Hijau di Kalimantan: Pohonnya Ditebang, Hutannya Dibabat | Narasi Explains
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses the severe impact of deforestation in West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, which has led to devastating floods affecting nearly 100,000 people. It highlights deforestation as a key cause, driven by the expansion of oil palm plantations and mining, resulting in significant carbon emissions and contributing to climate change. The script also touches on historical exploitation of Kalimantan's forests since the colonial era, the failure of the 2011 moratorium to effectively curb deforestation, and the ongoing challenges despite policies aimed at controlling it. The script concludes with the urgent need for better policy utilization and infrastructure development that considers environmental sustainability.
Takeaways
- 🌧️ In October 2021, West Kalimantan faced severe flooding, affecting nearly 100,000 people across several districts.
- 🌳 Deforestation is a significant cause of the recurring floods in Kalimantan, with forests being cleared for oil palm plantations and mining, leading to the loss of natural coverage.
- 🌿 The script highlights that deforestation in Kalimantan is a long-standing issue, with historical exploitation dating back to the colonial era and intensifying during the New Order regime under Soeharto.
- 📉 The consequences of deforestation are not limited to floods; they also include significant carbon emissions, exacerbating the climate crisis.
- 🌍 Indonesia, particularly Kalimantan, is a major contributor to global carbon emissions due to deforestation, ranking third after the United States and China.
- 🔥 Deforestation contributes to increased risk of forest fires, which not only release carbon dioxide but also potent methane gas, 21 times more harmful than carbon dioxide.
- 🌡️ The script mentions that from 2002 to 2021, Indonesia lost 28.6 million hectares of forested area, which equates to 19.6 gigatons of carbon emissions.
- 🌡️ The loss of forests in West Kalimantan alone resulted in the equivalent of 2.43 gigatons of carbon emissions, highlighting the region's significant impact on global emissions.
- 🌱 The government has implemented a moratorium on deforestation since 2011, claiming it has helped reduce deforestation rates in Kalimantan.
- ⛏️ Despite the moratorium, deforestation threats persist, with ongoing infrastructure development and the expansion of oil palm plantations continuing to encroach on forest lands.
Q & A
What was the impact of the floods in West Kalimantan in October 2021?
-The floods in West Kalimantan in October 2021 lasted for about two weeks, affecting nearly 100,000 people across several districts.
What is a common factor contributing to the floods in both West and Central Kalimantan?
-Deforestation, particularly for the opening of land for palm oil plantations and mining, is a common factor contributing to the floods in both regions.
How does deforestation affect the climate in Kalimantan?
-Deforestation leads to the release of carbon stored in forests into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change and increasing temperatures.
What is the historical context of forest exploitation in Kalimantan?
-Forest exploitation in Kalimantan dates back to colonial times, with the most aggressive phase occurring during the New Order regime under President Suharto, where vast areas of forests were cleared.
What were the consequences of the forest exploitation during the 1970s in Kalimantan?
-During the 1970s, a significant portion of Kalimantan's forests were turned into concessions for timber companies, with wood becoming the second-largest export commodity after oil.
How much of Kalimantan's tropical rainforest was lost between 1973 and 2010?
-Approximately 30% of Kalimantan's total tropical rainforest area was lost between 1973 and 2010, amounting to 123,941 km2.
What is the role of tropical forests in global carbon emissions?
-Tropical forests contribute about 20% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, with Indonesia being the third-largest emitter after the United States and China.
What are the effects of deforestation and carbon emissions on the local temperature in Kalimantan?
-Deforestation and carbon emissions have led to an increase in local daily temperatures by about 0.95 degrees Celsius, which in turn affects the health of residents and worker safety in the area.
What is the government's policy to control deforestation in Kalimantan?
-The Indonesian government implemented a moratorium on forest clearing in Kalimantan since 2011, claiming it has helped reduce deforestation rates.
What is the role of palm oil plantations in carbon emissions in Kalimantan?
-Palm oil plantations contribute significantly to carbon emissions in Kalimantan, accounting for 18-20% of the total carbon emissions in Indonesia.
What is the current threat to forests in Kalimantan despite the moratorium?
-Despite the moratorium, deforestation threats persist due to ongoing infrastructure development projects, as emphasized by the environment minister.
Outlines
🌳 Impact of Deforestation in West and Central Kalimantan
The script discusses the severe floods that hit West Kalimantan in late October 2021, affecting nearly 100,000 people across several districts. A year later, Central Kalimantan faced similar floods, impacting nearly 50,000 people. Deforestation, particularly for the expansion of oil palm plantations and mining, is identified as a significant factor contributing to these disasters. The script highlights the long-term consequences of deforestation, including the loss of forest cover, increased carbon emissions, and the exacerbation of the climate crisis. It also touches on the historical exploitation of Kalimantan's forests since the colonial era, the economic incentives driving deforestation, and the environmental changes observed from 1973 to 2010, with a significant loss of forest cover and the transformation of the region into a major carbon emitter rather than a carbon sink.
🌿 Forest Emissions and Deforestation in Indonesia
This paragraph focuses on the issue of deforestation, particularly in Indonesia, and its contribution to global carbon emissions. It mentions that tropical forests contribute about 20% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Indonesia ranking as the third-largest emitter after the United States and China. The script discusses how deforestation in Southeast Asia tends to produce more carbon emissions than other regions and how it contributes to the risk of forest fires, which release not only carbon dioxide but also methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The script provides statistics on Indonesia's forest loss from 2002 to 2021, with significant emissions resulting from this loss. It also discusses the impact of deforestation on local temperatures and health, as well as the government's moratorium on forest clearing and its effectiveness. The paragraph concludes with a critique of the government's claims about the success of the moratorium and the need for better policy utilization to address deforestation.
🚧 Ongoing Threats of Deforestation Amidst Development
The final paragraph addresses the ongoing threat of deforestation despite efforts to control it. It discusses the government's infrastructure development plans, such as the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development (MP3EI), and the potential environmental impact of these initiatives. The script also mentions the concerns raised by the Minister of Environment and Forestry regarding the threats to forests. It suggests that the current development push could undermine conservation efforts and lead to further deforestation, despite the existence of policies aimed at protecting forests and combating climate change.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Deforestation
💡Flood
💡Carbon Emissions
💡Palm Oil Plantations
💡Climate Crisis
💡Ecosystem Services
💡Moratorium
💡Infrastructure Development
💡Indonesia's Forest Fires
💡Conservation
Highlights
In October 2021, West Kalimantan was hit by floods affecting nearly 100,000 people.
A year later, Central Kalimantan experienced floods impacting around 50,000 people across 8 regencies and 1 city.
Deforestation is identified as a significant cause of these floods.
Deforestation in these provinces is driven by the need to clear land for palm oil plantations and mining, leading to severe environmental consequences.
The loss of forest cover due to deforestation in Kalimantan is a long-term issue.
Deforestation contributes significantly to carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change.
Kalimantan's rich forest ecosystem, once a harmonious blend of human and wildlife, is under threat due to economic exploitation.
The exploitation of Kalimantan's forests began during the colonial era and intensified under President Soeharto's regime.
In the 1970s, a large portion of Kalimantan's forests was turned into logging concessions, with wood becoming a major export commodity.
Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea were among the main export destinations for Kalimantan's timber.
Deforestation in Kalimantan continues with a new phase of palm oil plantations and mining.
Research shows that from 1973 to 2010, approximately 30% of Kalimantan's tropical forest cover was lost.
The loss of forest cover in Kalimantan between 1973 and 2010 equates to an area of 123,941 km2.
Forests in Kalimantan are crucial for carbon sequestration and maintaining ecosystem balance.
Tropical forests contribute about 20% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, with Indonesia ranking third in global emissions after the US and China.
Between 2002 and 2021, Indonesia lost 28.6 million hectares of forested area, equivalent to 19.6 gigatons of carbon emissions.
West Kalimantan alone lost 3.69 million hectares of forested area, resulting in 2.43 gigatons of carbon emissions.
Palm oil plantations are a significant contributor to carbon emissions in Kalimantan, accounting for 18-20% of Indonesia's total emissions.
Deforestation and carbon emissions have serious impacts, including raising local temperatures and increasing mortality rates.
The Indonesian government has implemented a moratorium on deforestation since 2011, claiming it has helped reduce deforestation rates.
However, some research suggests that deforestation rates in Indonesia, including Kalimantan, decreased due to falling palm oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic, rather than the moratorium.
Despite efforts to control deforestation, threats persist with ongoing infrastructure development, as emphasized by the Minister of Environment and Forestry.
Transcripts
akhir Oktober 2021 Kalimantan Barat
dikepung banjir selama kurang lebih 2
Pekan banjir menerjang belasan Kecamatan
dan berdampak pada hampir 100.000 orang
setahun berselang giliran Kalimantan
Tengah yang kena gebuk banjir sebanyak 8
Kabupaten dan 1 kota terdampak dengan
nyaris 50.000 orang berada di dalamnya
apa yang menjadi kesamaan dari dua
banjir itu ya Salah satu faktor
penyebabnya yakni deforestasi hutan
di dua provinsi tersebut deforestasi
hutan yang ditujukan untuk pembukaan
lahan sawit dan tambang ternyata berefek
buruk
deforestasi membuat hilangnya tutupan
hutan yang terjadi di dua provinsi tadi
menggambarkan kenyataan di Kalimantan
ketika deforestasi adalah musuh abadi
namun perlu dicatat bahwa konsekuensi
dari deforestasi nggak itu aja
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emisi gas karbon itulah dampak yang
dihasilkan dari deforestasi di
Kalimantan jumlahnya nggak main-main dan
ini terus diprediksi banyak pihak akan
memperburuk krisis iklim
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narasi soal hutan di Kalimantan yang
selama ini kita kenal adalah bahwa
tempat ini dipenuhi pohon-pohon yang
lebat
manusia dan alam hidup berdampingan
membentuk satu ekosistem yang Lestari
tapi ekosistem yang ideal itu berubah
seiring waktu
hutan Kalimantan lantas jadi ruang
ekonomi menggiurkan untuk sejumlah pihak
kombinasi antara pemerintah dan
perusahaan-perusahaan kapitalis
sebab menyimpan banyak sumber daya upaya
eksploitasi pun mulai dilakukan
sebetulnya eksploitasi hutan di
Kalimantan dapat dilihat sejak masa
kolonial meski begitu Ia baru
menampakkan wajah paling culasnya saat
Orde Baru berkuasa
pada masa rezim Soeharto hutan
Kalimantan dikeruk habis-habisan pohon
ditebang kayunya diekspor ke berbagai
negara beberapa regulasi dikeluarkan
untuk mendukung geliat itu produknya
berupa kontrak karya sampe konsensi
karpet merah kepada investor asing
digelar sepanjang mungkin catatan harian
Kompas menyebut pada 1970 dari 13 juta
hektar hutan di Kalimantan sebagian
besar telah jadi konsensi perusahaan
Kayu pada era 1970-an kayu menjadi
komoditas ekspor besar kedua setelah
minyak beberapa negara tujuan ekspor
diantaranya Jepang Taiwan hingga Korea
Selatan
ngelihat eksploitasi hutan di Kalimantan
menguntungkan segelintir pihak saja yang
kelak mengantarkan mereka ke pucuk
piramida
belum selesai masalah pembalakan hutan
untuk diambil kayu-kayu gelondongannya
eksploitasi di Kalimantan masih
berlanjut dengan babak baru sawit dan
pertambangan
Fase ini dimulai pada awal 1990-an dan
bertahan sampai sekarang riset yang
dipimpin David devu memperlihatkan
perubahan hutan di Kalimantan selama 4
dekade terakhir
ini hutan Kalimantan pada 1973 warna
hijau menandakan wilayah hutan sementara
ini adalah hilangnya tutupan hutan
selama 1973 sampai 2010 yang ditandai
dengan warna merah kemudian ini ada
proporsi hutan yang ada di Kalimantan
pada 2010 yang masih menyandang predikat
hutan utuh berpusat di tengah dan
luasnya menyusut terkepung oleh hutan
produksi dan lahan perkebunan seperti
sawit penelitian Gafur dan kawan-kawan
memperlihatkan sekitar 30% dari Total
luas hutan tropis di Kalimantan hilang
selama 1973 hingga 2010 kalau
dihitung-hitung lagi luas hutan di
Kalimantan yang rusak sepanjang periode
itu ialah
123.941 km2 wilayah yang harusnya
menyimpan karbon mempertahankan
keberlangsungan ekosistem tersapu dengan
arus pembangunan dan pembukaan lahan
berskala besar untuk komoditas semacam
kelapa sawit kertas hingga kayu
gondongan nah ini gambaran perubahan
hutan Kalimantan dengan tambahan periode
waktu sampai 2017 hutan pada hakikatnya
adalah penangkap dan regulator karbon
namun bagaimana fungsi itu kemudian
berubah riset ini sepertinya bisa
menjelaskan secara jelas prosesnya
kurang lebih begini hutan dan
pohon-pohon di dalamnya menyimpan
carport ketika hutan di Babat dan pohon
ditebang karbon tersebut lepas ke
atmosfer sebagai karbondioksida
keberadaan karbon tersebut Lalu
menaikkan temperatur yang berandil dalam
memperparah krisis iklim
itu
dari LSI ia fokus pada isu deforestasi
termasuk di Indonesia
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hutan tropis berkontribusi sekitar 20%
dari total emisi gas rumah kaca
Indonesia sendiri menjadi negara ketiga
penghasil emisi gas rumah kaca terbanyak
Karena deforestasi setelah Amerika
Serikat dan Cina bila ditarik ke lankap
yang lebih luas hutan-hutan di Asia
Tenggara memperlihatkan kecenderungan
untuk menghasilkan emisi karbon lebih
banyak ketimbang menangkapnya selama 20
tahun terakhir studi menunjukkan kalau
dari tiga hutan tropis terbesar di dunia
dari Amazon kongol serta Asia Tenggara
hanya nama kedua yang secara perhitungan
masih menyerap karbon efek deforestasi
ini nggak berhenti sampai di situ ia
menyumbang risiko kebakaran hutan yang
gak cuma menghasilkan emisi karbon tapi
juga gas metana yang 21 kali lebih
beracun Indonesia sepanjang 2002 ke 2021
kehilangan 28,6 MHA area berpohon
Kehilangan itu sama berarti dengan 19,6
GT emisi karbon wilayah Kalimantan jadi
penyumbang terbesar sepanjang 2001
sampai 2021 Kalimantan Barat misalnya
kehilangan 3,69 MHA area berpohon ini
setara dengan 2,43 GT emisi karbon yang
dihasilkan bergeser ke Kalimantan
Selatan area berpohon yang hilang pada
periode yang sama mencapai
836 KH atau sama dengan 491 MT emisi
karbon di wilayah timur area berpohon
yang lenyap capai 3,5 MHA emisi karbon
yang dikeluarkan yakni 2,48
area berpohon yang hilang sebesar 3,52
MHA emisi karbonnya sebanyak 2,28 City
lahan sawit menjadi sektor yang
menyumbang emisi karbon cukup besar di
Kalimantan emisi karbon dari perkebunan
sawit berkontribusi atas
18-20% dari total emisi karbon di
Indonesia dampak dari deforestasi dan
emisi gas karbon ini nggak main-main
studi ini memberikan gambaran yang cukup
gamblang dengan melihat perubahan yang
terjadi di kawasan hutan Berau sepanjang
2002 hingga 2018 sekitar 17% atau
4375 km2 dari seluruh area hutan di
Berau Telah dibuka untuk industri dan
perkebunan deforestasi ini membuat
rata-rata suhu harian lokal naik sebesar
0,95 derajat Celcius efeknya lagi
kenaikan suhu itu berimbas pada naiknya
angka kematian sebanyak 7,3 sampai 8,5%
atau 101 hingga 118 tambahan kematian
per tahun ini lantaran paparan suhu
panas berpengaruh langsung kepada
kesehatan warga maupun tingkat keamanan
pekerja di kawasan itu pemerintah
sebetulnya memiliki kebijakan moratorium
untuk mengendalikan laju deforestasi
hutan di Kalimantan sejak diberlakukan
pada 2011 pemerintah mengklaim bahwa
moratorium berandil dalam menurunkan
deforestasi di Kalimantan dan wilayah
sekitarnya tapi Palmer punya pendapat
lain
ini sejalan dengan riset the threement
organisasi yang fokus pada isu
deforestasi hutan tropis kata riset
mereka angka deforestasi di Indonesia
termasuk Kalimantan Mengalami penurunan
setelah 2016 imbas turunnya harga CPO
dan pandemi covid-19 aktivitas pembukaan
lahan untuk sawit lesu karena pasar juga
Tengah nggak bergairah tren ini
Seharusnya dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh
pembuat kebijakan mengingat momentumnya
sudah tersedia
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meski begitu ancaman diforestasi tetap
mengintai sejalan dengan upaya
pembangunan infrastruktur yang tengah
digencarkan pemerintah seperti yang
terjadi pada IKN nusantara dan hal ini
juga sudah ditegaskan oleh menteri yang
mengurusi lingkungan hidup
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