Religious Development during the 19th Century
Summary
TLDRThis video concludes a lecture series on 19th-century Philippines, focusing on religious developments. It explores the power struggle between the friars and the Filipino priests (seculars) during Spanish colonial rule. The friars, who controlled the parishes, resisted secular demands for equal authority due to influence and financial gain. Father José Burgos led efforts for equality, inspiring Filipino nationalism and influencing José Rizal. The execution of Burgos, along with Fathers Gómez and Zamora (Gomburza), catalyzed the nationalistic movement that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution.
Takeaways
- 📜 The lecture focuses on religious developments in 19th-century Philippines, particularly the conflict between the friars and the secular priests (illustrados).
- ⛪ The Philippines was ruled by 'frylocracy,' where friars, not secular officials, held immense influence over the native population.
- 🇪🇸 Friars used religion as a political tool to maintain Spanish rule, and the union of church and state was governed by the Patronato Real.
- 👨⚖️ Father José Burgos was a significant figure in advocating for the rights of Filipino secular priests and fighting against the dominance of Spanish friars.
- 👥 Secularization controversy arose because Filipino priests (seculars) wanted control over parishes, but the friars (regulars) refused to leave due to power and financial benefits.
- 💰 Friars were accused of exploiting the naivety of Filipinos, particularly by convincing dying individuals to donate their wealth to the church in exchange for a promised place in heaven.
- ⚖️ Father Burgos fought for equality between secular and regular priests, later expanding his fight to seek equality between Filipinos and Spaniards.
- 🕊️ The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 led to the arrest and execution of Burgos, along with Fathers Mariano Gómez and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza), although they were not truly involved.
- 💡 The execution of Gomburza was a catalyst for Filipino nationalism, influencing future reform movements like the Propaganda Movement.
- 📰 The Propaganda Movement, influenced by Gomburza, sought reforms, the expulsion of friars, and the recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain.
Q & A
What was the primary conflict between the friars and the ilustrados in 19th-century Philippines?
-The primary conflict was over the control of the religious sector, particularly the secularization controversy. The friars wanted to maintain control over parishes for influence and financial gain, while the ilustrados, along with secular priests, wanted to regain control of the parishes.
What role did the friars play in maintaining Spanish rule in the Philippines?
-The friars acted as political instruments, using religion to maintain Spanish influence over the colony. They were highly influential and remained a powerful force, even as governor-generals changed.
What was 'frailocracy,' and why was it significant during the colonial period?
-'Frailocracy' was a term coined by Marcelo del Pilar to describe the dominance of friars in the Philippines. It highlighted the extensive control they had over political and religious matters, making them the most influential figures in the colony.
What was the secularization controversy?
-The secularization controversy revolved around the demand of secular Filipino priests to regain control of the parishes from the friars. Seculars were responsible for administering parishes, while the friars, originally missionaries, had taken over due to a shortage of secular priests.
Why did the friars resist handing over control of the parishes to secular priests?
-The friars resisted because losing control of the parishes meant losing their influence, power, and financial benefits. They had become accustomed to the wealth they gained from parish collections and other means during the colonial period.
How did the friars manipulate the Filipino population to maintain control?
-The friars exploited the credulity and religious devotion of Filipinos. For example, they convinced dying individuals to donate money and assets to the church in exchange for the promise of a place in heaven, a manipulation widely criticized by the ilustrados.
Who was Father José Burgos, and what was his role in the secularization movement?
-Father José Burgos was a leading advocate of the secularization movement, fighting for the rights of Filipino secular priests. He also championed broader equality between Filipinos and Spaniards, making him a threat to the friars and Spanish colonial authorities.
What led to the execution of Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora?
-They were falsely accused of being the leaders of the Cavite Mutiny, a rebellion actually started by Sergeant La Madrid. The Spanish colonial government and friars used this as a pretext to arrest and execute the three priests to eliminate them as threats.
What impact did the execution of Gomburza have on Filipino nationalism?
-The execution of Gomburza (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) significantly accelerated the rise of Filipino nationalism. It influenced José Rizal and later led to the formation of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to reform Spanish rule and expel the friars.
What were the broader effects of the Propaganda Movement on the Philippines?
-The Propaganda Movement, inspired by the ideals of equality and justice, played a pivotal role in spreading nationalist ideas. Through publications like *La Solidaridad*, it advocated for reforms, the expulsion of friars, and equal rights for Filipinos, influencing future revolutionaries like Andrés Bonifacio.
Outlines
📜 Religious Development in 19th Century Philippines
This paragraph introduces the topic of religious development in the 19th century Philippines, focusing on the role of friars and ilustrados. It outlines the influence of friars, who maintained Spanish control through religion and were seen as political instruments of Spain. The Philippines was termed a 'friocracy,' where friars held significant power, influencing governance and maintaining Spanish colonial loyalty.
⛪ Secularization Controversy: Priests and Power
This section explains the two types of priests during the colonial period: the regulars (friars) and seculars (local priests). It discusses the increasing number of Filipino secular priests in the 19th century, who demanded control of parishes from the friars. The friars resisted because of the influence and financial benefits they gained from administering parishes, leading to tensions and the secularization controversy.
⚔️ Father José Burgos and the Call for Equality
Father José Burgos fought for equality between Filipino secular priests and the Spanish friars, who treated seculars as inferior. Burgos expanded his advocacy to fight for equality between Filipinos and Spaniards, a dangerous idea at the time, which eventually led to his arrest. Although he was accused of leading the Cavite Mutiny, the real issue was his push for Filipino equality, making him a threat to Spanish rule.
🏛️ The Execution of Gomburza and Its Aftermath
This paragraph details the execution of Father Burgos, along with Fathers Gómez and Zamora (Gomburza), who were wrongfully blamed for the Cavite Mutiny. It describes how they were betrayed by a witness who was also executed. The execution of Gomburza marked a turning point in Filipino resistance, as it silenced sympathizers but fueled further unrest.
🔥 Impact of Gomburza’s Execution on Filipino Nationalism
The execution of Gomburza ignited Filipino nationalism, leading to the rise of movements like the Propaganda Movement, which sought to expel friars and push for reforms. Figures like José Rizal were inspired by Father Burgos' fight for equality, and these developments accelerated the nationalist movement against Spanish colonial rule.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Religious Development
💡Friars
💡Secularization Controversy
💡Ilustrados
💡Frylocracy
💡Patronato Real
💡Father Jose Burgos
💡Cavite Mutiny
💡Gomburza
💡Propaganda Movement
Highlights
Introduction to religious development in 19th century Philippines, focusing on the secularization controversy and the power struggle between friars and ilustrados.
Explanation of two types of priests during the colonial period: seculars (administrators of parishes) and friars (missionaries), leading to conflict over control of parishes.
Friars held significant political and religious power, coined as 'frylocracy' by Marcelo del Pilar, as they used religion to maintain Spanish colonial influence.
The Patronato Real gave Spanish monarchs power over the Church in the colonies, a key factor in the union between church and state during this period.
Father José Burgos, a key figure in advocating for secularization and equality between secular and regular clergy, continued the work of Pedro Peláez.
Secular priests (mostly Filipinos) demanded control of parishes in the 19th century as the number of Filipino clergy grew, but friars resisted relinquishing power due to influence and financial benefits.
Friars used tactics like exploiting Filipinos' gullibility to extract wealth, such as convincing dying individuals to donate their assets to the church in exchange for a 'place in heaven.'
Father Burgos advocated for equality not just between seculars and friars but expanded his cause to seek equality between Filipinos and Spaniards, leading to his eventual arrest and execution.
Father Burgos, along with Fathers Gómez and Zamora (collectively known as Gomburza), was falsely accused of involvement in the Cavite Mutiny, although the actual cause of the revolt was unrelated.
A key witness against Burgos, Saldua, was promised freedom for his testimony but was executed alongside Burgos, Gómez, and Zamora to prevent the truth from coming out.
The public execution of Gomburza had a profound effect on the Filipino people, sparking silence but eventually accelerating the rise of Filipino nationalism.
Burgos' fight for equality influenced the nationalist sentiments of José Rizal and the broader movement for Filipino independence.
The execution of Gomburza became a catalyst for the rise of the Propaganda Movement and the publication of the nationalist newspaper 'La Solidaridad.'
Despite initial silence, the execution of Gomburza ultimately contributed to the formation of the Katipunan, influenced by Rizal's works and the writings of other illustrados.
The Propaganda Movement aimed to promote reforms, including making the Philippines a province of Spain and expelling the friars, which laid the groundwork for the nationalist struggle.
Conclusion of the lecture with a preview of upcoming discussions on Rizal's early life and education, along with an announcement of an upcoming midterm exam covering the 19th-century developments.
Transcripts
okay good day everyone this is the last
part of the lecture series on
result in the context of 19th century
philippines
the focus this time will be on the
religious development
now we have already discussed about the
three economic political and cultural
developments
now we go into the last part which is
the religious development
now when we look at the religious
developments we have to
first understand the two parties
involved
the first were the friars the second
were they lustrados
now when you look at the friars actually
there are two types of priests
during the
colonial period the seculars and the
friars
more about that we'll discuss later on
when we talk about the secularization
controversy
but nonetheless there was a struggle
between the friars and the illustrators
now this was mainly because of
frylocracy
the philippines was a phylocracy before
governor generals may come and go but
the friars remained intact
the friars were basically the most
influential individuals
in the philippines trilocracy was
what marcelo del pilar called the
philippines because it was
predominantly ruled by friars
friars used religion to maintain spanish
influence in the colony
so as i've said a while ago governor
generals might come and go
but the friars remained permanently in
the colony
now they were devoted to spain and were
highly influential among the natives
the friars in fact were used by the
spanish officials to
maintain spanish rule over the
philippines
they were also utilized by the state and
they were used in fact as political
instruments to maintain spanish loyalty
they were considered as the most evil of
all men
by a result and more importantly as i've
said a while ago also
they were used as political instruments
you have to take note of that
they were used as political instruments
to maintain filipino loyalty to spain
now if you look at the situation today
of course
we segregate religion from government
because there is separation between the
church and the state as written in our
constitution
but before there was no separation
between search and state
church and state was considered as one
hence
they became the targets of the
illustrators
now the reason why there was a union
between the church and the state is
because of the patronatorial
the patronatorial was an agreement
between the pope and the spanish monarch
which gave the spanish monarch and its
colonial authorities
power over the church and the clergy in
the colonies
this was a result of
you know it was like a gift from the
pope the pope gave
the spanish monarch a gift because they
were responsible for driving out the
muslims from the iberian peninsula
so as a result they were then given
influence and power over the church and
the clergy
in their colonies
so one very important
uh figure in
the religious development in the
philippines is father rose bulgos
he was responsible for the continuation
of the
secularization advocacy which he
continued
uh which he continued as what
father pedro pillai started he continued
what pedro pillai started because pedro
pelayus
his mentor died suddenly
uh it was from an earthquake of 1863 he
was in the manila cathedral while
while he was there there was a big
earthquake and rubbles fell
on him uh beat it as it may we have to
look at the secularization controversy
first
what was the secularization controversy
all about
so as i've said a while ago there are
two types of priests
regulars and the seculars
now the regulars were the friars
similarly friars and regulars are the
same
now the friars their main goal was
to spread the gospel
their main goal was to go on missions
they were missionaries to go to faraway
places to isolated places to spread the
gospel
that was their main goal
friars were mostly spanish or spaniards
there were no filipinos filipino friars
a filipino cannot become a friar
filipino priests
however were known as seculars now
seculars were supposed to
they were in charge of handling or
administering the parishes the churches
so they were like the diocese and
priests of the day
so they're like the diocese and priests
of today who administer parishes from
different towns and cities within the
province
no so that's the difference between the
two
the regulars or the friars were
missionaries the seculars on the other
hand
were administrators of parishes
so where did how did the fight begin how
did how did it start
well it all started although this this
uh
this is a complicated topic and it would
take time for us to discuss this but let
me just simplify it as much as possible
uh it started with the friars taking
over the churches
now in the 19th century there was an
influx of filipino priests there were
more and more secular priests
during that time but before the 19th
century
there was a need for secular priests
since there was a need for secular
priests the regulars
since there was a limited number of
secular priests
the regulars were then assigned to the
parishes which was supposed to be the
job of the seculars
be that as it may by the 19th century
because of the influx of the number of
secular priests
the seculars were now demanding to
administer the parishes because they
didn't have any
parishes to administer given that
the friars or the regulars were the ones
administering it already
so they wanted their job back but then
the regulars did not want to leave
the parishes so one might ask why
why didn't they want to leave the
parishes well there are several answers
to that question one influence
if they left the parishes they would
lose influence
two money if they left the parishes they
would also lose money because they
gained a lot of money by administering
the parishes
one student of mine before us how will
they get money from the parishes
well there are many ways if you are the
parish priest in a certain
town or a certain city you can get many
money in various ways like from the
collection
that's one uh secondly
this was during the spanish period okay
not not at present
but second according to the illustrators
one way of getting money according to
them
was that the regulars abused
the the gullibility
no the filipinos were very gullible so
the regulars
abused this
credulousness of filipinos and
or the naivety of the filipinos and they
abused this by
taking advantage of this trait
how did they take advantage of that well
according to some illustrators if you
remember
whenever there is a dying man we would
always call on a priest
to say the last rights or to offer the
last rights
now as the story goes as the
illustrators
recalled the
the priest the regular priest or the
friar would always tell the dying man
after giving the last rights and they
would secretly tell the dying man if you
if you give your money or your assets to
the church then you will be assured a
spot
in heaven of course if you are dying
person and you hear
this you would always say okay i would
give my money and my asses to the church
because who doesn't want to go to heaven
right
so after doing this of course
the pr we would never know if they went
to heaven or not
how would the priest know that they
would go to heaven
we arrived in heaven no they cannot do
that
it's it's it's impossible to do that
it's virtually impossible
to do that but you see the manipulation
here
the priest telling the dying person
that if you give an ass if you give an
asset your land or if you give your
money to the church
then you will be assuredly spot in
heaven and that's
very terrible that's a very egregious
thing to do
so as a result
they gained a lot of money they gained a
lot of
influence over over the
over the people and that's why they did
not want to leave
the parishes and those are the friars
so another thing that father burgos
fought for was
equality between regulars and seculars
because the seculars were considered as
inferior beings to the regulars
they were indeed considered as inferior
priests
by the regulars given that they were
filipinos
and then later on he was able to
transform that ecclesiastical conflict
to a larger issue of filipino equality
with the spaniards so instead of
fighting for equality between seculars
and regulars
he then started to fight for equality
between
between filipinos and spaniards and this
this idea was quite dangerous
it was a very dangerous idea
and this eventually led to his
arrest and uh and
execution but the friars were very good
they did not use this but in reality
this was the reason the idea was the
reason but in re
but they were able to find
another justification as to why they
would arrest father cyborgos and we'll
discuss it later on
so father burgos then became a threat to
the friars and the spanish colonial
government
in the philippines as a result he along
with father gomez and zamora
were accused of starting the cavite
mutiny but in reality the cavite mutiny
was not
the the end result of father gomez
burgos and zamora's
uh how do you say this uh actions
it was actually started by
sergeant la madrid a disgruntled officer
who
who started a revolt because he did not
want to
go back and pay taxes
and go and do forced labor he didn't
want to go back to that so
he started the revolt in gavite but then
but then uh
the spaniards more so the friars
blamed father burgos for starting it
because they accused him of
wanting to become the king of the
philippines
which was not always which was not the
case because father burgos
simply wanted equality between filipinos
and
spaniards so eventually
as a result they were arrested convicted
and then later on
executed via the garrote
now father burgos was not guilty of
course
we all know this father gomez and father
zamora
also were not guilty father gomez was a
very old priest already he was around
i think more than 70 years old father
zamora was still quite young but
the thing about father zamora was that
he was incubated during the gabite
mutiny
so he was blamed for as he was
he was blamed as one of the purveyors of
the committee mutiny father burgos was
the main target
of course uh was
was was blamed as the head
of the mutineers and they even had
a witness that would prove that father
burgos was
the leader of the cavity mutiny and they
the the friars convinced this certain
witness
to to witness against father burgos
and as as a payment for his
uh testimony he would then be set free
because
the witness was one of the members of
the kavitha mutany he was one of the
uh how do you say this he was one of
uh you can't really say a member
of the kavita mutiny but he was one of
the participants in the kavitha mutiny
so
this certain person named mr salud then
witnessed against father burgos gomez
and zamora and told
the court that they were the ones who
led
them during the cavity mutiny
the promise by the spaniards if he would
testify was that he would be set free
but then when the when the judge
made the decision to execute father
gomez burgos and zamora he
also included mr saldua the witness
as a person to be executed also
so the promise was a lie
and the testimony was futile
because
but then after
the case has been heard or after the
case had been heard
he was also part of he was also included
in the
people to be executed imagine being that
person
being deceived by the friars so mr
saldua was also executed by the golothy
why was he also executed well so that he
will not be able to
speak the truth so that the truth will
not be set free and the truth will be
buried
six feet below the ground so
there was an eyewitness account of the
execution of father gomez burgos and
zamora
as the eyewitness said the first person
to be executed was father gomez
father gomez according to the eyewitness
was very calm he was ready to accept his
fate
he was ready to die the second person to
be executed was zamora it's not burgos
it doesn't follow that it's gone bursa
burgos would be the second person to be
executed no the second person to be
executed was zamora
and according to the eyewitness account
zamora was already dead even before he
was executed metaphorically speaking
since he could not believe he was
already dead inside he could not believe
that he was part of he was
accused as being part of the kavita
mutiny simply because he was inhabited
during the committee mutiny
so according to the eyewitness account
he was already dead inside
so the third person to be executed was
father burgos and the last one was
father burgos
they saved the best for last and father
borgos who was the main target
according to the eyewitness was crying
like a child he was weeping like a child
he did not want to die
during that fateful day
february of 1872. he did not want to die
father burgos did not want to die
so he was weeping like a child he was
he was shouting i'm not guilty i'm not
guilty
when he arrived at the platform and he
was shouting i am not guilty one of the
friars said so was jesus christ
and that was a very snarky remark by the
flyer it was
quite an insulting remark even because
they knew
that jesus was not guilty of his crimes
and yet he was still crucified just like
father burgos they knew
that he was not guilty of his crimes but
still he would die via de garote
now as the story goes the executioner
then asks for forgiveness
for what he was about to do to father
burgos and after hearing the executioner
ask for forgiveness
father burgos calmed down and he prayed
to the executioner and forgave him and
then he prayed to the lord
and that was the end of it afterwards
it was a public execution
many filipinos saw the execution
if you look at this picture this is a
picture of the guarantee
i do not know how it feels to be gadot
because i don't know is it painful or
not i don't know if it's painful or not
but they say you die a quick death
because once your neck will snap
then you immediately die so that's a
picture of the golote
they just twist the handle at the back
until and the grip will tighten
and tighten until your neck will break
and that will be the end of you
so father gomez burgos and zamora were
executed via the guarantee
and after their execution there was
complete silence
people did not talk about them it was
taboo to talk about them
and no one dared
to support those who supported them
those who sympathize with them were sent
to exile or arrested
so how did this accelerate filipino
nationalism how did it lead to the
acceleration of filipino nationalism
devil number three
the first one is the influence of father
jose borgos
father jose burgos undoubtedly
influenced rizal
and his ideas remember father burgos
fought for
equality between filipinos and spaniards
and that was also rizal's idea this was
the result of the secularization
controversy because the seculars wanted
to take the job of the
regulars wanted to take back their job
but then the regulars did not give it
back to them because they wanted money
they wanted the influence and they
wanted the power in the towns
supposedly the people who would
administer the parishes were the
seculars but then they did not get their
job back
because uh the regulars did not want to
give in they did not want to go back to
their original job which was to become
uh which was to go on missions so the
influence of other bulgos tourism was
one of the
accelerators of filipino nationalism the
second one is francocracy
the filipinos already had enough of
royal rule
so they wanted to get rid of the friars
and this
somehow instilled in them a
nationalistic
zeal a nationalistic figure that they
wanted to
you know they wanted to get rid of the
friars they wanted to expel them
they became enemy number one to the
filipinos
and then the last is the execution of
gomborza
the execution of gombolza eventually led
to the creation of the propaganda
movement
years decades after more than a decade
after
so the propaganda movement if you know
this was responsible for the creation of
the newspaper known as the la
solidaridad
members of the propaganda movement were
illustratos and their main goal was
to fight for reforms to make the
philippines the province of spain
and to expel the friars and they
undoubtedly even if they had if even if
they didn't totally have the same
nationalistic ideas as bonifacio
they were responsible for influencing
the rights of the katipunan
because bonifacio read the last
solidaridad and bonifacio also
read about rizal red results works then
only and el phili
and other works of some illustrators
so all these three accelerated filipino
nationalism and this is part of the
religious development
of the philippines in the 19th century
so this ends our discussion for the
religious development
uh for our next topic results early
years
and early education i'll be giving you
some notes
on this and i just want you to read it
and
maybe i'll be giving you an assignment
for that by next week
but please do take note of this these
religious developments
i might be giving the exam probably two
weeks from now
i'll give you a long exam might we might
consider it as a midterm exam
so i'll be giving you an exam and the
coverage will be
uh result in the 19th century
philippines economic political cultural
and religious developments
and the early years in education of
results
so i'll be giving the early years an
education of result by next week
it's not going to be a video or a
youtube video but it's
going to be some notes annotations of
his early years in education
and i just want you to download that and
take note of it
so that's it that ends our discussion i
hope you view this video
and i wish you well keep safe and
stay away from harm god bless and have a
great day
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