Olympe de Gouge's The Rights of Woman
Summary
TLDRIn diesem Video geht es um die Rechte der Frau und die Rolle der französischen Feministin Olympe de Gouges im 18. Jahrhundert. Sie fordert, dass Frauen die gleichen Rechte wie Männer haben sollten, indem sie die Rechte des Mannes und des Bürgers umformt. De Gouges' radikale Ansichten führten sogar dazu, dass sie von den Französischen Revolutionären enthauptet wurde. Ihr Werk zeigt, wie Frauen durch politische Aktivitäten ihre Rechte erkämpfen und die Prinzipien der Revolution – Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit – wahrnehmen können.
Takeaways
- 😀 Die Französische Revolution war so radikal, dass sie Edmund Burke dazu veranlasste, den Konservatismus als politische Philosophie zu entwickeln.
- 😲 Olympe de Gouges, eine französische Feministin des 18. Jahrhunderts, wurde wegen ihrer extremen Ansichten von den Französischen Revolutionären 1793 enthauptet.
- 📜 De Gouges' 'Die Rechte der Frau' basiert auf den Prinzipien der 'Erklärung der Rechte des Menschen und des Bürgers', aber spezifisch für Frauen.
- 🌟 Sie verwendet dieselben liberalen Ideen von John Locke, Rousseau und Montesquieu, um Frauenrechte zu rechtfertigen.
- 🔄 De Gouges fordert, dass Frauen als vollwertige Mitglieder der politischen Gemeinschaft einbezogen werden müssen, um die Prinzipien der Revolution zu erfüllen.
- 👥 Sie argumentiert, dass Frauen nicht nur das Recht haben, auf dem Schafott zu bestehen, sondern auch das Recht, in der Öffentlichkeit zu sprechen.
- 📢 De Gouges' Arbeit zeigt, dass Frauen durch politische Aktivitäten ihre Rechte erkämpfen und ihre Stimme hören lassen können.
- 💪 Sie nutzt die Rhetorik der zweiten Welle des Feminismus, um für Gleichberechtigung und politische Teilhabe von Frauen einzutreten.
- 🌐 De Gouges' 'Die Rechte der Frau' ist ein Appell an Frauen, sich zu wehren und ihre Rechte in einer rationalen und aufgeklärten Welt zu erkennen.
- 📝 Jacques Rancière, ein zeitgenössischer französischer Philosoph, betont, dass Frauen wie De Gouges durch ihre politische Beteiligung ihre Rechte bewiesen haben.
Q & A
Wer war Olympe de Gouges?
-Olympe de Gouges war eine französische Feministin aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, die für Frauenrechte eintrat.
Was führte zur Entwicklung des Konservatismus durch Edmund Burke?
-Die Radikalität der Französischen Revolution führte dazu, dass Edmund Burke die Idee des Konservatismus als politische Philosophie entwickelte.
Was war das Ziel der Erklärung der Menschenrechte und des Bürgers?
-Das Ziel war es, die Prinzipien der Revolution zu erklären und die Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz für Männer zu etablieren.
Wie reagierten die Französischen Revolutionäre auf Olympe de Gouges' Ansichten?
-Sie waren so radikal, dass sie sie 1793 auf dem Schafott hinrichteten.
Was war die Hauptidee hinter Olympe de Gouges' 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau'?
-Die Hauptidee war es, die Rechte der Frau auf der Grundlage der Erklärung der Rechte des Menschen und des Bürgers zu etablieren.
Wie ähnlich ist die 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau' der 'Erklärung der Unabhängigkeit der Vereinigten Staaten'?
-Beide Dokumente greifen auf eine grundlegende Erklärung zurück, um die Rechte einer Gruppe zu argumentieren, indem sie auf die Prinzipien der Revolution oder der Unabhängigkeit beziehen.
Was bedeutet der Satz 'Männer, seid gerecht, wenn ihr es könnt'?
-Dieser Satz fordert die Männer auf, die Rechte der Frauen anzuerkennen und die patriarchale Gewalt, die sie ausüben, in Frage zu stellen.
Was versteht Olympe de Gouges unter der 'Generalwillen'?
-Sie verwendet den Begriff, um die Notwendigkeit zu betonen, dass sowohl Frauen als auch Männer an der Gestaltung der Gesetze beteiligt sein müssen, um eine echte Ausdrucksform der Generalwillen zu gewährleisten.
Was sagt die 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau' über die Rolle der Frauen in der politischen Gemeinschaft aus?
-Sie behauptet, dass Frauen vollständige Mitglieder der politischen Gemeinschaft sein sollten und dass ihre Stimme in allen politischen Prozessen gehört werden muss.
Wie endete Olympe de Gouges' Leben?
-Ihr Leben endete tragisch, als sie von der Revolutionsregierung für ihre Ideen hingerichtet wurde.
Was sagt der Abschnitt 'Frauen, erhebt euch' über die Bedeutung der politischen Beteiligung von Frauen aus?
-Dieser Abschnitt betont die Notwendigkeit, dass Frauen sich politisch engagieren und ihre Stimme in der Gesellschaft hören lassen, um Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit zu erreichen.
Outlines
📜 Die Rechte der Frau und Olympe de Gouges' Einfluss
In diesem Absatz wird die historische Figur Olympe de Gouges, eine französische Feministin aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, vorgestellt. Sie war eine extreme und radikale Denkerin, die die Rechte der Frauen in der Zeit der Französischen Revolution vertrat. Der Absatz betont, wie de Gouges die Rechte der Frauen auf der Grundlage der 'Erklärung der Menschenrechte und des Bürgers' verteidigte, die von der Französischen Nationalversammlung verabschiedet wurde. Sie kritisierte die damaligen Revolutionäre, die ihre Ansichten als zu radikal empfanden und sie 1793 auf dem Schafott hinrichten ließen. De Gouges' Arbeit, insbesondere ihre 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau', war ein Vorläufer für spätere feministische Bewegungen und zeigte, wie sie die Prinzipien der Revolution auf die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter anwendete.
🌟 Die Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und ihre politische Botschaft
Dieser Absatz konzentriert sich auf die 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau', die Olympe de Gouges als eine Art Gegenstück zur 'Erklärung der Rechte des Menschen und des Bürgers' verfasste. Sie argumentierte, dass Frauen vollständige Mitglieder der politischen Gemeinschaft sein sollten und dass ihre Rechte und Pflichten in der Verfassung berücksichtigt werden sollten. De Gouges forderte, dass Frauen die gleichen Rechte wie Männer haben sollten, was in der damaligen Gesellschaft als revolutionär angesehen wurde. Sie verwendete die politische Theorie von Denkern wie John Locke, Rousseau und Montesquieu, um ihre Forderungen nach Gleichberechtigung zu stützen. Der Absatz hebt hervor, wie de Gouges die Prinzipien der Französischen Revolution auf die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter anwendete und wie ihre Arbeit zu einer tieferen Analyse der politischen Theorie und der Gleichberechtigung beitrug.
🔥 De Gouges' kritische Stimme und ihre Botschaft der Befreiung
In diesem letzten Absatz wird die kritische Stimme von Olympe de Gouges hervorgehoben, die sie in ihrer 'Erklärung der Rechte der Frau' zum Ausdruck brachte. Sie forderte, dass Frauen nicht nur das Recht haben sollten, auf dem Schafott zu sterben, sondern auch das Recht, in der Öffentlichkeit zu sprechen. De Gouges selbst war eine leidenschaftliche Schriftstellerin und Debattiererin, die durch ihre Arbeit und ihr Engagement für die Rechte der Frauen eine starke politische Stimme war. Der Absatz schließt mit einer starken Botschaft der Befreiung ab, in der de Gouges aufruft, dass Frauen sich wecken und ihre Rechte anerkennen sollten. Sie argumentiert, dass die Wahrheit und die Vernunft die Vorurteile und die Unfreiheiten überwinden sollten, die die Freiheit der Menschheit einschränken, und sie predigt für eine Welt, in der die Gleichheit und das Verständnis vorherrschen.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Olympia de Gouge
💡Französische Revolution
💡Deklaration der Menschenrechte
💡Konservatismus
💡Gleichberechtigung
💡Deklaration der Frauenrechte
💡Patriarchat
💡General Wille
💡Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
💡Enlightenment
Highlights
Olympe de Gouges, an 18th-century French feminist, is discussed in relation to her advocacy for women's rights during the French Revolution.
The French Revolution was so radical that it prompted Edmund Burke to develop the political philosophy of conservatism.
De Gouges' views were considered so extreme that she was executed by the very revolutionaries she sought to influence.
De Gouges' 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen' is a direct response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, advocating for gender equality.
De Gouges' work is compared to the Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention, showing a parallel in the fight for women's rights.
She challenges patriarchy by questioning the authority that justifies the oppression of women.
De Gouges calls for women to be recognized as full members of the political community, aligning with the French Revolution's principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman asserts that women's rights are natural, inalienable, and sacred, demanding their recognition.
De Gouges rewrites the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man to include women, emphasizing the importance of common utility over public utility.
She argues that the law must be an expression of the general will, which cannot be fully represented without the inclusion of women.
De Gouges' work is noted for its advanced rhetoric, reminiscent of second wave feminism, despite being written in the late 18th century.
Her Declaration includes the right for women to speak publicly, which she herself exercised through writing and running salons.
De Gouges' life and death exemplify her principle that if women can be executed by the state, they must also have the right to participate in public discourse.
The postamble of her Declaration calls for women to recognize their rights and to act upon the principles of reason and truth.
De Gouges' work is seen as a precursor to the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière, who argues that politics involves creating spaces for unheard voices.
Her actions and writings are an example of political engagement that disproves the notion that women were incapable of full political participation.
Transcripts
foreign
so in this video we're going to talk
about the rights of woman by the
absolute badass 18th century French
feminist Olympia de gouge
so some of you may know uh
the French Revolution was so extreme and
so radical
that it led Edmund Burke the English
political philosopher to develop the
idea of conservatism as a political
philosophy they like
conservatism was invented because of the
French Revolution
the French Revolution uh the French
revolutionaries looked at Olympia de
gouge and they were like
pump the brakes player and by
pump the brakes play I of course mean
they cut her head off with the
guillotine in 1793
she was so she was so extreme from the
position of the French revolutionaries
themselves
probably among the most extreme people
on the planet at that point or at least
in Europe in the Western Hemisphere
that the French revolutionaries were
like whoa time for you to die
and so the thing is the rights of woman
uh the the the piece from degree that
I'm going to talk about in this episode
basically it starts from the same
principles as the Declaration of the
rights of man and of the citizen which
was passed by the French National
Assembly the Revolutionary government of
France to declare
the principles of the Revolution and to
establish
equality before the law basically but it
specifically was for men
digouge comes along and she's like this
is some
here is my version where I'm
where I assert women's rights so what's
cool about this
um
like the Declaration of Sentiments from
the Seneca Falls Convention which was
written
about 50 some years later
de gouge picks up on a founding document
of the French Republic uh which is the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
citizen
and she uses that as the foundation for
pushing for women's rights in the same
way that the Declaration of Sentiments
picks up on the U.S Declaration of
Independence in order to push for
women's suffrage in women's rights in
the mid-19th century dagouge does the
same kind of thing with the Declaration
of the rights of man and of the citizen
but the gouge
goes further uh this is like
this is like late 60s 70s second wave
feminist type rhetoric that she's using
in a lot of places here
um
so she starts
the the sort of preamble to the rights
of woman says man are you capable of
being just it is a woman who asks you
this question you will not deprive her
at least of this right tell me what
gives you the supreme authority to
oppress my sex your strength your
talents
that she's calling out
patriarchy and she's doing it again in
this very like
60s 70s second wave feminist type way
like there this is a direct I Am Woman
hear me roar type rhetoric
and she's doing it in the 1790s early
1790s
um
but she's also making this claim on
women's rights and equality under the
principles of the revolution
right because
part of the thing that the French
Revolution intends to do
sorry is established is established
Liberty uh egality fraternity
basically equality and mutual support a
political community of the citizens of
France
um
what degree is doing is claiming
membership in that
community
um
so she said so actually that's the sort
of preface bit uh before we actually get
to the Preamble because the Preamble
says is is actually addressed to women
um
does Mothers Daughters sisters
representatives of the nation demand to
be constituted into a National Assembly
considering that ignorance forgetfulness
or contempt of the rights of the woman
are the sole causes of public miseries
and the corruption of governments have
resolved to set forth in a solemn
declaration the natural inalienable and
sacred rights of the woman in order that
this declaration
that's right
being ever present to all members of the
social body May unceasingly remind them
of their rights and duties in order that
the acts of the power of women and those
of the power of men may at each moment
be compared with the aim of all
political institutions and thereby be
more respected in order that the demands
of women citizens henceforth founded on
simple and incontestable principles may
always turn to maintaining the
Constitution good mores and happiness of
all
in Consequence the sex Superior in
Beauty as in courage in maternal
sufferings recognizes and declares in
the presence and under the auspices of
the Supreme Being the following rights
of the woman and of the woman citizen
this is a direct rewriting of the
preamble to the Declaration of the
rights of man and of the citizen
again like the Declaration of Sentiments
at the Seneca Falls Convention dagoosh
is clearly pointing out here is a
limitation of the founding document of
this Republic this this Republic the
French Republic in this case has failed
to live up to its fundamental principles
fundamental Ambitions about what Liberty
and equality and
maybe less Brotherhood but in the sort
of
larger sense of the figurative
Brotherhood of humanity Maybe
Brotherhood is a gendered term and I'm
gonna ignore that for the moment but
the Republic of France according to
dagouge has failed to live up to the
principles of Liberty and equality that
are enshrined in the fundamental uh
precepts of the Revolution and so
the inclusion of women as full members
within the body politic
is the way that you move toward
fulfilling those principles
and from there she goes on to um
basically again rewrite each of the the
statements each of the principles from
the Declaration of the rights of man and
of the citizen in order to incorporate
women into the political community so
in the
Declaration of the rights of men and of
the citizen
the first principle is men are born and
remain free and equal in rights social
distinctions can be based only upon
public utility the gouge rewrites this
woman is Born Free and remains equal to
man in rights social distinctions can be
based only upon common utility
again this is very direct rewriting of a
document that the French people at least
the literate French people and many
illiterate French people who would have
had this declaration read to them
that people would be very very familiar
with and she is using the
ideology of
political liberalism from people like
John Locke Rousseau
Montesquieu people like this who lay the
foundations of the idea of govern
government by the consent of the
governed individual rights and Liberties
etc etc deguja is using those ideas
to justify her
feminist aspirations for the French
Revolution
um
and we see that again with a lot of
these rewritings of things like number
six here it says it starts out law must
be the expression of the general will I
talked about this in my video about the
Declaration of the rights of man and of
the citizen the idea of the general will
is rooted in the political philosophy of
Rousseau
but then she goes on all women and male
citizens must take part personally or
through their representatives in its
formation and she goes on more but this
idea that
you can't have an expression of the
general will if roughly 50 percent of
the population is excluded from that
conception of the general will
this is a fundamental feminist argument
and degush again is making it in the
early 1790s
um
she goes on through a number of things
she deals with the same kinds of rights
that the Declaration of the rights of
man and of the citizen deals with she
makes the arguments essentially that
again these are crucial things that the
French Republic cannot forego if it
wants to live up to its Promises of
equality and justice
and there's one more point that I want
to want to excerpt for you
um this is this is from point ten she's
and it
it's unfortunately an ironic Point she
says woman has the right to mount the
scaffold she must also have the right to
take to the Rostrum
so basically this means because women
can be executed by the Revolutionary
government the corollary of that is that
they must also have the right to speak
in public
degrees did both
um I mean she published she wrote she
was a playwright she was a pamphleteer
she ran salons in which ideas were
debated etc etc
but she was also executed by the
Revolutionary government for her ideas
so
I mean her life Bears out that principle
her life and death bear out that
principle
um the last thing I want to I want to
read you from this is a bit from the
post amble because again we get we we
end with this sort of second wave
feminist uh really really Stark rhetoric
of liberation
um so at the beginning of the post angle
because women Rouse yourself the tolling
of the bell of Reason can be heard
throughout the Universe recognize your
rights Nature's Mighty Empire is no
longer encircled by prejudices
fanaticism Superstition and lies truth's
flaming torch has dispelled all clouds
of foolishness and usurpation
I love that idea I wish that that were
true I wish that uh reason and Truth had
in fact dispelled clouds of superstition
and Prejudice but
but that idea like I love that idea
because again it is this
it is this very rabble rousing
second wave feminist Let's uh let's
March in the streets let's burn our bras
time for direct political action type
rhetoric but it's also reflecting
the ideological currency of the day
which was Enlightenment era thought this
rational world view that you go beyond
Superstition you go beyond
religious Prejudice you go beyond these
things that limit Humanity's freedom of
thought and you get to a better world
now the other thing that I think is cool
about digouge
um and this is peripheral to dagues in a
way but there's a philosopher named
Jacques monsier
um who's a who's a contemporary French
philosopher
he has an essay in which
he talks about women like dagoosh who
were
um
denied their rights under the French
Revolutionary government
and
protested took to the streets wrote
pamphlets
um made speeches etc etc demanding their
rights and the the thing that Ron Sierra
says that I think is so interesting is
that
through these demonstrations of
political engagement these women who
were ostensibly denied their rights
proved that they in fact had them proved
that they could they were that the the
critiques that women were not capable of
political action not capable of being
full members of the body politic was
disproven by the very fact that women
were engaged in political action and for
Rancier what he argues is that Politics
as such
involves identifying what voices are not
heard in the current system and creating
spaces for those voices so dagoosh is
definitely doing that she's engaged in
proper political action as far as
Rancier is concerned because she is
saying this is a voice this is a
constituency
a demographic
whose voice is not represented in the
current state of affairs I am going to
demand and I'm going to create that
space through action through actually
inacting
political engagement
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Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)
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