Neurotransmitters

Summary

This video delves into the world of neurotransmitters, exploring their role as chemical messengers in the brain and body. It explains how these molecules, derived from amino acids, peptides, and other substances, influence our cognitive functions, emotions, and physical responses. The video highlights key neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin, and their effects on muscle contraction, motivation, and mood regulation. It also discusses how drugs interact with these neurotransmitters, either enhancing or inhibiting their functions, leading to various psychological and physiological outcomes.

Takeaways

• 🧠 Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that transmit signals across a synapse to target cells, influencing brain function and body responses.
• 🔗 When neurotransmitters bind to receptors, they can either excite (EPSP) or inhibit (IPSP) the target cell, affecting its electrical charge and behavior.
• 💊 Neurotransmitters are derived from various sources including amino acids, peptides, proteins, and other substances like nitric oxide and adenosine.
• 🏃‍♂️ Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter for muscle contraction and cognitive functions like thinking, learning, and memory.
• 🎯 Dopamine plays a crucial role in motivation, attention, reward behaviors, and motor control, with deficiencies potentially leading to Parkinson's disease.
• 🏃‍♀️ Endorphins are associated with the 'runner's high' and act as natural painkillers, contributing to feelings of pleasure.
• 📚 Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, essential for cognitive functions, but excessive amounts can lead to anxiety and excitotoxicity.
• 😌 GABA and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters that promote calmness and reduce anxiety when balanced with excitatory neurotransmitters.
• 🌙 Serotonin is linked to feelings of calmness and contentment, and its imbalance can be associated with depression and mood regulation.
• ☕ Adenosine increases with energy expenditure and contributes to feelings of tiredness, influencing the sleep cycle.
• 🌿 Anandamide acts on cannabinoid receptors to reduce inflammation and decrease pain, while histamine, apart from allergies, is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in thinking.

Q & A

What are neurotransmitters and what role do they play in the nervous system?

Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules released from the synapse of a neuron that move across the synaptic cleft and bind to a target cell. They play a crucial role in communication within the nervous system, affecting how the brain and body function by either exciting or inhibiting the target cells.

How do neurotransmitters affect the movement of ions across the cell membrane?

When neurotransmitters bind to a receptor on the target cell, they can either excite the cell by causing a positive charge to build up inside (EPSP) or inhibit the cell by causing a negative charge to build up or positive charges to leave (IPSP), thus affecting the movement of ions across the cell membrane.

What is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction and what other roles does it play?

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction. It is also important for cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, and memory. In people with Alzheimer's, the production of acetylcholine is reduced, which affects these cognitive processes.

How does dopamine affect motivation, attention, and reward behaviors?

Dopamine is involved in motivational behavior, focusing attention, and reward behaviors. It helps with paying attention, concentrating, and completing tasks. Dopamine also plays a role in addictive behaviors and controlling motor movements, with a lack of dopamine in the midbrain leading to conditions like Parkinson's disease.

What are endorphins and what is their function in the body?

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and contribute to feelings of pleasure. They are often associated with the 'runner's high' and can be released during physical activity to reduce pain and increase feelings of well-being.

What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and what are its functions?

Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is crucial for cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving. However, excess amounts of glutamate can lead to anxiety, seizures, and excitotoxicity, potentially causing neuronal damage.

How do stress hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine impact the body during a stress response?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, produced by the autonomic nervous system during a stress response, cause various physiological changes such as dilating pupils, increasing heart rate, and dilating bronchial tubes and blood vessels, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' reaction.

What are the roles of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in the body?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters that play a role in creating a sense of calm and reducing anxiety. They help balance the excitatory effects of neurotransmitters like glutamate, contributing to a relaxed state and preventing over-excitement.

How does serotonin contribute to feelings of calm and contentment, and what are its other functions?

Serotonin is associated with feelings of calm, contentment, and satisfaction. It plays a significant role in regulating mood and appetite. Low levels of serotonin can increase the risk of depression, while higher levels are linked to a sense of well-being and comfort.

What is the relationship between adenosine and sleep, and how does caffeine interact with adenosine?

Adenosine is a molecule that increases with energy usage and can bind to receptors to make us feel tired, promoting sleep. Caffeine works by inhibiting adenosine receptors, thus reducing feelings of sleepiness and keeping us awake.

How do drugs interact with neurotransmitters, and what are some examples of drugs that affect specific neurotransmitter systems?

Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists, increasing or decreasing the effects of neurotransmitters by binding to specific receptors. For example, nicotine affects acetylcholine and dopamine receptors, influencing cognitive functions and reward. Ritalin and Adderall are stimulants that primarily act on dopamine receptors to improve focus, used to treat attention deficit disorders.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Neurotransmitters: The Chemical Messengers of the Brain

This paragraph introduces neurotransmitters as chemical molecules that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to target cells such as neurons, muscle cells, or glands. It explains how neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit cells, leading to either depolarization or hyperpolarization. The paragraph also touches on the various sources of neurotransmitters, including amino acids, peptides, proteins, and other substances like nitric oxide or adenosine. An example is provided with acetylcholine, which is crucial for muscle contraction and cognitive functions, and its reduction in Alzheimer's disease is highlighted.

05:01

🚀 Dopamine and Other Key Neurotransmitters

Dopamine is discussed as a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, attention, and reward, with a role in addictive behaviors and motor control, linking its deficiency to Parkinson's disease. Endorphins are mentioned as natural painkillers and mood elevators, associated with the 'runner's high.' The paragraph then summarizes neurotransmitters like glutamate, which is vital for cognitive functions but can lead to anxiety or excitotoxicity in excess. It also covers stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine, and serotonin, which contributes to feelings of calm and contentment.

10:01

💤 Neurotransmitters and Their Impact on Sleep, Mood, and Pain

This section delves into adenosine, which is linked to feelings of tiredness, and anandamide, which reduces inflammation and pain while increasing pleasure. Histamine's dual role as an allergy molecule and an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is also mentioned. The paragraph then transitions into a comparison of how different drugs affect neurotransmitter levels, either as agonists enhancing their effects or antagonists blocking them. Examples include nicotine's impact on acetylcholine and dopamine, and how alcohol can both stimulate and depress the nervous system by affecting various neurotransmitters.

15:03

💊 The Effects of Medications on Neurotransmitters

The final paragraph focuses on how various medications interact with neurotransmitters. It discusses stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall that act on dopamine receptors to treat attention deficit disorders. Alcohol's complex effects, including its influence on dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA, are explored. The paragraph also covers opiates' pain-inhibiting properties, the use of ephedrine in non-drowsy medications, benzodiazepines' impact on GABA for treating anxiety and insomnia, SSRIs' effect on serotonin to combat depression, caffeine's inhibition of adenosine to promote wakefulness, and the psychoactive effects of cannabis and hallucinogens on cannabinoid and serotonin receptors.

Keywords

💡Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that play a crucial role in the communication between neurons. They are released from the synapse of a neuron, cross the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on target cells, which can be other neurons, muscle cells, or glands. The video emphasizes how neurotransmitters are integral to various brain functions and behaviors, with different neurotransmitters having distinct effects depending on where they bind in the body. For instance, acetylcholine is highlighted as a primary neurotransmitter for muscle contraction and cognitive functions like thinking, learning, and memory.

💡Synaptic Cleft

The synaptic cleft is the small gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. It is the space across which neurotransmitters travel to transmit signals from one neuron to another. In the video, the synaptic cleft is described as the pathway for neurotransmitters to move and bind to target cells, which initiates a response in the target cell, such as excitation or inhibition.

💡EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential)

EPSP stands for Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential, which is a process where the binding of a neurotransmitter to a target cell causes the inside of the cell to become more positively charged. This brings the cell closer to the threshold level for depolarization, making it more likely to transmit an electrical signal. In the video, EPSPs are associated with neurotransmitters that excite the target cell, such as acetylcholine, which is essential for muscle contraction and cognitive functions.

💡IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)

IPSP stands for Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential, which is the opposite of EPSP. It occurs when a neurotransmitter binding causes the cell to become hyperpolarized, either by increasing the negative charge inside the cell or allowing positive charges to leave. This makes the cell less likely to transmit an electrical signal. The video explains that IPSPs are crucial for inhibiting cell activity, which is essential for maintaining a balance in the nervous system.

💡ACh (Acetylcholine)

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter derived from the choline portion of a phospholipid and acetyl-CoA. It is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction and plays a significant role in cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, and memory. The video discusses how a decrease in acetylcholine production is associated with Alzheimer's disease, affecting these cognitive abilities.

💡Dopamine

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, attention, and reward behaviors. It is highlighted in the video as being crucial for focusing and getting tasks done, as well as playing a role in addictive behaviors. The video also mentions dopamine's role in controlling motor movements, with a deficiency leading to uncontrolled muscle movements, as seen in Parkinson's disease.

💡Endorphins

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and are associated with the 'runner's high.' They reduce pain and induce pleasurable feelings. The video uses the example of the good feeling after a run to illustrate the effect of endorphins, which are released in response to physical exertion and can lead to a sense of well-being.

💡Glutamate

Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, expressed by approximately 90% of the neurons. It is essential for cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving. However, the video warns that excess glutamate can lead to anxiety, seizures, and excitotoxicity, which can result in neuronal death.

💡GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a key role in reducing neuronal excitability and promoting relaxation. It is referred to in the video as the body's natural anti-anxiety neurotransmitter. The balance between GABA and excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate is crucial for maintaining a calm and relaxed state without inducing anxiety.

💡Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of calmness, contentment, and well-being. It is often referred to as the 'happy hormone,' although the video clarifies that it does not induce excitement but rather a state of satisfaction and relaxation. Serotonin is also involved in regulating appetite and mood, and low levels of it can be linked to depression.

💡Adenosine

Adenosine is a molecule that is produced when ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used up. It binds to receptors and promotes feelings of tiredness, contributing to the sleepiness experienced after physical or mental exertion. The video explains that adenosine is an example of how the body's energy use and rest cycles are regulated at a molecular level.

Highlights

Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that transmit signals across a synapse.

Neurotransmitters can bind to neurons, muscle cells, or glands, affecting different parts of the body.

Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors can cause excitation (EPSP) or inhibition (IPSP) of a cell.

Neurotransmitters are typically derived from amino acids, peptides, proteins, or other substances like nitric oxide.

Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter for muscle contraction and cognitive functions.

Dopamine is involved in motivation, attention, and reward behaviors, and is linked to Parkinson's disease.

Endorphins are natural painkillers that contribute to the 'runner's high' and feelings of pleasure.

Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, crucial for cognitive functions.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stress hormones that trigger the body's stress response.

GABA and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters that promote calmness and reduce anxiety.

Serotonin is associated with feelings of calmness, contentment, and plays a role in regulating appetite and mood.

Adenosine increases with energy use and contributes to feelings of tiredness and sleepiness.

Anandamide binds to cannabinoid receptors and is involved in reducing inflammation and increasing pleasure.

Histamine acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in allergic reactions.

Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists, affecting neurotransmitter function by increasing or decreasing their effects.

Nicotine affects acetylcholine and dopamine receptors, impacting cognitive functions and reward.

Alcohol impacts multiple neurotransmitters, acting as both a stimulant and a depressant.

Opiates are inhibitory neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and reduce pain.

Benzodiazepines impact GABA receptors and are used to treat anxiety and insomnia but can be addictive.

SSRIs are antidepressants that increase serotonin levels in the synapse to alleviate depression.

Caffeine inhibits adenosine receptors, reducing feelings of sleepiness and increasing alertness.

Cannabis and THC bind to cannabinoid receptors, increasing pleasure and reducing pain.

Hallucinogens cause distorted perceptions by binding to serotonin receptors, leading to hallucinations.

Transcripts

[Music]

in this video we're going to talk about

neurotransmitters

these are the chemical molecules that

are released from the synapse of a

neuron

that move across the synaptic cleft and

bind to a target cell

neurotransmitters can bind to other

neurons or

muscle cells like skeletal or smooth

muscles or glands like your adrenal

gland and where those neurotransmitters

bind

what part of the brain or what part of

the body that will determine what kind

of an effect they have

when neurotransmitters move across the

synapse and bind to a receptor

on the target cell we call that receptor

a

chemically gated channel or a ligand

gated channel

and most of the time those channels will

let ions

move into or out of the cell

so with neurotransmitters when they bind

to the target cell they can

excite that cell in epsp

or they can inhibit that cell and ipsp

so excitatory postsynaptic potentials

are going to trigger the movement of

ions

so that inside of the cell becomes more

positive

and brings it closer to the threshold

level for depolarization

whereas an inhibitory postsynaptic

potential

will cause a negative charge to either

build up inside of the cell or positive

charges to leave

so that the cell becomes hyper polarized

and further away from the threshold

level neurotransmitters

most of the time they're made from amino

acids but sometimes they can be peptides

and sometimes they can be proteins and

sometimes they can be other substances

like

nitric oxide or adenosine and i'll talk

a little bit about adenosine because

it's cool

so just to refresh your memory we have

an axon terminal here and we are showing

the synaptic cleft

so in the axon terminal there was an

action potential

that came down and changed the charge of

the cell

when we depolarize the membrane we move

positive charges in

and that action potential charge change

triggers voltage-gated calcium channels

calcium moves in and neurotransmitters

move

out when these neurotransmitters are

released

they bind to specific receptors on the

target cell

if the target cell becomes more

positively charged inside

that is an epsp or an excitatory

postsynaptic potential

if the cell becomes more negatively

charged that is

an ipsp so the type of neurotransmitter

and the type of receptor and the target

cell

all determine what kind of an effect

that neurotransmitter is going to have

so what we're going to do in this video

is look at a bunch of different kinds of

neurotransmitters

and we are going to look at their

general characteristics and what kinds

of effects they generally cause

okay so the first one is acetylcholine

it is made from the choline portion of a

phospholipid and

the acetyl-coa that we have talked about

before

when we oxidize pyruvate in the krebs

cycle

when you put acetyl coa and choline

together you have acetylcholine

acetylcholine is the primary

neurotransmitter

that causes muscle contraction so in our

somatic system

we can voluntarily control our skeletal

muscles

and when we decide to contract a muscle

that neurotransmitter is

always going to be acetylcholine when

acetylcholine binds it is always

excitatory and always causes muscle

contraction

acetylcholine is also important for

thinking we use it in our brain for

cognitive functions so thinking learning

and memory

is very important role of acetylcholine

and people that have alzheimer's

have reduced acetylcholine making

thinking learning and memory much more

difficult there are other aspects to

that but generally in people with

alzheimer's

they decrease the number of neurons that

produce acetylcholine

dopamine is one of my favorites because

it's involved in

motivational behavior and focusing your

attention

when you're trying to study and you

can't and you're distracted and your

brain is all over the place and you try

to focus and you're just not

absorbing the information that's because

your dopamine is low

so we need a certain amount of stress

not tons of it but just enough

to give us enough dopamine to be

motivated to do things

so dopamine is very important for paying

attention

focusing concentrating and getting a

task done

dopamine is also really important in the

reward

behaviors so anything that is addictive

dopamine is playing a role in that and

then dopamine

actually also has another role in your

midbrain

part of your brain at the top of your

brainstem dopamine will

inhibit motor neurons and this is

important for controlling motor

movements

so without dopamine in the midbrain

then you have uncontrolled muscle

movements

and that actually is what is involved in

parkinson's disease

endorphins these are also great because

they are like the runners-high

molecules they are pain killers so they

reduce pain

and they make us feel good and

pleasurable think about the next time

you go for a run and you feel really

good then that's endorphins

if you don't feel good then it's

something else and here's a little

summary

so next we will talk about two

excitatory neurotransmitters

that are very important for thinking

learning in memory

okay so glutamate is the first one

glutamate is probably

expressed by 90 of the neurons in your

brain

it is the most prevalent excitatory

neurotransmitter

and without glutamate you have very

decreased cognitive functions so we need

to have glutamate

so that we can think and plan and

problem solve and do all of that stuff

but excess amounts of glutamate can

cause

anxiety because it's very stimulating

excess glutamate can also be involved in

seizures

and it can cause excitotoxicity

way too much glutamate can actually kill

neurons

and i'm going to talk about this a

little bit again in a few minutes when i

talk about

some drugs and how drugs impact

neurotransmitters

then we have our stress hormones

epinephrine

and norepinephrine these are made by the

autonomic nervous system

when we have a sympathetic nervous

system reaction

and these will cause all of the typical

stress response things to happen

like dilating your pupils increasing

your heart rate

dilating bronchial tubes and blood

vessels

next we have two inhibitory

neurotransmitters

one is called gaba stands for gamma

aminobutyric acid

and the other one is glycine glycine is

an amino acid

and gaba is made from an amino acid

called glutamine

actually glutamate is also made from

glutamine

glutamate the excitatory

neurotransmitter and

gaba the inhibitory neurotransmitter

they should be balanced if you have too

much

gaba you're going to feel tired and if

you have too much glutamate you're going

to feel

anxiety so we want those

neurotransmitters to be balanced

so gaba and glycine play an important

role in making you feel

calm they're your natural anti-anxiety

neurotransmitters

next is serotonin this is our

calm and content neurotransmitter

so serotonin is associated with

depression if you have low serotonin

then you tend to have a higher risk of

depression

people often think of serotonin as your

happy hormone

but serotonin doesn't actually make you

happy excited happy

okay excited happy is gonna come from

dopamine

and norepinephrine and some

acetylcholine

probably glutamate too the excitatory

ones but serotonin

the best way that i i can explain how

serotonin feels

think about the last time you had a

really delicious dinner

that feeling after you've eaten really

good food

where you're just calm and content and

relaxed and satisfied and you feel very

good that is serotonin and we actually

make more serotonin in our digestive

tract than we do in our brain

the serotonin that we make in our

digestive tract

impacts our brain and tells us that we

feel

good and comfortable and content

serotonin plays an important role in

regulating our appetite

and our mood

three more neurotransmitters one is

called adenosine

do you remember atp adenosine

triphosphate that's our energy molecule

when we use up atp then we produce

some excess free adenosine and that

can bind to receptors and it makes us

feel

tired that's logical right you use up

energy

and then you start to feel tired and so

when adenosine increases

it makes us tired and we fall asleep

next we have anandamide anandamide

binds to cannabinoid receptors

the same receptors like cannabis

marijuana binds to

and in our body it's not psychoactive

but it does play a role

in reducing inflammation and decreasing

pain

and increasing pleasurable feelings and

then lastly

histamine i want to mention this one

because we often think of histamine

as our allergy molecule which is true

you increase the amount of histamine you

produce when you have an allergic

reaction

but it's also involved in thinking

it is an excitatory neurotransmitter in

our brain

and this is why sometimes if you take an

antihistamine

medication for allergies that it makes

you feel

tired

and now i just want to compare some

drugs that we know about and what

neurotransmitter they

impact now when drugs have an effect on

our brain and our body

they can increase the effect of the

neurotransmitter

so they're called an agonist if they

increase

that effect or they can block an effect

and then they are called an antagonist

so drugs can act by increasing or

decreasing the function of

neurotransmitters

depending on where they bind and how

they bind

we will go through a few interesting

examples

nicotine acts on two different receptors

primarily acetylcholine and dopamine

acetylcholine remember is involved in

cognitive thinking

and learning and memory and dopamine

is involved in motivation and reward

nicotine is extremely addictive drugs

like

ritalin or adderall are amphetamines

and they are stimulants and they

primarily

act on dopamine receptors and this is

used to treat

attention deficit disorder so remember

dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter

involved in making you focus your

attention

alcohol has a lot of interesting effects

alcohol impacts multiple

neurotransmitters it increases some and

it decreases some

and it has the weird ability to be a

stimulant

and a depressant so it increases

dopamine

which is reward and pleasure and

motivation

and this is where it can make you

motivated to do things

okay maybe not smart things because

you also decrease acetylcholine and we

need acetylcholine for

thinking and making choices so

that is decreased we also decrease

glutamate

so glutamate also a thinking molecule

when you decrease glutamate you decrease

anxiety

and this is why alcohol feels relaxing

so you're decreasing the glutamate

molecules but you're also

decreasing your thinking abilities it's

dose dependence so the more alcohol

consumed the more these effects will

occur

another thing that is affected is gaba

gaba is our

anti-anxiety neurotransmitter and it

makes us feel calm

and relaxed and then it also produces

some serotonin which makes you feel

content and maybe more social

acetylcholine also remember plays a role

in muscle contraction and

if you decrease acetylcholine in a part

of your brain called the cerebellum

it is the part of your brain at the back

of your brain that helps you

coordinate muscle movements and

alcohol highly targets the cerebellum

which makes you

lose your coordination abilities and

then the last thing i want to mention is

the glutamate aspect

okay glutamate is excitatory when you

decrease glutamate you feel calm and

relaxed

with alcohol there's a rebound effect

the next day the glutamate that was

decreased

during the alcohol consumption the next

day that will be

increased and so alcohol consumption can

actually

increase anxiety opiates are

neurotransmitters

that inhibit pain so these are

inhibitory some examples would be

codeine morphine and heroin

they are types of opiates opiates are

extremely addictive so they are binding

to

opiate receptors like our endogenous

endorphins ephedrine

is a drug that affects epinephrine

so epinephrine remember is our stress

response our autonomic nervous system

releases epinephrine through the

sympathetic pathways

so ephedrine is a stimulant sometimes

ephedrine is put

into medications that make you tired so

if you have

non-drowsy versions of medications like

cold medication or allergy medication

it usually has a little bit of ephedrine

in it

next we have benzodiazepines

these are drugs like valium diazepam

clonazepam

lorazepam adivan any of those azepams

are benzodiazepines and they impact

gaba receptors remember that gaba is our

anti-anxiety neurotransmitter so

benzodiazepines are used to treat

panic attacks and sometimes insomnia

but they can be very addictive your

brain can adapt to these

and stop producing its own gaba and then

you become dependent serotonin reuptake

inhibitors or

ssris they are depression medications

they are used to treat

depression when serotonin is released

from the neurotransmitter

and serotonin goes into the synapse

normally the serotonin is taken back up

and then it'll be released again when

it's signaled so a serotonin reuptake

inhibitor prevents the reuptake and that

means the serotonin stays in the synapse

and it can keep acting on the target

cell to make you feel

less depressed because so much serotonin

is actually produced by the digestive

system

there can be some digestive system side

effects in the beginning of taking

serotonin

reuptake inhibitors

caffeine caffeine keeps us awake because

it inhibits adenosine remember we talked

about

how adenosine makes us sleepy so if

caffeine

blocks those receptors then it is going

to

decrease sleep

cannabis or thc is a psychoactive drug

and it binds to our cannabinoid

receptors

and it increases pleasure and reduces

pain

and lastly hallucinogens

hallucinogenic drugs like acid or

psilocybin which is

mushrooms they cause distorted

perceptions

by binding to serotonin receptors

so normally serotonin makes us feel calm

and good

but extreme amounts of serotonin

causes hallucinations so there we go

check out the description below for the

downloadable pdf and see if you can

match

the neurotransmitter to the function and

the drug to the neurotransmitter

[Music]