
is that they can act as bases by
accepting a hydrogen ion to form an
NH3 all right that's the functional
groups the importance of the carbon atom
the overall look at what organic
chemistry is and why it's important for
us to study or organic chemistry in a
biology class if you have any questions
be sure you've written them into your
notes we'll talk about those questions
in class as we begin to work through our
understanding of organic chemistry and
we'll start off with a quick quiz the
first time you that we get together as a
class after you viewed this all right
this is Mr Gil signing off we'll see you
in
class
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