Developmental Psychology from Various Perspectives-Behavioral Perspective
Summary
TLDRThe script delves into the behavioral perspective of developmental psychology, highlighting how rewards and punishments shape behavior through stimulus-response relationships. Key concepts like operant conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Pavlov's classical conditioning are discussed, illustrating how these principles apply to human development across the lifespan. The script also touches on intrinsic motivation and its role in behavior, suggesting a shift from material rewards to personal fulfillment as we age.
Takeaways
- 🎉 The behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on the stimulus-response relationship and how behaviors are modified due to their consequences.
- 🎈 Key to behavioral perspective is the idea that behaviors are shaped by environmental influences and the outcomes of those behaviors.
- 🔑 There are four main assumptions of the behavioral perspective: environment influences behavior, learning is described through observable stimuli and responses, learning is time-sensitive, and animals and humans learn in similar ways.
- 👨🔬 B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning is a significant theory under this perspective, emphasizing the role of consequences in modifying behavior.
- 🐀 Skinner's box experiment demonstrated that animals' behaviors can be influenced by positive and negative reinforcements, leading to an increase or decrease in behavior frequency.
- 🐱 Thorndike's research with cats in puzzle boxes led to the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishments are less likely.
- 🐕 Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs showed how new involuntary responses can be learned through the association of stimuli.
- 👶 Watson's Little Albert experiment illustrated how emotions can be conditioned through the transfer from one object or event to another.
- 🧠 Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory introduced the concept of intrinsic motivation, suggesting that individuals are motivated by rewards that come from within, such as self-acceptance.
- 🌟 As individuals develop and age, the types of reinforcements that influence their behaviors shift from material rewards to more intrinsic values like peace of mind and mental health.
Q & A
What is the behavioral perspective in developmental psychology?
-The behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on the stimulus-response relationship and how our behavior is modified due to the consequences of that behavior. It emphasizes observable events and the influence of the environment on behavior.
How does the environment influence behavior according to the behavioral perspective?
-According to the behavioral perspective, the environment influences behavior as it is a result of our interaction with it. For example, being stuck in traffic can lead to various behavioral responses such as patience or irritation.
What are the four assumptions of the behavioral perspective?
-The four assumptions of the behavioral perspective are: 1) Environment influences behavior, 2) Learning is described through stimuli and responses, 3) Learning must result when stimulus and response occur close together in time, and 4) Animals and humans learn in similar ways.
What is operant conditioning and how is it related to the behavioral perspective?
-Operant conditioning is a theory by B.F. Skinner that deals with reinforcement and the strengthening of behaviors. It is related to the behavioral perspective as it demonstrates how consequences for behavior play a large role in an individual's response and subsequent behavior.
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
-Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a reward after the behavior occurs, while negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Both aim to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again.
Can you explain the Law of Effect as described by Thorndike?
-The Law of Effect, as described by Thorndike, states that if a particular behavior is followed by a desirable consequence or reward, that behavior is more likely to happen again. Conversely, if a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence or punishment, it is less likely to occur in the future.
What is classical conditioning and how did Pavlov demonstrate it?
-Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a new involuntary response is acquired as a result of stimuli being presented at the same time. Pavlov demonstrated this by conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was initially neutral but became associated with food.
Who was Little Albert and what was the significance of the experiment involving him?
-Little Albert was a baby who was the subject of an experiment by Watson. The significance of the experiment was that it demonstrated how emotions could be transferred from an object or event to another person under the right circumstances, showing the power of classical conditioning.
What is the Premack Principle and how does it relate to intrinsic motivation?
-The Premack Principle, introduced by David Premack, suggests that more probable behaviors can be used as reinforcement for less probable behaviors. It relates to intrinsic motivation as it deals with the internal rewards that drive behavior, such as self-acceptance or self-care.
How do the behavioral theories and researches apply to our development across the lifespan?
-Behavioral theories and researches apply to our development by showing how our responses to environmental stimuli change as we age. As we grow older, we may still be influenced by the same stimuli, but our responses may be more nuanced and influenced by a deeper understanding of intrinsic rewards and motivations.
Outlines
🎉 Introduction to Behavioral Perspective
The script begins by introducing the behavioral perspective in developmental psychology. It uses the analogy of buying a lottery ticket to explain how behavior can be influenced by its consequences, such as winning or losing money. The behavioral perspective emphasizes the stimulus-response relationship and how it shapes our actions based on the outcomes we experience. The script outlines four assumptions of this perspective: the environment influences behavior, learning is described through observable stimuli and responses, learning occurs when stimulus and response are closely timed, and animals and humans learn in similar ways, despite humans' ability to rationalize. The application of these concepts to human development is discussed, highlighting how our responses to environmental stimuli change as we age.
🔬 Theories and Research in Behavioral Perspective
This section delves into specific theories and research associated with the behavioral perspective. It starts with operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner, who used the 'Skinner Box' experiment to demonstrate how consequences influence behavior. The concept of reinforcement, both positive and negative, is explained, showing how they can strengthen behaviors. The script contrasts reinforcement with punishment, which is meant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. It also mentions Thorndike's research, which introduced the 'Law of Effect,' stating that behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely. The script provides examples of how these principles apply to everyday life, such as avoiding late penalties in class or a child's behavior modification.
🐾 Thorndike's Law of Effect and its Applications
The script continues with a detailed look at Thorndike's Law of Effect, which is illustrated through the experiment of cats in puzzle boxes. Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape the boxes by adapting their behavior to achieve positive outcomes, such as receiving food. The script explains the two parts of the Law of Effect: behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, and those followed by punishment are less likely. It provides everyday examples, such as students avoiding late penalties or a child learning not to touch a hot stove, to demonstrate the practical application of these principles.
🐕 Pavlov's Classical Conditioning and its Impact
This part of the script discusses Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, where the dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with food. The script explains how classical conditioning involves learning a new response to a stimulus that is repeatedly paired with another stimulus. It also touches on Watson's experiment with 'Little Albert,' which showed how emotions can be conditioned through association. The script concludes with a mention of David Premack's principle, which focuses on intrinsic motivation and how it influences behavior based on personal preferences and needs.
🌟 Integration of Behavioral Theories in Personal Development
The final paragraph connects the theories and research discussed to personal development. It suggests that as individuals grow and age, the types of reinforcements that influence their behavior shift from material rewards to more intrinsic values like peace of mind and mental health. The script implies that understanding these behavioral principles can help individuals make more conscious choices about their actions and development throughout their lives.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Behavioral Perspective
💡Stimulus-Response Relationship
💡Operant Conditioning
💡Reinforcement
💡Punishment
💡Law of Effect
💡Classical Conditioning
💡Little Albert Experiment
💡Intrinsic Motivation
💡Extrinsic Rewards
Highlights
Behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on stimulus-response relationships.
Behavior is modified due to the consequences it receives, forming the basis of the behavioral perspective.
Four assumptions of the behavioral perspective: environmental influence, learning through stimuli and responses, timing of stimulus and response, and similar learning methods in animals and humans.
Operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner involves learning through consequences and is a key concept in behavioral perspective.
Skinner's box experiment demonstrated how consequences influence animal behavior.
Reinforcers, both positive and negative, strengthen behaviors, while punishment decreases them.
Thorndike's research on intelligence and multiple types of intelligence led to his experiments with cats in puzzle boxes.
Law of Effect by Thorndike states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrated learning through associated stimuli.
Watson's Little Albert experiment showed that emotions can be transferred through conditioning.
Premack Principle by David Premack focuses on intrinsic motivation and rewards.
Behavioral perspective applies to development across the lifespan, with environmental influences remaining constant but our responses to them changing.
As we age, our motivations shift from material rewards to intrinsic values like peace of mind and self-care.
Behavioral theories have practical applications in everyday life, such as understanding how habits form and change.
Transcripts
okay hello now let's talk about
the different perspectives under
developmental psychology
the first perspective is behavioral
perspective so imagine it's your
birthday
and you're finally old enough to buy a
lottery ticket
you go to the local convenience store
purchase your first ticket
and scratch it off to see if you want
any money
if this happened to you and you won
you would probably be like to buy more
lottery tickets in the future
because your behavior was
rewarded however if this happened
to you and you lost you would probably
be less likely to buy more lottery
tickets
in the future because your behavior
was punished by losing money so how does
that behavior works
so behavioral perspective talks about
stimulus response relationship
so this is the tendency to modify
our own behavior due to the consequences
of that behavior is the basic foundation
of this perspective so
like our example earlier
so you buy a lottery ticket and then you
won
there is a chance that you will buy
again a lottery ticket and try again
to win or to want the job park and then
if you lost what will happen you will
not
try it again okay or
you you will have to buy again
a ticket and brace yourself
for another win or lost situation
okay so it's like touching a hat
right so the stimulus there is touching
and then your response will be
swaying your arm away from the hot
pan so that is your behavior you are
hurt because the pad is hot
okay so there are four assumptions about
behavioral
perspective the first one is the
environment
influences behavior meaning
behaviors are a result of our
interaction
with the environment um
for example you are stuck in the traffic
so that is an environmental influence
stopped in the traffic
so what will be your behavior then are
you gonna be patient
are you gonna get irritated are you
gonna get mad
okay number two learning is described
through stimuli and responses
so observable events rather than
events that occur inside a person's
head so like for example don you is in
heart pan and your
hand okay similar stimuli and
responses number three
learning must result when stimulus and
response
occur close together in time
so the hot pan in your hand you learn
number four animals and humans
learn in similar ways of course we are
very different
in terms of animals because
as humans can rationalize
but for animals
until they get the food in the hot
pan right so these are the four
assumptions
under behavioral perspective
so how will we apply this one in terms
of
our development our changes
across the lifespan
so as we age as we grow as we develop
our environmental influences don't
develop
because it is what it is
our response to the hot environment as
we grow older
okay
but as we grow older we respond to the
hot environment in terms of amalily goho
ah i will feel na malame
situations now let's talk about
different theories and researches
that corresponds behavioral perspective
okay so we have the next which is
operant conditioning by bf skinner
so many behaviors then um
[Music]
experiment which is operant conditioning
edward foreign died not introducing law
effect
by observing the behavior of animal
trying to escape
the puzzle boxes and then
we have the father of operant
conditioning which is
bf skinner based on
law of foreign so his famous experiment
is called
skinner's box or conditioning
chamber so through this experiment
skinner found that consequences for the
animals
played a large role in their response
behavior
on behavior depends on consequences
so the skinner box is when a rat put a
lever
it would receive food so subsequently
the rat made frequent pulls on the lever
of course
so it is a form of learning described by
many behaviorists
in which a response increases in
frequency as a result
of its being followed by reinforcement
so as the mouse or as the rat pulls its
lever
and your body which is the food so
positive reinforcement so
reinforcers can be positive or negative
and both
to strengthen behaviors and responses
which is which if you have given a
reward through positive
reinforcement chapter must strengthen
your behavior you to do it again
if negative reinforcement numbers
so on the other hand punishment differs
from negative reinforcement because it
acts
to decrease a response but remember use
punishment sparingly
okay so in summary operant conditioning
deals with reinforcement
and the strengthening of behaviors
and also remember reinforcers can be
positive or negative and both
act to strengthen behaviors and
responses
and on the other hand punishment
with response to decreasing or less
likeliness
right so psychology says that this type
of behavior so the first one is
thorndike's research
he started due to his interest in
intelligent
and different types of intelligence do
you know
multiple um multiple types of
intelligence like visual
kinesthetic
and so on and so forth so
such as we are capable of
doing multiple tasks simultaneously so
do you agree multiple tasks
like watching movies while eating
reading a book while drinking our coffee
um chatting with our friends while
listening to music
and so on and so forth so
he started his research with a series of
famous experiments which he used
cats in puzzle breakfast that could
adopt their behavior
in order to achieve positive
consequences and avoid
negative consequences so what is this
research about cats in
puzzle boxes so he created puzzle boxes
and then
he put the cat inside that box
should or would have to figure out a
series of behaviors
to escape the bat
so to simply escaping the box
this behaviors the cats were further
rewarded
with a dish of food the cats were put
inside the same puzzle box several times
and each time
and miniature
on how to escape the boxes and he tried
so what is this called you giving of
reward and not giving
of reward in terms of the behavior or
in terms of the action of the path
so thorndike find the term
law of effect so number one
if a particular behavior is followed by
a desirable consequence or a reward
that behavior is more likely to happen
again
in the
so that is the first law of effect
the second one is an undesirable
consequence or punishment
that behavior is less likely
to happen again in the future
like for example um what if you
don't experiment foreign
is
okay so let's slightly to happen again
so like for example you are late in the
class
and then the minus five go
the next class say you don't want
to have that minus point again
okay so another situational example
is for a child
and
like for example for toddlers
which is rising
um
number two um example of law of effect
number one
for adults
less likely
no like for us for you students
if you have done your modules before the
deadline
the of effect my reward comes
before the deadline law of effect
deduction of points so in our everyday
life
wedding is applied to law of effect
having entered a picture
what goes around comes around
okay next study about
behavioral perspective is the most
famous
pablo pavlov's dog under
classical conditioning so classical
conditioning is defined as a form of
learning in which a new
involuntary response is acquired as a
result of
stimuli being presented at the same
time so like
for pavlov's he used his dog
to condition itself in terms of
hungriness the dogs were conditioned to
salivate
when food arrived at the sound of the
bell
so let's try to see the first picture in
the
the presentation
so the dog salivates when he
when he was presented by food okay
then the next one the dog did not
salivate
at the sound of the bill
then the third one he tried to associate
the food in the bell
okay sonic salivating though and then
trials and trials of doing
the picture number three until
he associated the sound of the bell into
m
elementary high school and then
uh
okay next one
watson's little advert so in this kind
of
research or experiment watson maintained
that emotions
may be transferred from an object or an
event
to another person if the circumstances
are right so this is the famous
experiment about little albert or baby
albert
okay so princess and channel white pratt
and for our last research about
behavioral perspective so we have
pre-map principle
so this was started by david prima
a psychologist in the 1950s and 60s who
became interested
in studying the internal motivation for
particular behaviors because according
to psychologists
this type of behavior is done because of
intrinsic rewards so
is it from money food
and appreciation from others and so on
and so forth
so for prima principle intrinsic which
is
inside of you which is your
self-acceptance
or self-care it's the part of your
reward so it argued that when you
consider all of the possible behaviors
you might do
such as when you are presented with free
time you can drop order your preference
for each behavior
depending on your personality and needs
at the time
there are sometimes
so forth so that is through your
intrinsic
reinforcement so how will we inline this
different theories or researches to our
development
so according to wording or
rather that according or as we
as we grow or as we age
those rewards those that are informed
those reinforcements are
material things but we care for
what we really want in our life like
peace of mind self-care
stable mental health and so on and so
forth so
so there you go our behavioral
perspective
and stay tuned for our next
perspective thank you very much
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