How Do Organisms Reproduce? Class 10 Full Chapter (Animation) | Class 10 Science Chapter 8 | NCERT

Summary

This video explains the different modes of reproduction in organisms, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It covers asexual methods like binary fission, multiple fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation with examples. It then describes sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including the structure and functions of reproductive organs, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation. The video also details the human male and female reproductive systems, the process of fertilization, puberty changes, reproductive health, and contraception methods, emphasizing the importance of understanding sexual maturity and health consequences.

Takeaways

• 🔬 Asexual reproduction involves a single organism reproducing without pairing, with examples like binary fission, multiple fission, and budding.
• 🔄 Binary fission occurs when a single-celled organism like Amoeba splits into two; organisms like Leishmania split in a specific direction.
• 🧩 Fragmentation is when organisms like Spirogyra break into fragments, and each fragment grows into a new organism.
• 🌱 Vegetative propagation in plants occurs when parts like stem or root cuttings from plants such as roses or carrots can grow into new plants.
• 🌸 Sexual reproduction in plants involves male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive parts, with pollination helping transfer pollen between them.
• 🌾 Self-pollination happens within the same plant, while cross-pollination occurs between different plants, aiding fertilization and seed formation.
• ⚙️ The male human reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and penis, with testosterone being a key hormone.
• 👶 The female reproductive system includes ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina, where fertilization and embryo development occur.
• 🔒 Contraceptive methods like condoms, oral pills, and devices like copper-T help prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
• ⚖️ Medical termination of pregnancy (abortion) is legal only under specific circumstances and is prohibited if done by personal choice or sex selection.

Q & A

What is asexual reproduction, and how does it differ from sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction is a process where a single organism reproduces without the involvement of another organism. This contrasts with sexual reproduction, which requires two organisms, typically one male and one female, to combine their genetic material.

What is binary fission, and can you provide an example?

Binary fission is a mode of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into two. An example is amoeba, a single-celled organism that reproduces by splitting in any direction due to its lack of a specific shape.

What is multiple fission, and which organism uses this mode of reproduction?

Multiple fission is when an organism splits into many parts. Plasmodium, a single-celled organism, reproduces through this process.

How does fragmentation work in asexual reproduction, and which organism uses it?

Fragmentation is when an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment grows into a new organism. Spirogyra, an alga, reproduces through this method.

What is budding, and how does Hydra reproduce using this method?

Budding is a process where new individuals form as buds on the body of an organism. In Hydra, buds grow on the organism's body, separate, and develop into new individuals.

What is vegetative propagation in plants, and can you give examples?

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants grow from parts like stems or roots. Examples include rose stems, sugarcane, and carrot roots.

How does pollination occur in flowering plants, and what are the two types?

Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the stamen (male part) to the pistil (female part). Self-pollination happens within the same flower or plant, while cross-pollination occurs between different plants.

What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

The placenta is a special tissue that provides the growing embryo with nutrients like glucose and oxygen from the mother's blood. It also helps remove waste generated by the embryo.

What are some changes that occur during puberty in both boys and girls?

During puberty, both boys and girls experience hair growth in new areas (armpits, genital area), oily skin, and pimples. Boys may grow facial hair, experience voice cracking, and penile enlargement, while girls develop breasts and begin menstruating.

What are some contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy?

Contraceptive methods include mechanical barriers like condoms, chemical contraceptives like oral pills, contraceptive devices like copper IUDs, and surgical methods like vasectomy and tubectomy.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Asexual Reproduction in Organisms

This paragraph explains the concept of reproduction, highlighting both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is emphasized, where a single organism can reproduce without a mate. It introduces various forms of asexual reproduction with examples such as binary fission in amoeba and Leishmania, multiple fission in Plasmodium, fragmentation in spirogyra, regeneration in planaria, budding in Hydra, vegetative propagation in plants, and spore formation in fungi.

05:01

🌸 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The focus shifts to sexual reproduction in plants, particularly flowering plants. The reproductive parts of flowers are introduced: the male parts (stamen) and female parts (pistil). It differentiates between unisexual and bisexual flowers, explaining the production of pollen grains in the anther and egg cells in the ovary. The process of pollination, both self and cross-pollination, is explained, as well as the subsequent fertilization that leads to the formation of seeds and fruit.

10:04

👶 Development of Embryo and Pregnancy

This paragraph explains the process after fertilization, where the zygote develops into an embryo inside the ovule. The transformation of flower parts into a fruit and seed is described. It also delves into human reproduction, explaining how the zygote develops into a child inside the uterus, the role of the placenta in providing nutrients, and the gestation period lasting around nine months.

15:06

👦 Puberty and Changes in Human Reproductive Systems

The paragraph discusses the onset of puberty, the period where humans begin producing reproductive cells. Common physical changes in boys and girls during adolescence are outlined, including body hair growth, voice changes, and the start of menstruation in girls. It explains how these changes are essential for reproductive maturity, as well as differences in secondary sexual characteristics among individuals.

🛡️ Reproductive Health and Contraception

This section focuses on the importance of reproductive health and the risks associated with unprotected sexual activity. It highlights sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV, and AIDS, and how condoms can prevent their transmission. The paragraph also discusses contraceptive methods, including mechanical barriers, hormonal pills, devices like copper T, and surgical methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy. It emphasizes that contraceptives can prevent unwanted pregnancies and mentions the legalities surrounding abortion and prenatal sex determination.

Keywords

💡Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction where a single organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism. It relates to the video's theme by describing the various ways organisms can reproduce without pairing, such as binary fission, fragmentation, and budding. Examples include amoeba splitting into two and spirogyra breaking into fragments.

💡Binary Fission

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single organism splits into two. This concept is used in the video when explaining how amoeba, a single-celled organism, divides into two to reproduce. It is a fundamental method of reproduction for many unicellular organisms.

💡Regeneration

Regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism can regrow parts that have been lost, and these parts can develop into new individuals. The video provides the example of organisms like Planaria and Hydra, which can grow into complete individuals if cut into pieces.

💡Pollination

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the male part of a flower (stamen) to the female part (pistil), enabling fertilization. The video mentions how pollination occurs through agents like air, water, and insects. It also explains the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

💡Fertilization

Fertilization is the process where male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote, leading to the development of an embryo. The video explains how pollen grains travel to the stigma and fertilize the ovule in plants, as well as how sperm fertilizes the egg in the female reproductive system.

💡Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells, leading to the formation of a zygote. The video discusses how this process occurs in both plants and humans, including details on the reproductive systems of flowering plants and human males and females.

💡Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is responsible for producing and delivering sperm, as well as the hormone testosterone. The video outlines the different organs involved, including the testes, scrotum, and vas deferens, and explains their roles in reproduction and hormone regulation.

💡Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs and supporting the development of the embryo. The video explains the key organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, and discusses the process of ovulation, fertilization, and gestation.

💡Puberty

Puberty is the stage in life when individuals develop secondary sexual characteristics and become capable of reproduction. The video describes physical changes during puberty in both boys and girls, such as the development of facial hair in boys and breast enlargement in girls.

💡Contraception

Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy. The video discusses several contraceptive methods, including mechanical barriers like condoms, chemical contraceptives like oral pills, and surgical procedures like vasectomy and tubectomy. It also mentions the importance of contraception in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Highlights

Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without pairing, unlike sexual reproduction that involves male and female organisms.

Binary fission is a mode of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism, like amoeba, splits into two.

Multiple fission occurs in organisms like Plasmodium, where the cell divides into many daughter cells at once.

Fragmentation in organisms like spirogyra involves breaking into fragments, with each fragment developing into a new organism.

Regeneration allows organisms like planaria and Hydra to regrow into a complete organism from a cut portion.

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in Hydra, where new individuals grow from buds on the parent organism's body.

Vegetative propagation in plants occurs when new plants are grown from cuttings of the stem, roots, or buds of existing plants.

Spore formation in fungi, like spirogyra, involves producing spores that germinate into new organisms when conditions are suitable.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants occurs through male and female reproductive organs within the flower, known as stamen and pistil respectively.

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the stamen to the pistil for fertilization in plants.

Self-pollination happens within the same flower or flowers of the same plant, while cross-pollination occurs between different plants.

In humans, the male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes and transports them through the vas deferens to be deposited in the female system during intercourse.

The female reproductive system contains ovaries, oviducts, and the uterus, where the fertilized egg implants and develops into an embryo.

During pregnancy, the placenta provides nutrition to the growing embryo and removes waste, playing a vital role in fetal development.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as HIV, syphilis, and gonorrhea, can be transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse.

Transcripts

how do organisms reproduce

modes of reproduction

generally when we think

reproduction we consider two organisms for the process one male and one female

but in some cases a single organism can reproduce without any pairing

this is called asexual reproduction

different organisms show different modes of

asexual reproduction before we see them with examples if you haven't subscribed

to our channel please subscribe and press the bell icon to get all the latest updates

the first mode of asexual reproduction is binary fission

binary fission means splitting into two amoeba a single-celled organism

reproduces by splitting into two it can split in any direction because it has no

specific shape but organisms like Leishmania splits in a specific

direction as it has specific shape 2. multiple fission means splitting into

many some single-celled organisms like Plasmodium divides into many this is

called multiple fission 3. fragmentation spirogyra an alga breaks

into fragments and each fragment grows into a new organism this mode is called

fragmentation for regeneration planaria and Hydra

if these organisms are cut into pieces each piece can grow up into a complete

individual this is called regeneration budding Hydra produce buds on their

bodies these buds get separated and can grow as an individual

this is budding vegetative propagation in many plants their cut body parts can

be planted in the soil to get new plants this is called visit a to propagation

stem cuttings in roses sugarcane root cuttings in carrot but cuttings in put

at or examples spore formation it is the other method of a sexual reproduction

spirogyra a fungus produces sports if these spores find suitable conditions

they germinate into new spirogyra this is how organisms reproduce asexually

sexual reproduction in flowering plants do you know will the reproductive parts

of a plant are located the reproductive parts of the plant are located in the

flower here is a flower let us identify the reproductive parts in it look at the

reproductive parts inside the flower this is the female reproductive part of

the plant it is called pistol it has three parts stigma style and ovary these

are the male reproductive parts it is called stamen it has two parts

anther and filament do you think flowers of all plants have both the male and

female parts no in plants like watermelon and papaya the flowers are

unisexual that means male and female flowers are separate whereas in plants

like hibiscus and mustard the flowers are bisexual that means a flower with

both male and female parts what do these reproductive parts do they produce the

reproductive cells are germ cells and there is the part where male

reproductive cells are produced it produces pollen grains that are a low

ition color each pollen grain contains two germ cells and one pollen nuclei the

ovary contains ovules each of you'll consists of female reproductive cell or

egg cell you know that fertilization means fusion of male and female gametes

then how do these male and female gametes come together for fusion for

that the male gametes should reach the female gametes but how do the pollen

grains travel from anther to stigma they travel from anther to stigma by the help

of air water insects and other animals the transfer of pollen

from stamen to pistol is called pollination if it occurs in the same

flower or between the flowers of same plant it is called self pollination

if pollination takes place between two flowers of different plants it is called

cross-pollination the pollen grains produced by the anther are transferred

to the stigma of the pistol the pollen grain germinates and produces a long

tube called pollen tube into the style to reach the ovule the pollen nucleus

and to germ cells travel through the pollen tube and fertilizes the egg after

fertilization the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule

the petals sepals stamens style and stigma mesh evil and fall off the ovule

develops into a seed the ovary grows to form a fruit human male reproductive

system in this video we'll see the different parts of human male

reproductive system and date specific jobs human male reproductive system is

made up of different organs like distance scrotum vast difference seminal

vesicles prostate gland penis and urethra human male reproductive system

has two main functions one to produce the male reproductive cells hormones and

accessory materials two to deposit them in the female reproductive system now

let's see which part of the male reproductive system produces germ cells

the formation of germ cells or sperms takes place in the testes they are

present outside the abdominal cavity in a sack like structure called scrotum

if testes are important organs of male reproductive system then why they are

located outside the abdominal cavity because sperm formation requires a lower

temperature than the normal body temperature

testes also produces a hormone called testosterone

what is the use of testosterone it is a male reproductive hormone which

regulates the formation of sperms and also responsible for the development of

secondary sexual characteristics during puberty sperms that are produced in the

testes need some support to fluid secretions to get delivered into the

female reproductive system which organs produce those secretions prostate gland

and seminal vesicles this accrete certain fluid secretions that provide

nutrients to the sperm cells now let's see the journey of sperm cells sperm

cells formed in the testes or traveled through a tube called vast difference

and on the way they are joined with the fluid secretions from prostate gland and

seminal vesicles the vas deferens is a common duct for both the sperms and

urine it is also connected to urinary bladder the sperms are tiny bodies that

consist of mainly genetic material and a long tail that helps them to move

towards the female germ cell how these perms are deposited in the female

reproductive system the sperm from vas deferens enters another duct called

urethra which is surrounded and supported by a muscular organ called

penis pennies is the organ that deposits the sperms in the female reproductive

system it becomes hard and erect during the time of mating male reproductive

system in this video we will see the structure and functions of human female

reproductive system let's see the different parts of the female

reproductive system ovaries there are a pair of ovaries in the female

reproductive system that contain the premature two egg cells oviducts there

are two oviducts which unite into an elastic bag like

structure known as uterus uterus it is called the ohm where the

implantation and development of baby takes place cervix the uterus opens into

the vagina through the cervix vagina it is the passage where sperms are

deposited by the penis of male reproductive system during sexual

intercourse now let's see the production of female gametes then do girls start

producing excells when a girl is born the ovaries already contain thousands of

immature eggs by reaching puberty the eggs start maturing one egg is produced

every month by one of the ovaries the egg released by the ovary is collected

in the fallopian tube you'll it is the place where the fertilization takes

place by the fusion of sperm and egg cells then how do the sperms reach

fallopian tube you'll the sperms get deposited in the vagina of the female

reproductive system by the penis of the male reproductive system during sexual

intercourse the sperms travel towards fallopian tube you'll and finally

reaches the egg cell and fertilizes it the hormones secreted by the ovaries

prepares the uterus to receive and nurture the growing embryo the walls of

the uterus becomes thick and richly supplied with blood to nourish the

growing embryo the fertilized egg the zygote gets implanted in the lining of

the uterus and starts dividing placenta is a special tissue that helps the

embryo to get nutrition from the mother's blood it is embedded in the

uterine wall and provides glucose and oxygen to the embryo placenta also

transferred the waste generated by the embryo into the mother's blood the

development of the child inside the mother's body takes approximately nine

months this period is called as gestation period

the child is born as a result of rhythmic contractions of the muscles in

the uterus sexual maturation in human beings humans reproduced by sexual

method in this method male reproductive cells fuse with female reproductive

cells but when do these males and females start producing reproductive

cells humans start producing reproductive cells by the beginning of a

period called puberty at what age do boys and girls enter dis puberty there

is no specific age but they enter into puberty in adolescence and all a sense

is the stage between childhood and adulthood how do we know that puberty

has started in someone we can notice the onset of puberty in boys and girls with

some noticeable changes happening in their bodies some changes are common in

both boys and girls like thick hair growing in new parts of the body such as

armpits and the genital area between the thighs which can also become darker in

color thinner hair can also appear on legs and hands the skin frequently

becomes oily and they might begin to develop pimples there are certain

changes observed only in boys like growth of hail on the face - voices

begin to crack and the third one the pain is occasionally begins to become

enlarged and erect there are certain changes observed only in girls like one

breast size begins to increase with darkening of the skin of the nipples at

the tip of the breasts - they begin to menstruate all of these changes take

place slowly over a long period of time they do not happen at an exact age in

all it depends upon their hormone levels and genetics of the individuals as

people are different in general body features like height weight skin color

etc people also will have differences in secondary sexual characteristics like

body head grow growth of beard and moustache penis size

breast size etc so we have seen the changes that happens during puberty but

how these changes are linked to the reproductive process changes in puberty

helps in the process of reproduction and childbirth for example body and facial

hay or the signals that show the sexual maturity of the individual the erection

of pennies helps in the deposition of germ cells in the female reproductive

system the menstrual cycle is the indication of ovulation and the

condition of uterus the enlargement of breast is for breast feeding of the baby

so in this video we have seen the development of sexual characteristics in

humans in the next video we will see the structure and functioning of human

reproductive systems reproductive health my reproductive system started producing

sex cells can I participate in a sexual act and produce babies no before you

participate in a sexual act you should consider the possible consequences what

are the consequences involved in participating in a sexual act the major

consequences involved in participating in a sexual act or health consequences

do you know during sexual intercourse there is a very intimate contact between

the male and female bodies there may be a chance of transfer of germs and

infections between the partners it may cause diseases what kind of diseases are

spread by sexual contact the diseases that are spread through sexual contact

are called sexually transmitted diseases in short

form they are called STDs here are a few examples of STDs

gonorrhea and syphilis these two diseases are caused by bacteria

wot's and HIV or AIDS these two are caused by virus the sexually transmitted

diseases can be prevented by using a condom

what is a condom condom is a rubbery covering or non the penis or inside a

vagina during sexual intercourse to prevent the sexually transmitted

diseases up to some extent condoms helped to prevent pregnancy also when a

girl is ready to be pregnant to become pregnant a girl should be physically

mentally socially and emotionally ready if not the health of the girl will be

adversely affected then how to stop pregnancy we can avoid pregnancy by

using contraceptive methods one mechanical barriers example condoms by

using male or female condoms one can avoid pregnancy condoms act as a barrier

and prevent the entry of sperms into the female reproductive system two chemical

contraceptives example oral pills these pills change the hormonal balance of the

human and stop the release of egg and fertilization but changing hormonal

balance leads to so many side effects three contraceptive devices example

copper tea or loop-the-loop or the copper tea are placed in the uterus to

prevent pregnancy they can cause irritation and leads to various side

effects for surgical methods of contraception examples vasectomy

Archibeque t'me vasectomy if the vast difference in the male is blocked by a

small surgery sperm transfer will be prevented this method is called

vasectomy - back to me if the fallopian tube you'll in the female is blocked by

small surgery the egg will not be able to reach the uterus surgical methods are

permanent they are safe in long run and followed by families who doesn't want

pregnancy what happens if contraceptives are failed and unwanted pregnancy

happens medical termination of pregnancy pregnancy can be removed by medical

surgery but it will be done only under special circumstances abortion our

medical termination of pregnancy is illegal if it is done by someone's

choice it is misused in our country many families have reluctant to girl child it

is leading to illegal sex selective abortion of female fetuses for this

reason prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by the law