Ch 3 Developmental Psychology Lecture

Summary

Professor Tina Jenkins introduces Chapter Three, focusing on human development from prenatal to emerging adulthood. She discusses the genome versus heredity, the nature versus nurture debate, and the differences between identical and fraternal twins. Jenkins also covers epigenetics, brain development including pruning, and critical periods for learning. She explores Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Harlow's attachment theory, and parenting styles. The lecture concludes with Erikson's stages, emphasizing the importance of self-discovery in adolescence and the concept of emerging adulthood.

Takeaways

• 📚 Chapter three covers lifespan development, focusing on stages from prenatal to emerging adulthood.
• 🧬 The genome provides instructions for making an organism, while heredity is the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
• 👶 Identical twins result from one egg and one sperm that splits, sharing the exact genetic material, unlike fraternal twins which come from two separate eggs and sperms.
• 🧫 Epigenetics is the study of how gene expression can be altered without changing the DNA sequence, influencing human development.
• 🧠 Brain development involves 'pruning' of neural networks, which helps refine and strengthen necessary pathways for skills and learning.
• 🗣 Critical periods in early childhood are essential for language acquisition and other skills; missing these can impact development.
• 🧬 The environment can significantly impact brain development, as shown by studies comparing rats raised in enriched vs. non-enriched environments.
• 👶🏻 Developmental milestones occur in a sequence, but the timing can vary among individuals.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes stages like sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
• 🐒 Harlow's experiments with monkeys highlighted the importance of attachment and comfort for infant development, influencing theories on parenting and child care.
• 👨‍👩‍👧 Parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian) significantly affect a child's development and sense of self.
• 🌟 Emerging adulthood is a new life stage between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, allowing for extended personal development and independence.

Q & A

What is the main focus of Chapter Three in the psychology course taught by Professor Tina Jenkins?

Chapter Three focuses on the developing human, covering topics from prenatal development through emerging adulthood, including discussions on the genome, heredity, and various stages of human development.

What is the difference between a genome and heredity as explained by Professor Jenkins?

The genome is the set of instructions for making an organism, while heredity refers to the genetic transfer of characteristics from one generation to the next, typically from biological parents to offspring.

How does Professor Jenkins describe the concept of nature versus nurture in human development?

Nature versus nurture refers to the debate about how much of our physiological, emotional, and mental traits are determined by our genetic makeup (nature) versus our environment and life experiences (nurture).

What is the key difference between identical and fraternal twins according to the transcript?

Identical twins result from one egg and one sperm that splits, leading to two individuals with the same genetic material. Fraternal twins, on the other hand, come from two separate eggs and two separate sperm, making them no more genetically similar than any other siblings.

Can you explain the concept of epigenetics as mentioned in the transcript?

Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence but can still be passed down to future generations. It's about how genes are read and expressed rather than changes to the DNA itself.

What is the significance of brain pruning in child development as discussed by Professor Jenkins?

Brain pruning is the process by which unused neural connections are eliminated, allowing the brain to become more efficient. This process is crucial for the development of motor skills and cognitive abilities.

How does the environment impact brain development, as highlighted in the transcript?

The environment can significantly shape brain development. Rats raised in enriched environments with social interaction and stimulation showed more developed neural networks compared to those in less stimulating environments.

What is the significance of object permanence in child development, as explained in the script?

Object permanence is a developmental milestone where a child understands that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. This concept is crucial for cognitive development and is typically achieved during the sensory-motor stage of Piaget's theory.

What are the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget, as mentioned in the transcript?

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are the sensory-motor stage (birth to two years), preoperational stage (two to seven years), concrete operational stage (seven to eleven years), and formal operational stage (from eleven years onwards).

How does attachment theory relate to child development, according to the transcript?

Attachment theory, as discussed in the transcript, suggests that the relationship between a child and their primary caregiver influences the child's development of trust and security. Different attachment styles can lead to varying levels of stranger anxiety and the child's ability to form relationships.

What are the three types of parenting styles described by Professor Jenkins, and how do they affect child development?

The three parenting styles are authoritative (supportive and encouraging), permissive (lax and non-restrictive), and authoritarian (strict and rigid). Each style impacts child development differently, with authoritative parenting often leading to the best outcomes in terms of child maturity and self-understanding.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Lifespan Development

Professor Tina Jenkins begins the lecture by emphasizing the importance of chapter three, which covers complex topics in a concise manner. She advises students to take thorough notes and utilize supplementary materials from their textbook. The chapter focuses on lifespan development, particularly up to the stage of emerging adulthood, covering prenatal development, childbirth, infancy, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. The professor discusses the concepts of genome and heredity, explaining that the genome contains the instructions for creating an organism, while heredity refers to the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring. The lecture also touches on the nature versus nurture debate, exploring the extent to which our development is influenced by our genetic makeup versus our environment and experiences.

05:10

👶 Differences Between Identical and Fraternal Twins

Professor Jenkins explains the distinction between identical and fraternal twins, highlighting that identical twins result from a single egg and sperm that splits, leading to twins with the same genetic material and therefore the same sex. In contrast, fraternal twins occur when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperms, potentially resulting in twins of different sexes. The lecture continues with a discussion on epigenetics, a concept that explores how gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors without altering the DNA sequence itself. The professor encourages students to study this fascinating topic. Brain development is also covered, with an emphasis on the process of neural network pruning, which is essential for refining motor skills and cognitive development. The critical periods for language acquisition in early childhood are mentioned, underscoring the importance of environmental interaction for proper brain development.

10:11

🧠 Brain Development and Environmental Enrichment

This section delves into the impact of environmental enrichment on brain development, using the example of rats raised in different conditions. Rats in enriched environments, with toys and social interaction, showed more developed neural networks compared to those in less stimulating conditions. The lecture highlights the importance of environmental factors in shaping brain development beyond genetic predispositions. The discussion then moves to the stages of child development, emphasizing that while maturation occurs in a sequence, the timing can vary significantly between individuals. The importance of early childhood experiences in shaping cognitive development is also discussed, with examples such as language acquisition and motor skills.

15:14

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development and Parenting Styles

Professor Jenkins introduces Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which includes the sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Each stage is characterized by distinct cognitive abilities and ways of understanding the world. The lecture discusses the concept of schema and how children assimilate and accommodate new information as they develop. Object permanence and the ability to understand conservation are also explained as key cognitive milestones. The professor then covers Harlow's experiments with monkeys, which demonstrated the importance of emotional comfort and attachment in infant development. Different parenting styles—authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian—are discussed, along with their effects on child development. The lecture concludes with a discussion of Erikson's stages of development, with a focus on the adolescent search for identity and the concept of emerging adulthood, which reflects the current societal trend of delaying traditional adult responsibilities.

🌟 Emerging Adulthood and Adolescent Maturation

In the final part of the lecture, Professor Jenkins discusses the concept of emerging adulthood as a new stage in psychology, which represents a period of transition between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood. This stage is characterized by delayed milestones such as marriage, financial independence, and parenthood. The lecture explores the impact of early and late maturation on adolescents' self-concept and their ability to fit in with their peers. The importance of parental influence during this period is emphasized, highlighting that despite adolescents' tendencies to push away from their parents, parental support and guidance remain crucial. The lecture concludes by reinforcing the idea that emerging adulthood is a beneficial stage that allows for more time to develop before taking on the full responsibilities of adulthood.

Keywords

💡Genome

The genome refers to the complete set of genetic instructions found in an organism, which determines its physical characteristics and functions. In the video, Professor Tina Jenkins explains that the genome is incredibly similar across different species, like humans and pigs, indicating that the basic 'instructions' for building an organism are shared but can lead to different outcomes. This concept is crucial for understanding the biological underpinnings of development.

💡Heredity

Heredity is the passing of genetic characteristics from parents to their offspring. It is the mechanism by which traits are inherited. In the script, Professor Jenkins distinguishes between the genome, which provides the instructions for building an organism, and heredity, which is the actual transfer of these genetic traits. Understanding heredity is key to grasping how biological traits are transmitted across generations.

💡Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the genetic code but can still be passed down to offspring. The professor mentions that epigenetics is about how DNA is read and has a significant impact on development without altering the DNA itself. This concept challenges the purely genetic determinism view and introduces the idea that environmental factors can influence gene expression.

💡Brain Development

Brain development refers to the growth and maturation of the brain, which includes the formation of neural networks and the acquisition of cognitive abilities. The script discusses 'pruning' in the context of brain development, where excess neural connections are eliminated to refine and strengthen necessary pathways. This process is critical for the development of complex cognitive functions and is a central theme in the video's discussion on human development.

💡Piaget's Theory

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development is a model that describes how children think and learn as they grow. Professor Jenkins mentions Piaget as the 'father of cognitive development' and discusses his concept of schemas, which are frameworks for organizing information. Piaget's theory is foundational to understanding how children's cognitive abilities evolve through stages such as the sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

💡Object Permanence

Object permanence is a developmental milestone where a child realizes that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. The script uses the example of a child playing peekaboo to illustrate this concept. Achieving object permanence is a significant step in cognitive development, indicating that a child can now understand the concept of existence independent of immediate perception.

💡Attachment Theory

Attachment Theory explores the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships from the perspective of how early parental relationships influence future interactions. The script references Harlow's experiments with monkeys to highlight the importance of comfort and attachment over basic sustenance. This theory is crucial for understanding the formation of secure or insecure attachments in children, which can affect their social and emotional development.

💡Parenting Styles

Parenting styles refer to the various approaches parents use to raise their children, which can significantly impact the child's development. The script outlines three styles: authoritative (supportive and guiding), permissive (lax and indulgent), and authoritarian (strict and controlling). Understanding these styles is essential as they predict different outcomes in child development, such as self-esteem and maturity levels.

💡Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage that captures the unique experiences of individuals in their late teens and twenties as they transition to full adulthood. The script discusses how this stage is characterized by increased time for self-exploration and delayed assumption of adult roles compared to previous generations. This concept is important for understanding contemporary societal changes in the transition to adulthood.

💡Critical Periods

Critical periods are specific times in an organism's development when it is particularly receptive to certain types of learning or environmental influences. The script mentions a critical period for language acquisition, suggesting that without exposure to language during early childhood, full linguistic proficiency may not be achievable later in life. This concept underscores the importance of timely environmental stimuli for optimal development.

Highlights

Chapter three covers dense concepts on lifespan development, including prenatal development to emerging adulthood.

The genome contains instructions for making an organism, and is surprisingly similar across different species.

Heredity refers to the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Nature versus nurture debate discusses the influence of genetics versus environment on an individual's development.

Identical twins result from one egg and one sperm that splits, sharing the exact same genetic material.

Fraternal twins occur when two eggs are fertilized by two sperms in the same cycle, sharing only about half of their DNA.

Epigenetics is introduced as a concept where gene expression can be influenced without altering the DNA sequence.

Brain development involves a process called pruning, which refines neural networks.

Critical periods in early childhood are essential for skills like language acquisition.

Enriched environments can significantly impact the development and complexity of neural networks.

Maturation follows a sequence but the timing can vary among individuals.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes stages like sensory-motor, preoperational, and concrete operational.

Schemas are frameworks that help organize data and experiences in cognitive development.

Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrated the importance of comfort and attachment over sustenance.

Attachment theory explains the development of secure or insecure attachments based on caregiver responsiveness.

Parenting styles such as authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian have different impacts on child development.

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development highlight the search for identity during adolescence.

The concept of emerging adulthood recognizes a new life stage between adolescence and full adulthood.

Transcripts

Tina Jenkins: Hello psychology students, it is your professor Tina Jenkins and we're going to jump right into chapter three, one of our most

Tina Jenkins: Dense of all the chapters that we're going to be covering so out maybe even be talking major concepts in a quick fashion. So I highly encourage you to take notes. Hit pause

Tina Jenkins: Rewind re listen to this video. And then, of course, use your separate supplemental materials found in your textbook. So let's get started.

Tina Jenkins: Today we're going to be covering the developing human and actually this is lifespan development in this particular

Tina Jenkins: Text, but we're going to go up to emerging adulthood, because that's traditionally what college students and at in my class are talking about prenatal development childbirth infancy adolescence. And again, ending with emerging adulthood.

Tina Jenkins: So what is the difference between a genome and heredity. It's very important that you know

Tina Jenkins: That the genome is just your instructions for actually making an organism. It's incredibly surprisingly close how your genome for making a

Tina Jenkins: Pig per se is very similar to making a human being. So again, it's as we're developing telling this is how an arm grows. This is how your brains going to develop heredity is different though, because that is actually a genetic transfer

Tina Jenkins: Characteristics of your DNA from one offspring to the other and basically that means your biological mother and your biological father

Tina Jenkins: So as you can see in the graphic here it says nature versus nurture, we've talked about this before you're hopefully getting really familiar with this concept, which means as we develop

Tina Jenkins: How much of who we are physiologically emotionally, mentally, has to do with our surroundings, the culture, our parents group our opportunities that were given and how much is it based on nature just that the heredity, the building blocks that you're given at the moment of conception.

Tina Jenkins: So next we're going to discuss what's the difference between identical and fraternal twins identical twins. As you can see here by the graphic is one egg and one sperm that splits haphazardly spontaneously and not to be explained and made actually to genetic

Tina Jenkins: Twin codes of each other because they have the same egg and they have the same sperm that is how they are identical equals, and they actually you can see have the same sex.

Tina Jenkins: A fraternal twin. On the other hand, is where two eggs and two sperm are actually fertilized at the same cycle and live they cohabitate in the same womb environment.

Tina Jenkins: But it could have been. They could have been born three years apart, it could have been born a year apart. It's just that they happen to be in the same room environment.

Tina Jenkins: And that is known as a fraternal twin so because you're in this class. I want to make sure that you know that there's no possibility for

Tina Jenkins: A identical twin to be male and female because think about it all the DNA is the same, which means all the parts are the same, which means the genome has said we're developing a penis.

Tina Jenkins: Or vagina, but you can't have both. Because remember, identical sperm identical egg. So that's Monozygotic twins is identical and dizygotic twins.

Tina Jenkins: And this week's instruction. Your learn about epigenetics. One of the most fantastic concepts that you're going to learn in this course, in my estimation and basically it's not that your DNA is altered. It's just how it is read

Tina Jenkins: has a major impact on the developing human I very much think you're going to enjoy the supplemental material. Don't forget to check out epigenetics.

Tina Jenkins: Next we're going to look at brain development.

Tina Jenkins: There's something known as pruning. And the reason why I want to bring this up is that our neural networks. We talked last chapter about our neurons.

Tina Jenkins: Are dendrites sending information detecting going down the axon sending up the information through this synapse and so

Tina Jenkins: That information those neural networks that are created. There's so many of them that happened in the beginning that you have to prune. Think of like a rosebush you prune it down.

Tina Jenkins: And that's how you actually get pathways. If we have too many neural networks. That's how come our arms go all over the place because we don't have that.

Tina Jenkins: That pathway that says, bring your hands together, bring them apart so that happens at birth at about three to six months, you said the developing head the frontal lobe starts to develop from our Hind

Tina Jenkins: Our hind brain and our midbrain and now we got this frontal. So we're, we're really actually getting into more complicated thinking that usually ends up developing about age 25

Tina Jenkins: And in early childhood. There's some very critical skills that needs to be learned. The brain has to be approached with it. For example, if a child is not spoken to at all for the first 10 years of life.

Tina Jenkins: That critical period will have gone and that means that their language acquisition will not be possible and fluidity later on in life because of that deficit.

Tina Jenkins: This is one of my favorite graphics. It's why it's in here about this here is at neural networks here. Some neurons that are happening inside a rat, but has no

Tina Jenkins: No enriched environment. He's just got sustenance. That's it. And then here's a group of rats that you can actually see in in rich, they've got rat toys. They've got rat friends their

Tina Jenkins: Siblings actually and because they want to look at. See how they cohabitate together and

Tina Jenkins: They have lots of interest at downstairs and exercise. And one of the things that they found as well, lo and behold, a brain cell.

Tina Jenkins: Is look at all looks very atrophied in comparison to this one is in this enriched environment. So you can see how you've got the genes, the building blocks, but because of the exposure to the environment that actually can shape at the development of the brain.

Tina Jenkins: As something that you want to know for this course. It's not just with children and infants, but it's also with adolescence that maturation.

Tina Jenkins: Always happens in the same sequence, but that does not mean necessarily in the same timing. So, for example, an infant will all learn to hold up its head first.

Tina Jenkins: And then once they get their head strong enough, then they learn how to have ability to sit and then they learn to crawl.

Tina Jenkins: And then they learn to walk and then they learn to run these all are in sequence. However, I had a child who was so adept he had such great

Tina Jenkins: Cross motor skills that he was able to crawl very young and then my daughter didn't crawl until much older. He was more about the six month mark which is unusually early. She was much more in the classical

Tina Jenkins: eight month mark where she was crawling. And so the timing doesn't matter so much. But the thing is they learned to do something beforehand in sequence before they could learn to do the next

Tina Jenkins: We're going to talk about Piaget, you definitely need to know who this is. He's talk about, like, father of cognitive development. He believed in the fact that

Tina Jenkins: We all think in certain ways. And so we attribute a lot of cognitions in particular childhood cognitive development to him and he has something called a schema.

Tina Jenkins: schema is a framework in which we organize all this data that we get in and we actually put it into a concept. It's a construct that we can use.

Tina Jenkins: And so when you have a schema is very first stage of development. There are four, you're going to want to know these. The first is the sensory motor stage from birth to two years old. What happens is they have a schema. So, for example,

Tina Jenkins: Maybe their schema because they have a dog is that all fluffy animals, they can pull on their tail. And so when they see another fluffy animal

Tina Jenkins: And maybe they go over to a neighbor's house and pull on a dog's tail on the dog barks at them or snaps at them, they're shocked to learn

Tina Jenkins: That the dog didn't like this and they had to accommodate their schema accommodation is where they have an old schema and they had to alter it

Tina Jenkins: Assimulation, where they take information in and it's the same. So if a child has a favorite Blanky and he crawls over to his sister's room and he

Tina Jenkins: Takes the blinky off of her bed. He understands that Blanky and his Blanky are the same. He's assimilating that information in so

Tina Jenkins: object permanence happens when a child understands that something exists even when they can't see it. So that's where the picture here with peekaboo

Tina Jenkins: Why this is so exciting is because they feel like they go away and they come back and appear. It's before it's magic. It's like nobody exists anymore. And they appear

Tina Jenkins: object permanence. Think about its permanent they understand it's still exists. So if you have a toy and you put it behind your back.

Tina Jenkins: And a baby just looks away and doesn't understand that anything's there. That means they've not yet achieved object permanence. You have a toy. You can find your back and maybe crawls around and look for it behind you, they've they've actually reached object permanence.

Tina Jenkins: Next is the pre operational stage between two to seven years. It's very typical from and certainly in those preschool years

Tina Jenkins: To be very egocentric. They understand the world all through their lens. For example, if they love the flavor. Lemon their assumption is that the rest of the world is going to love the flavor lemon

Tina Jenkins: Theory of Mind happens usually at about three between three and four, where they can actually take the perspective of another. That means that I can say, just because lemon is my favorite flavor of ice cream.

Tina Jenkins: I understand that mom might have a different flavor of ice cream. Maybe mom's favorite ice cream is chocolate.

Tina Jenkins: So that means he can take the perspective of another that is known as theory of mind. And then lastly is conservation. This is a very famous experiment where

Tina Jenkins: They give a child, two cups of water. One of them is in a skinny instead to squat cups and then it's poured into a long skinny cup and they asked which one has more

Tina Jenkins: And if the child thinks that the tall skinny one has more. That means they have not yet understood conservation when they come and they look at these two cups after they've seen it been poured equal amounts and said,

Tina Jenkins: Even though they look different. It's the same amount. That means they have achieved conservation.

Tina Jenkins: All right. Lastly, we talked about concrete operational think about concrete being like something even touch and feel and so when you're in the concrete operational phase. That means that

Tina Jenkins: You can understand objects as long as you can touch and feel them. So this is the reason why lots of children have science fair projects and they grow plants or they

Tina Jenkins: Like they learn how to make lava volcano. They see what happens on baking soda and vinegar is put together and the substance and how they react. So this is very physical because it's something you can see, touch and understand

Tina Jenkins: formal operational stage, which, by the way, not everybody gets to

Tina Jenkins: That Piaget said that his belief was that at age 12 about then you could start thinking of very abstract concepts so abstract concepts would be something like justice.

Tina Jenkins: How is it that we can have peace in the world. What does love really mean these are abstractions that you can't really express in something concrete.

Tina Jenkins: I want you to know about Harlow and his monkeys and these incredibly important experiments that he did, he did, where he took

Tina Jenkins: Infant monkeys right after they were born separated them from their mothers. This isn't nice

Tina Jenkins: Lesson ethical and he created a cloth and a wire monkey the wire monkey had nutrition, the cloth monkey did not. And they were very surprised to learn about

Tina Jenkins: How important it was to the baby monkey that it was provided cloth comfort, even over sustenance. And so that was a very

Tina Jenkins: interesting phenomenon that was unexpected, that has actually influenced child development and

Tina Jenkins: And best practices and parenting. And one of the things that we learned about attachment theory with this is with something known as stranger anxiety usually happens

Tina Jenkins: Toward more toward the end of the first year of life, where a child understands the baby says, I don't want to be just held by anybody. You're a stranger and starts to understand the sense of other

Tina Jenkins: If a child has Secure or insecure attachment typically that is attributed to how they were reared with their primary caregiver.

Tina Jenkins: And if a parent was sufficiently responsive and warm and nurturing those children would develop secure attachment and have an outlook of being trusting

Tina Jenkins: Of the world around them. Conversely, if they didn't have that opportunity. Then they would develop an insecure attachment. And one of the things that

Tina Jenkins: Ainsworth is actually a famous person with her theory on this is that that endures throughout a lifetime. I just don't want you think that's a life sentence if you feel you had a

Tina Jenkins: Childhood and you thinking, oh, I might have some of that insecure attachment. The wonderful thing about being able to know yourself and work on yourself as you can make changes.

Tina Jenkins: So there are three different types of parenting. I will just quickly briefly go over them. Do you see here how I have made different colors.

Tina Jenkins: For the different sounds. It's to help. Actually, you remember the difference between the three and authoritative parents and authoritative parent is the type who

Tina Jenkins: If a child has a problem. They come and they feel that their parent is one a good listener is receptive

Tina Jenkins: And they don't take over, BUT THEY THEY REALLY INSTILL again in the child. What do you think you need to do to resolve this. I know you have it in you.

Tina Jenkins: What are your thoughts, you know, let me know how I can help and support you think about like a consultant in the business, they're not

Tina Jenkins: Taking over the business. They're just their role is to help support and better and make better permissive parents are the ones. Maybe you've heard of helicopter parents. They're the ones who child comes to

Tina Jenkins: Parents and this parent says, Well, anything goes, you know, you can do what I mean I know that

Tina Jenkins: I'm just thinking of course of

Tina Jenkins: I'm thinking of course of the media about the college scandals about parents who paid for their children to get into

Tina Jenkins: USC and other Ivy League schools. That's a perfect example of a permissive parent, which is, you didn't

Tina Jenkins: Have the scores on your own. And so I think it's going to be acceptable for us to find an outlet. And one of things they found with permissive parents is that children tend to be very overdependent

Tina Jenkins: And not to really have a sense of self and they tend to mature much

Tina Jenkins: Later, if at all. And then the last is authoritarian and a student told me once, I like it authoritarian tears through the emotions of a parent and

Tina Jenkins: A child. And that's one of the reasons why I like the expression drill sergeant that gets my way the highway. Why do I have to this because I said so they're the ones who

Tina Jenkins: I have a friend who, when I was in high school on that senior prom. She had to be picked up at 11 o'clock at night because the rule was that her curfew was 11

Tina Jenkins: And because that was the rule, they would not budge even that one night so that just like that rigidity and when things that we find about

Tina Jenkins: Children that grew up in authoritarian households, or with an authoritarian parent is oftentimes to become very rebellious

Tina Jenkins: And they go, extreme. The other way, they might hide that they don't have a great development of self and understanding, oftentimes, it's just a push away and against rather than really having an understanding of themselves.

Tina Jenkins: According to eric erickson for really for this chapter. What I want you to know is that he eric erickson had different developmental stages and he believed that adolescence.

Tina Jenkins: Was all about discovering a sense of self. Who am I, is really the task that is

Tina Jenkins: Most central to a developing teen. And one of the things that we've discovered with research is that parents are actually much more influential in their children's development then has previously been

Tina Jenkins: Understood we I think most people think that will peer relationships, certainly, those are primary. However, one of the things that we've discovered is that parents

Tina Jenkins: Are more influential than their than their peers, even if they're very much pushing away. Maybe you remember your own childhood. Our that own adolescent period where you were.

Tina Jenkins: Didn't want to include your parents. You just didn't want their input or you took everything you said wanted to do the opposite. Well, actually, research, those that your parents are still very vital in that role.

Tina Jenkins: And and the consequences of an early and late maturing teen and by maturing I mean physiologically maturing one thing I'd say is it's like the Goldilocks which is

Tina Jenkins: You know the Goldilocks story is she breaks into this house, and there's that's too soft at bed that's too hard. And then the bed. That's just right. And perhaps you remember those

Tina Jenkins: Maybe you're still in it as teen years where you just want to fit in, and you want to be in like kind with your peers and that is what has been found, which is that sweet spot Goldilocks that

Tina Jenkins: Children who develop physiologically in sync with their peers tend to do best with that it can be more of a struggle for early or later maturing peers.

Tina Jenkins: We're going to end with emerging adulthood. One of my very favorite newest concepts in the field of psychology which is it used to be that you were 18 you would go vote.

Tina Jenkins: You would go to war, you used to be able to drink. I mean, you were a complete adult at 18 now with and I daresay

Tina Jenkins: Higher education is a large part of this, there's this in between era between okay I'm not quite an adult yet and by adult, you mean taking the complete responsibilities and independencies.

Tina Jenkins: Of adulthood. So that would be if you're on your parents sell plan if they're paying for your car insurance. So if you have a job and you're fully supporting yourself.

Tina Jenkins: And then also there's a responsibility to other independence would be if you really feel holy you know yourself and you aren't really going to your parents for support and guidance and

Tina Jenkins: in a very strong way which, by the way, emerging adulthood is a stage and it is a good thing because of the fact that we're now living to our 90s that the fact that we have a little bit more time before we get to full fledged adulthood, where we get married. And traditionally, it is

Tina Jenkins: Seen as still having a career being able to be financially independent getting married or having this lifelong significant partner attachment and then having children.

Tina Jenkins: doesn't have to happen in those three prongs but traditionally that's a typical path and we're finding that that is being pushed out and you probably see that it's

Tina Jenkins: Not as typical for people to get married right at 18 and start a family right away in this generation once not like it once was before so