AP World History (WHAP) 1.3 Deep Dive: South and Southeast Asia
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Emily Glankler from Antisocial Studies explores the complexities of South and Southeast Asian history, focusing on regions often overlooked in traditional curricula. She discusses the challenges of uniting diverse regions like South Asia, dominated by the Indian Ocean trade, and the rise and fall of various states, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Glankler also delves into Southeast Asia's unique position between powerful trading regions, highlighting significant states like Srivijaya, Majapahit, Sinhala, and the Khmer Empire. The video aims to provide a foundational understanding of these regions' historical significance in the context of AP World History.
Takeaways
- 🌏 The video discusses the complexities of South and Southeast Asian history, particularly focusing on regions that are often unfamiliar to Western education systems.
- 🏰 South Asia, comprising modern-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, has rarely been united under a single rule due to its immense diversity.
- 👑 The Delhi Sultanate was the first Islamic dynasty to rule in South Asia, but its control was mostly limited to northern India and was often contested.
- 🏞️ Southern India was influenced by dynasties like the Chola and the Vijayanagara Empire, which had significant impacts on Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.
- 🌊 Southeast Asia's history is marked by both sea-based and land-based kingdoms, which rose to power due to their strategic positions along trade routes.
- 🚢 Sea-based kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled trade through naval dominance and established tributary states to extend their influence.
- 🏞️ Land-based kingdoms such as the Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka and the Khmer Empire relied on agriculture and trade, with the latter being known for the massive city of Angkor.
- 🔄 The region's history is characterized by a fluidity of power, with states rising and falling, and often existing simultaneously in a complex tapestry of political entities.
- 🌿 The Khmer Empire, at its peak, was one of the largest cities in the world and a major agricultural power, but its decline was influenced by shifts in religious practices and social structures.
- 🔗 The video emphasizes the importance of understanding these historical contexts to appreciate the rise and fall of states in South and Southeast Asia.
Q & A
What is the focus of Emily Glankler's deep dive series in this video?
-The focus of the video is to provide an overview of South and Southeast Asia, particularly the states and historical trends that are often unfamiliar to students and teachers, especially within the context of AP World History.
Why is South Asia considered a complex region to understand?
-South Asia is considered complex due to its historical lack of unity until the British colonization in the 19th century. It is characterized by diverse ruling clans, regions, ethnic groups, languages, and variations of Hinduism, making it difficult for any single state to control the entire region.
What is the significance of the Delhi Sultanate in South Asian history?
-The Delhi Sultanate is significant as it was the first Islamic dynasty to rule in South Asia. However, its rule was mostly limited to northern India, and it did not have a lasting control over the entire region due to the diverse and complex nature of South Asia.
How did the Chola and Vijayanagara empires impact Southeast Asia?
-The Chola and Vijayanagara empires impacted Southeast Asia through their involvement in the Indian Ocean trade route, influencing cultural and political exchanges. The Chola dynasty also had an impact on modern-day Sri Lanka.
What is the difference between sea-based and land-based kingdoms in Southeast Asia?
-Sea-based kingdoms, like Srivijaya and Majapahit, derived their power from controlling maritime trade routes and had significant naval forces. Land-based kingdoms, such as the Sinhala dynasties and Khmer Empire, relied on agricultural production and land-based trade.
Why was the tooth relic of the Buddha important to the Sinhala dynasties?
-The tooth relic of the Buddha was a symbol of political power for the Sinhala dynasties. It was believed to be a physical relic of Siddhartha Gautama, and its presence in a capital city signified the center of power and divine right to rule.
What factors contributed to the decline of the Khmer Empire?
-The decline of the Khmer Empire was influenced by several factors, including a shift in religious leadership from Hinduism to Buddhism, which disrupted social structures and traditions. Additionally, internal rebellions and external pressures from rival states, such as the Thai states, contributed to its decline.
How did the city of Angkor become the largest city in the world before the Industrial Revolution?
-Angkor became the largest city in the world due to the Khmer Empire's growth as a powerful agricultural state, which allowed for a population explosion and extensive city development, including the famous temple complex of Angkor Wat.
What is the significance of the Indian Ocean trade route in the history of Southeast Asia?
-The Indian Ocean trade route was significant as it facilitated economic and cultural exchanges between South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. It allowed states like Srivijaya and Majapahit to rise to power by controlling these vital trade routes.
How did the presence of diverse diasporic communities in Southeast Asia impact the region's history?
-The presence of diverse diasporic communities, such as Muslims, Jews, and other merchants, contributed to the cultural and economic diversity of Southeast Asia. These communities often settled in major trading cities, influencing the development of local economies and cultural practices.
Outlines
🌏 Overview of South and Southeast Asia
Emily Glankler introduces a deep dive into South and Southeast Asia, acknowledging the complexity and diversity of the region. She discusses the difficulty in uniting South Asia due to its multitude of ruling clans, ethnic groups, languages, and religious variations. The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire are highlighted as significant states, but their control was often limited to northern India. The video aims to provide an overview of the region's history, particularly focusing on states that are relevant from an AP World History perspective.
🚢 Sea-Based Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
The video segment delves into the sea-based kingdoms of Southeast Asia, emphasizing their strategic control over trade routes. Srivijaya, based in Sumatra, is introduced as a predominantly Buddhist state with a powerful navy, influencing a vast area. Its rival, the Majapahit, which rose to prominence on the island of Java, is discussed as a Hindu-Buddhist state that controlled waterways with the help of sea nomads. The Majapahit's indirect rule through tributary states is contrasted with Srivijaya's direct control, highlighting the complex power dynamics of the region.
🏞️ Land-Based Kingdoms: Sinhala and Khmer Empires
This part of the video focuses on land-based kingdoms, starting with the Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka, which ruled from 543 BCE to 1815 CE. The Sinhala dynasties are noted for their self-sufficiency and the importance of the Buddha's tooth relic as a symbol of political power. The Khmer Empire, based in modern-day Cambodia, is described as a massive and influential state, with its capital at Angkor. The empire's shift from Hinduism to Buddhism is discussed as a factor in its decline, and its historical significance as the largest city in the world until the Industrial Revolution is highlighted.
📚 Resources for Further Learning
Emily concludes the video by reminding viewers of the additional resources available on her website, antisocialstudies.org, and encourages subscription for updates on new content. She also invites followers on Instagram for more engagement, emphasizing the continuous support and educational material she provides for those interested in the subject matter.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡South Asia
💡Delhi Sultanate
💡Mughal Empire
💡Southeast Asia
💡Indian Ocean Trade
💡Rajput Kingdoms
💡Chola Dynasties
💡Vijayanagara Empire
💡Srivijaya
💡Majapahit
💡Khmer Empire
Highlights
Emily Glankler introduces a deep dive into South and Southeast Asia for AP World History, focusing on areas that are often unfamiliar.
South Asia, including modern-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, has rarely been united due to its extreme diversity.
The Delhi Sultanate, the first Islamic dynasty in South Asia, had a tenuous rule, mainly over northern India.
The Rajput kingdoms, a collection of clans, ruled smaller regions within South Asia, indicating the difficulty of centralized control.
The Mughal Empire succeeded the Delhi Sultanate but also faced challenges in ruling the entire South Asia.
Southern India was influenced by the Chola and later the Vijayanagara Empire, which benefited from the Indian Ocean trade route.
Southeast Asia's history is often discussed in relation to India or China due to its strategic position between these powerful regions.
The Srivijaya empire, based in Sumatra, had a significant navy and was almost constantly at war with South Asian states.
The Majapahit empire, based on Java, ruled indirectly through tributary states and had a diverse religious makeup of Hinduism and Buddhism.
The Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka were predominantly Buddhist and had a long-lasting rule until the 19th century.
The Khmer Empire, based in modern-day Cambodia, was a powerful agricultural state with the capital city of Angkor being the largest city in pre-industrial times.
The tooth relic of the Buddha was a symbol of political power for the Sinhala dynasties, representing a unique form of divine right to rule.
The Khmer Empire's decline was partly due to a shift from Hinduism to Buddhism, which disrupted social structures.
Southeast Asian kingdoms rose and fell, often in a fluid and confusing manner, due to the difficulty of controlling the region.
The Srivijaya and Majapahit empires exemplify the sea-based kingdoms that controlled trade routes, while the Sinhala dynasties and Khmer Empire represent land-based powers.
Emily Glankler's resources and further discussions on these topics can be found on her website and social media for AP World History students.
Transcripts
hey welcome back to my whap
deep dive series i'm emily glankler of
antisocial studies
um hopefully you've already been
following along and so you've already
seen my unit one
overview and some of the other deep
dives i've done
but this one is going to be a little bit
more general than i normally do
um and it's just on what tends to be the
section
of unit one that students and teachers
have the hardest time with myself
included
because a lot of this in a lot of these
states are unfamiliar to
us so i'm just going to go in a little
bit of an overview
over south and southeast asia and the
different states that you might want to
know about
from an ap world history standpoint so
again before i start i'm a knowing
expert
on south and southeast asian history um
it's not something i ever learned about
in school which is why i'm super glad
that ap world has it in the curriculum
now but it's also why
a lot of teachers when they saw those
states went oh i've actually never heard
of those before
so um let's just go and talk about the
few states um that can
serve as a luster of examples of some
different trends happening
in this region which of course is sort
of dominated by the
indian ocean trade so first let's just
talk about
what we mean when we say south asia so
um a lot of times we call this india and
that's fine like it makes sense to us we
kind of know what that means
but really india doesn't exist until the
british make it exist
in the 1800s so one of the important
things to understand about
south asia which is today india pakistan
nepal bhutan bangladesh
is that it's a mess and i don't mean to
mess in a bad way i just mean it's
really almost nev it's never united uh
until the british
force it to be united in the 19th
century um it is incredibly difficult to
rule because it's so diverse
there's so many different ruling clans
and princes and regions and different
ethnic groups and different
languages and even different kind of
variations of hinduism that are followed
across the subcontinent
it is almost impossible for any state to
truly actually control all of south asia
so even when you're reading in your book
and you see something like oh the delhi
sultanate
conquered all of south asia not really
they might have conquered it for like a
year and then they
lost it again so and that's going to
happen throughout when they talk about
the mughal
empire that's really just in northern
what we think of today is india
so just keep that in mind as you go
through the course when you hear about
states that exist that sound like these
monoliths
that like rule all of modern-day india
no um that's basically impossible um
so with that let's just look this is
this is like in one in one slide what we
kind of might want to know about from
um late post-classical south asia
essentially the main
state that you're probably going to
learn about is the delhi sultanate
which is the first islamic dynasty to
come in and rule
in south asia but again what this map
shows is that
really they they for the most part only
rule northern india and even that they
rule it kind of tenuously
there are these other kingdoms called
the rajput kingdoms
which is again just a collection of
different um
clans and groups that sort of rule
each of their own small regions um so
even in this map even at the height of
the delhi sultanate they don't really
actually control
this part of um northwestern
today india um we also see that
yes when we look at the tan it's like
they did control most of south asia
in 1335 but then what we see is like but
in literally the next year
uh they have to get moved back to this
sort of red line because another empire
comes in
one of the reasons is because they have
to defend against the mongol invasions
from the north
um so again you have the delhi sultanate
which the leadership
is muslim however the population of
south asia
always is predominantly hindu and
the delhi sultanate and then the later
mughal empire which is going to replace
it
both really only firmly rule the
northern part of india
and at that point even not so much when
you have these different clans and
kingdoms that also are semi-independent
within it
oh it's a mess um in southern india
today
southern south asia um we have kind of
two dynasties that get mentioned
by at least the book that i use the
earlier one is called the chola
dynasties
again dynasties meaning it's kind of
this familial rule it's changing hands a
lot
but they kind of rule the southern part
of the subcontinent
they are going to have an impact on
southeast asia which we'll talk about in
a second
they're going to have an impact on um
modern-day sri lanka which again we'll
talk about in a second
um they get kind of taken away in
this delhi sultanate and then they kind
of fall apart as well
and they're gonna be replaced later by
the vijayanagara empire which is another
powerful um south indian state that gets
established and is gonna really benefit
from
being just like right sticking out in
the middle of the indian ocean trade
route
i mean they're going to exist for about
300 years
so again the general thing i want you to
take away from this about south asia
is that no one state ever truly rules
all of south asia
even today but that's a current events
issue for for another day
so now let's go to the part that really
i think is very unfamiliar to a lot of
people
um that grew up in at least the u.s
education system which is southeast asia
so southeast asia obviously is there's
part that are kind of connected to the
continent of asia which is modern day
cambodia laos
thailand vietnam but then it's also this
collection of islands which today would
be the philippines indonesia malaysia so
on and so forth
um and honestly we normally just talk
about southeast asia
in relation to the rest of asia we
normally talk about them either in
relation to india or in relation to
china
and part of that is just because that's
what dominated their history
they are are going to rise and they're
going to have these powerful states and
kingdoms
that really rise just because they are
in the middle
in between of these two really powerful
trading regions
of china east asia and india or south
asia
um so they capitalize on trade they
capitalize a lot of times on being sort
of the
guardians of a lot of these really
narrow waterways and straits
where if ships want to get over to china
they have to go through a lot of these
places
obviously until we discover we can just
go around but that's for a later date
um and this is also going to make it a
destination for a lot of merchants who
then want to set up shop permanently
so a lot of these states especially the
island
states are going to become very diverse
so you're going to see a lot of what we
call diasporic communities
meaning um you'll see even if it's
predominantly like a hindu kingdom or a
buddhist kingdom
you'll see probably a large population
of muslims set up especially in the
major
trading cities you'll see later on as
well a lot of
jews and jewish communities set up in
the trading cities as
merchants basically want to set up so
then they can trade back with their home
state
and so that makes it really diverse and
that makes the kingdoms also very
confusing
uh similar to south asia it's very
difficult if not impossible for someone
or one state to control all of southeast
asia
and so for the most part these states
and kingdoms are rising and falling and
existing at the same time sometimes in a
way that's
very fluid but also very confusing for
people
who don't have a lot of background
information on these different states
and who don't spend a lot of time
i just spent the last two hours and i
still don't feel
like i truly understand any of these
states but i can give us at least the
basics of what we need to know for ap
world
later on these are going to be nicknamed
by the dutch and other european traders
the spice islands
because not only are they important as
kind of
roots they're kind of the the guardians
of these roots between the indian ocean
and china
but they also are going to um they grow
a lot of spices that later on
and even during this time right the
europeans begin to want
okay so what you really want to think
about i think the easiest way to
approach these southeast asian kingdoms
is to think about them in two in two
parts there's sea based
kingdoms and there's land-based kingdoms
and so sea based kingdoms just mean
you know a kingdom that rules mostly on
these islands
and really the the way that they rule is
by dominating sea trade
a land-based kingdom is going to be a
more traditional it's typically like a
farming
um kingdom that really benefits from
trading the stuff they're growing and
farming to the rest of the world
so let's first look at two sea based
kingdoms um the first
is srivijaya um let me move my
head for a second so that i'm not uh
blocking okay so um we have srivijaya
which is going to be based predominantly
in um sumatra
which is kind of this island here
although as we can see
it's going to come out and influence a
lot of other places
they are predominantly a buddhist state
they have an enormous navy as you can
see right because they're able to
send expeditions all the way up to china
the gulf of tonkin
um expeditions all the way up into kind
of the khmer empire which we'll talk
about in a second
um they are const almost constantly at
war with
south asian states so they're a war with
the chola kingdoms
of the southern part of india they're
also going to
be at war with their rival the majapahit
or majapahit
which we're going to talk about on the
next slide um the majapahit are going to
be over here on this island and again
they sort of rise and exist at the same
time
the last prince of srivijaya is going to
first
um flee to um what's modern-day
singapore
and then eventually is going to
establish the sultanate of malacca
which i'm going to do a whole deep dive
just on that state um
in a few videos so so that's servijaya
it's buddhist
it controls a lot of these waterways
with this enormous navy
um and it is kind of the main power in
the early part of this time period
but then it's going to get somewhat
replaced in importance
by the um the majapahit or majapahit
um so this state um is based primarily
on java
which is going to be kind of like this
island here as opposed to this which is
where the servijaya were
um and they really rule um whereas the
survey jai have this enormous navy that
they control
the majapahit state controls with the
help of
sea nomads so basically nomadic people
who kind of
live most of their life on boats um
and they live they're often called sea
gypsies but that's not really a term
that we use anymore
we now call them c nomads and so they're
essentially what we might think of as
pirates
except our our idea of pirates is like
super negative and people that are
always going around and stealing other
people's stuff
but essentially they are kind of in
control of a lot of these waterways
and so the majapahit they rule a little
bit more indirectly they set up 98
tributary states which means all these
there's a you know
hundreds of other states that are
existing in southeast asia and the
majapahit just becomes kind of the most
powerful
right here in its core area on the
eastern half of java
but they go out and they kind of assert
their dominance over these other states
who then pay them tribute
so it's a little bit more indirect rule
as opposed to srivijaya
they were actually founded after they
defeated the mongol navy
so um the mongols at this moment are
ruling china
up here the yuan dynasty under kubla
khan
for context if you're familiar with this
other stuff marco polo's
traveling from italy over to china right
that's what's happening at this moment
um and so the mongols or the yuan
dynasty in china
actually send a naval fleet to conquer
this island
and the people and the different smaller
states on this island defend
and then they set up a new capital at
the village of
majapahit um they get visited later on
by
jungha from the ming dynasty but they're
going to decline in power when the ming
dynasty starts to support
the sultanate of melaka um which is
their trading rival
so again we sort of have this back and
forth between
um the island of sumatra the island of
java
and and essentially it's this constant
power struggle and really
whoever is going to come out on top is
typically the one that is being backed
by china okay so those are two
sea based kingdoms you'd want to know
you'll you might notice this one i said
is hindu
in parentheses also buddhist this can be
really confusing for a lot of people but
essentially
um hinduism and buddhism there are ways
that those two can co-exist
in a state at the same time so we see in
the majapahit kingdom
that there's really like there's two
different sort of variations of hinduism
and then
one variation of buddhism that all
coexist on the island
it's generally considered the last great
hindu
kind of southeast asian empire though so
primarily we might identify it as hindu
but again if we're talking about
diversity and syncretism
and all these different things that are
happening in southeast asia just the
fact that this state is identified as a
hindu buddhist
state would be evidence of that okay
um now i'm going to talk about two
land-based kingdoms and by land-based
i just mean that their power is
predominantly from the land
so where as srivijaya and majja bahit
their power came
predominantly from the sea controlling
those trading routes
these two are a little bit more
traditional they're either
self-sufficient like the sinhala
dynasties
or they're going to be kind of producing
crops and producing things
to trade with others like the khmer that
we'll talk about in a second
so the sinhala dynasties essentially
just rule what we know as today
of what we know of today as sri lanka
and i want us to notice how long these
sinhala dynasties ruled for
now there's constant change in the
dynasties during this time period
there's maybe six
seven or eight that rule but they exist
in some form
from 543 bce
before the year zero all the way up to
1815
when they're going to get essentially
conquered and taken over by the british
and named ceylon
um side note this year
might be a little bit of a stretch
because this happens to be
the year of the buddha's death and so
this might be part of sort of the myth
of the founding of this
you know powerful buddhist kingdom in
sri lanka is that they sort of set the
start date
they basically said that the first king
arrived in sri lanka on the day
of the buddhist death so like is that
exactly true
maybe that'd be like a really crazy and
cool coincidence but it also this might
be a little bit of like an ish sort of
date
right so they're ruled by the sinhalese
ethnic group
for the first half later they're going
to be ruled by the tamil ethnic group
which is still kind of an ethnic
minority in sri lanka they are buddhist
and they really claim their power from
being a buddhist state
in fact one of their most important or
really the most important relic that
they have
that has been that will go on to become
a symbol of their political power
is the tooth relic of the buddha so
essentially
um when the buddha died he was cremated
the story goes that one of his
followers took a tooth from the ashes
and then brought it down to these
sinhalese dynasties
and so essentially what happens is that
each ruler
or each new dynasty they'll set up their
capital in wherever their home
city or village is and then they will
move the tooth relic
to that place to sort of symbolize that
this is where the new center of power is
and so it's kind of an interesting and
unique example of this idea of like a
mandate of heaven man it from heaven or
the divine right to rule
that's kind of tied to this very
physical object that's believed to be
a relic of siddhartha gautama um they
are going to they never expand beyond
the island of modern sri lanka
and they're constantly competing with
these other southern kind of indian
states
but they are essentially self-sufficient
except for salt they have to trade for
salt from
you know south asia but otherwise
they're sort of able to exist on their
own
they never become incredibly powerful in
the region um but again
they exist in some form or fashion until
the 19th century which is pretty amazing
okay the last kingdom that you might
want to know about is the khmer
empire um this is just a massive
and kind of amazing empire that exists
in mostly modern day cambodia
it's also sometimes called the encore
kingdom
because um its capital city was encore
um and angkor wat is sort of a temple
and the main temple
and palace complex at in the city of
encore
so the khmer are hindu buddhist what
what that means here is that
they're founded as a hindu kingdom they
are still predominantly hindu
however at some point around midway
through their rule
the leadership converts to buddhism
that's actually
going to be one of the reasons why they
slowly declined is because
hinduism provides a lot of social
stability because there's a lot of
structure there
there were a lot of traditions a lot of
social hierarchy that was built in
then when the leadership changes to
buddhism
it just gets a little bit more confusing
it starts to break down
some of these traditions and structures
that it existed for a really long time
so it's one of the reasons why it goes
into decline their capital city of
encore
i want to say this correctly because i
want you to hear this it's an amazing
fact
the capital city of encore was the
largest city
ever in human history up until
industrial
london in like the 1800s what i mean is
in size so we can see from um
you know we can look at kind of the
remains of angkor
and by looking at how much land it
covered
not in terms of human population but in
terms of physical size
it's the largest city ever in the world
in all of human history
until the industrial revolution when
london is gonna take over that
um that mantle which is amazing right
and it might be a city you've never
heard of
it might be from a kingdom you've never
heard of they're gonna grow really
powerful
as this really important kind of
agricultural state
um that then is able to trade and assert
some its power in the region
they eventually come to control a lot of
the the kind of continental part of
southeast asia they fight wars with the
champa state in southern vietnam
you might know that from champa rice
they kind of pay tribute
to the song dynasty with champa rice
which leads to population explosion
within its boundaries they're going to
have rebellions from the thai groups
um that are gonna found the sukotai
state um and eventually
the the thai states that come after it
in the western part of this territory
are gonna become one of its main rivals
um by the end they have they kind of
become a tributary
state of the yuan dynasty so again this
state is existing at the same time
as like the foundation of the majapahit
right because the yuan are going and
trying to conquer that island
all of these are going on at the same
time roughly
um so again these are four examples in
southeast asia there are
more states that we could talk about but
really what i wanted us to walk away
with is that now we have
two examples of sea based empires two
examples of land-based empires in
southeast asia
and hopefully you can kind of pull from
those
um illustrative examples to find
evidence that you might need to talk
about the rise of these states
um so just a friendly reminder that i
have way more resources on my website
antisocialstudies.org make sure that
you're subscribed so that you can see
that when i post new videos that you can
follow along
in your year in what and if you're on
instagram follow me at anti social
studies
great thanks
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