OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION | Cellular Respiration
Summary
TLDRIn this biology class video, Miss Angler dives into the intricate process of oxidative phosphorylation, the final stage of cellular respiration. She explains how hydrogens, harvested from glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are used to generate ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of cytochromes. The video illustrates the energy transfer process, likening it to a hydrogen molecule descending a staircase, ultimately combining with oxygen to form water. Viewers learn how this crucial cellular process results in the production of approximately 32 ATP molecules, essential for life's activities.
Takeaways
- 🔬 Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
- 📚 Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and aims to access hydrogen atoms in glucose molecules.
- 🌀 The Krebs cycle occurs within the mitochondrial matrix to harvest hydrogens for energy.
- 🚀 Oxidative phosphorylation happens on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, utilizing hydrogens to produce ATP.
- 🏗️ The inner mitochondrial membrane contains phospholipids and cytochromes, which facilitate ATP synthesis.
- 🔋 Hydrogen electrons move through cytochromes, losing energy at each step, similar to descending a staircase.
- 🔄 NADH, an energy carrier from the Krebs cycle, delivers hydrogen to initiate ATP production.
- ⚡ The energy from hydrogen allows ADP to combine with a phosphate to form ATP, with each step representing a drop in energy level.
- 💧 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with hydrogen to produce water, a byproduct of cellular respiration.
- 🌟 The entire cellular respiration cycle results in the production of approximately 32 ATP molecules.
- 📈 ATP is the primary energy currency in cells, used for various life processes, while other molecules like NADH carry hydrogen for energy transfer.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the video script?
-The main focus of the video script is on oxidative phosphorylation, a part of cellular respiration.
What are the prerequisites for understanding oxidative phosphorylation as mentioned in the script?
-The prerequisites for understanding oxidative phosphorylation are watching the glycolysis video and the Krebs cycle video first.
What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
-The purpose of glycolysis is to access the hydrogens found around a glucose molecule.
What is the role of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
-The Krebs cycle's role is to harvest hydrogens, which are the main energy carriers, from the products of glycolysis.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place within the cell?
-Oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
What are the large protein channels embedded in the mitochondrial membrane called?
-The large protein channels are called cytochromes.
How do cytochromes assist in ATP production?
-Cytochromes assist in ATP production by passing along a hydrogen electron through the membrane, which facilitates the creation of ATP.
What is the role of NADH in the oxidative phosphorylation process?
-NADH delivers hydrogen to the oxidative phosphorylation process, which is then used to create ATP.
How many ATP molecules are produced throughout the entire cellular respiration cycle?
-Throughout the entire cellular respiration cycle, approximately 32 ATP molecules are produced.
What is the final hydrogen acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
-The final hydrogen acceptor in the process is oxygen, which combines with hydrogen to form water.
What is the significance of the cristae in the mitochondria?
-The cristae are the folds inside the mitochondria that form the inner membrane, where oxidative phosphorylation takes place.
Outlines
🔬 Introduction to Oxidative Phosphorylation
This paragraph introduces the topic of oxidative phosphorylation, a key process in cellular respiration. The video aims to explain how ATP is produced during this stage, following glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The importance of understanding the preceding steps is emphasized, and viewers are encouraged to watch related videos for a complete understanding. The setting for oxidative phosphorylation is the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the process involves large protein channels known as cytochromes that facilitate ATP production through a series of hydrogen electron transfers. The paragraph concludes with a brief mention of the structural components of the mitochondrial membrane, setting the stage for a deeper dive into the process.
🌟 The Mechanism of ATP Production in Oxidative Phosphorylation
The second paragraph delves into the detailed mechanism of ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation. It begins by illustrating the energy transfer process using a metaphorical staircase, representing the inner mitochondrial membrane's structure. The paragraph explains how ADP and phosphate combine to form ATP, utilizing the energy provided by hydrogen electrons as they pass through the cytochromes. This process is likened to a hydrogen molecule descending a staircase, with each step representing a decrease in energy level. The role of NADH as an energy carrier from the Krebs cycle is highlighted, and the paragraph describes how it delivers hydrogen to initiate ATP synthesis. The summary also touches on the final hydrogen acceptor, oxygen, which combines with hydrogen to produce water as a byproduct. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the significance of the entire cellular respiration cycle in producing approximately 32 ATP molecules, which are essential for various life processes.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cellular Respiration
💡Oxidative Phosphorylation
💡Glycolysis
💡Krebs Cycle
💡Hydrogen Carriers
💡Mitochondria
💡Cristae
💡Cytochromes
💡ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
💡Phosphorylation
💡Electron Transport Chain
Highlights
Introduction to the topic of oxidative phosphorylation as part of cellular respiration.
Recommendation to watch previous videos on glycolysis and the Krebs cycle for a comprehensive understanding.
Explanation of glycolysis as the starting point for accessing hydrogens in a glucose molecule.
Description of the Krebs cycle's role in harvesting hydrogens as energy carriers.
The significance of hydrogens in providing energy for the final stage of cellular respiration.
Localization of oxidative phosphorylation to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Importance of understanding the mitochondrial membrane structure for grasping the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Role of cytochromes as large protein channels in the mitochondrial membrane for ATP production.
Mechanism of ATP synthesis through the transfer of hydrogen electrons along the cytochromes.
Schematic representation of the 'staircase' model for the energy drop of hydrogens during ATP production.
NADH's function as a hydrogen carrier from the Krebs cycle to oxidative phosphorylation.
The process of ATP formation through the energy provided by hydrogens moving down the 'staircase'.
Final hydrogen acceptor role of oxygen in the production of water as a byproduct.
Overview of the entire cellular respiration cycle producing approximately 32 ATP molecules.
Terminology recap including cristae, cytochromes, energy carriers, and phosphorylation.
Conclusion emphasizing the importance of ATP for life processes requiring energy.
Invitation to like, subscribe, and turn on notifications for more educational content.
Transcripts
hi everybody and welcome back to miss
angler's biology class in today's video
we are going to be looking at cellular
respiration specifically oxidative
phosphorylation if you're new here don't
forget to subscribe turn on your
notifications because i upload every
thursday with a new topic
now in today's lesson we are going to be
specifically focusing on oxidative
phosphorylation so if you haven't gone
and watched the glycolysis video or the
krebs cycle first i suggest you go and
do that now
so picking up in our last lesson we were
looking at step-by-step processes moving
through glycolysis the krebs and then
oxidative phosphorylation i'm going to
remind you one more time of how this
goes so glycolysis is where we begin and
that is going to filter down into the
krebs cycle the purpose of glycolysis is
to access the hydrogens that we find
around a glucose molecule
after we have accessed those hydrogens
we're going to go into the krebs cycle
and the krebs cycle's purpose is to
harvest hydrogens hydrogens are our main
energy carriers and so we need to
harvest as many of them as possible
because they are going to provide the
necessary energy to finish the final
stage the stage we're doing today which
is oxidative phosphorylation this is the
stage where we are going to use these
hydrogens to produce atp molecules hence
the name of phosphorylation we are going
to add phosphorus
now before we get into the actual um
production of atp in our phosphorylation
step i need to make sure that everybody
knows where this is all taking place so
glycolysis if you remember from our
video takes place in the cytosol our
krebs cycle takes place inside the
matrix inside of the mitochondria itself
it's like the filling of the
mitochondria but where exactly does
oxidative phosphorylation take place it
takes place on the membrane of the
mitochondria now to remind you of the
structure the mitochondria has an outer
membrane and it has a inner membrane
this whole process takes place on the
inner membrane and it's important that
you familiarize the
structure of the membrane because i'm
going to be using it in my explanation
now in the membrane itself we have our
phospholipid layer which is all of these
yellow ball like structures and then
embedded in that layer are these very
very large protein channels
they are called cytochromes and
essentially they are going to assist in
the production of our
atp molecules and they do that by
essentially playing
a game where they're passing along a
hydrogen electron all the way along it
almost does this little jumping effect
where the hydrogen is going to jump from
the one and it jumps to the next and
then it jumps to the last at the very
end
if we were to zoom in on this as we see
here in our second picture we have our
cytochrome
and what we have is a hydrogen at the
top the hydrogen is providing the
necessary energy in order for us to make
the atp molecule and as you see as the
hydrogen moves through the cytochrome it
allows us to take an adp
fuse it with a phosphate and create atp
and water and this is what we call atp
synthesis but what i'm going to do is
i'm going to show you how to do this
step by step and how this actually works
now let's look at oxidative
phosphorylation now the diagram i'm
going to draw for you now is something
like a schematic drawing which basically
means that i'm not drawing a physical
model of what this really looks like i
am using a almost metaphorical image to
help me easily explain how this works
and so you'll see now i'm going to draw
like a flat of stairs that's not
physically what it looks like but
actually it has some similarity to how
the hydrogen jumps from one cytochrome
to the next i'm just going to use a very
simple diagram to explain this process
so in order to start phosphorylation we
need an important component from the
krebs cycle which was nadh it was the
hydrogen carrier
and along comes nadh and it delivers the
hydrogen
to this phase
that hydrogen we are going to use in
order for us to start the whole process
of creating atp
now once nad has done its job or if it
goes back to the krebs cycle and it is
going to collect another hydrogen and
it's going to do this over and over
again so we think of nad as a like a
wheelbarrow picking up hydrogen
now our
hydrogen atom or electron that we
technically have here
it is going to go through a process of
giving off its energy and the way in
which i'm going to draw that is with a
flight of stairs and i want you to
imagine every step that i draw a drop in
its energy level so our hydrogen is
going to start off at a high level of
energy and it's going to drop
it's going to go down drop
and it's going to go all the way down
i'm going to do it four times
right so this little staircase that i've
drawn here for you is technically a
representation of the inner membrane of
the mitochondria i want you to imagine
these being those folds right that we
have the cristae and you are going to
now follow along and see how this
hydrogen is going to provide energy in
order to make atp so first things first
we're going to need an adp and a
phosphate and so in order to join those
two together and essentially infuse
energy into it because that's what we're
doing we're infusing energy into it
adp and its phosphate comes along and it
swoops past
and the hydrogen provides enough energy
for the phosphate to join and create a
tp
and in doing so the effect on the
hydrogen is that it lowers its energy
level so you see it takes a step down
this process is going to happen again
along comes an adp molecule with a
phosphate
it's going to swoop past our hydrogen
which is in the membrane
and we're going to form a atp molecule
and the hydrogen then lowers itself to a
slightly lower energy level so it's gone
down a step
and it'll do it again along comes an adp
molecule diphosphate remember
and we join in
and we swoop
and we form a
atp molecule and yet again our hydrogen
has taken another step to a lower format
it does this one more time so we're
going to fill that in
and as it takes this final step and
makes this final piece of atp
we are left with a hydrogen molecule
that's actually quite low energy it sees
all the way down at the bottom of the
stairs
and so someone has to look after that
hydrogen because hydrogen doesn't like
to be on its own it actually has to be
looked after by someone or it needs to
be attached to somebody else and the
final hydrogen acceptor is oxygen
and so oxygen
which has been a part of this process
since the krebs cycle
oxygen is the final acceptor of the
hydrogen molecule so this hydrogen
molecule has been working really hard i
mean we accessed it in glycolysis we
harvested it in the krebs cycle and now
we're using it to make atp and so at the
very end of its journey it is going to
produce
the byproduct of water we're going to
stick that hydrogen and that oxygen
together to make water and that water is
the water vapor that you breathe out
along with the carbon dioxide that you
produce
so now as you can see at the end of this
process we have made many atp molecules
and that energy can go off and it can be
used for growth
movement
any of the life processes that require
energy
and so essentially that means that at
the end of our whole cellular
respiration cycle you make roughly 32
atp molecules now i know that you can't
see 32 over here
but it's 32 that are used and produced
throughout the whole cycle remember
we've looked at a very simplified
version of the whole krebs and oxidative
phosphorylation
as always i'd like to finish off our
lessons with a terminology recap so
let's start off by looking at what chris
day is cristae are the folds inside the
mitochondria remember the mitochondria
is where all of this cellular
respiration is taking place
and the cristae form the inner membrane
it's the folds should i say of the inner
membrane this is where oxidative
phosphorylation takes place and my
representation of that um in my drawing
was the little steps that i drew for you
now sitting inside of that inner
membrane are cytochromes cytochromes are
those proteins that are embedded in the
wall of that membrane and they assist in
the production of atp
basically there are tiny little
factories that are helping us stick
things together
now i spoke about energy carriers as
well and there are a few in these
examples one of them being the main
which one is atp it's the energy carrier
we're trying to produce but there are a
couple of other energy carriers like
nadh that are also considered energy
carriers because they're carrying around
hydrogen
and then we looked at phosphorylation
which is the process of adding a
phosphate so that is where we take an
adp molecule and we turn it into an atp
molecule that is phosphorylation
as always everybody i hope you've
enjoyed this video don't forget to like
subscribe and turn your notifications on
and i will see you again soon
bye
関連動画をさらに表示
KREBS CYCLE | Cellular Respiration
ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7
Cellular Respiration: How Do Cells Get Energy?
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Cellular Respiration Overview | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain | Made Easy
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)