Worlds Debate - Building a Case
Summary
TLDRThe video script offers a comprehensive guide to constructing a persuasive case in debate, emphasizing the importance of rhetorical framing, cohesion, and clear argument structure. It advises on defining critical terms, presenting consistent and non-repetitive arguments, and using strong internal summaries to transition between points. The speaker distinguishes between different types of motions—factual, value, and policy—and provides strategies for each, including the use of evidence and impact statements. The script concludes with a step-by-step approach to building a single argument, akin to constructing a paragraph, ensuring a compelling and logically sound presentation.
Takeaways
- 📝 Importance of Delivery: Effective presentation of a case is crucial, requiring strong arguments and a good delivery style.
- 🎨 Rhetorical Framing: The introduction and conclusion should include catchy elements like slogans or metaphors to make the case more persuasive.
- 🔗 Rhetorical Cohesion: Ensure that the argument is cohesive, capturing the audience's attention and maintaining a consistent message throughout.
- 🔑 Defining Critical Terms: Clearly define the terms of the debate to avoid confusion and to set the stage for a clear understanding of the arguments.
- 📈 Clear Structure: Organize arguments with a clear division, each having a distinct name and a complete thought to avoid repetition or overlap.
- 🌟 Catchy Titles: Use creative and representative titles for each argument to encapsulate the whole argument and make it memorable.
- 🔍 Impact of Arguments: Focus on the real-world impacts of the arguments, explaining why certain outcomes are significant and how they affect people.
- 📊 Types of Motions: Recognize the different types of debate motions—factual, value, policy, and open motions—and tailor the approach accordingly.
- 📝 Building a Single Point: Construct arguments using a structured approach similar to writing a paragraph with a title, explanation, evidence, impact, and summary.
- 👥 Teamwork: Develop arguments in cooperation with partners to ensure alignment and avoid contradictions in the presented case.
- 🗣️ Nonverbals and Previewing: Use nonverbal cues and strategically preview points to give the opposing team a fair chance to prepare their counterarguments.
Q & A
What is the importance of delivery and presentation in arguing a case?
-Delivery and presentation are crucial as they determine how effectively your arguments are communicated and how convincingly you can persuade your audience.
What role does rhetorical framing play in a case presentation?
-Rhetorical framing sets the stage for your argument, providing an introduction and conclusion that encapsulate your main points with a slogan, catchy metaphor, or analogy to make your case memorable.
Why is rhetorical cohesion important when presenting a case?
-Rhetorical cohesion ensures that your argument flows logically and persuasively, making it easier for the audience to follow your points and understand the connections between them.
What is the significance of defining critical terms in a debate?
-Defining critical terms is essential to establish a common understanding of the debate's subject matter, preventing confusion and ensuring that all participants are arguing from the same premise.
Why should you avoid using policy jargon like 'plan' in a debate?
-Avoiding policy jargon like 'plan' helps make your argument more accessible and less off-putting to the audience, as such terms can be associated with negative connotations or complexity.
What does it mean to have a clear division of issues in a debate?
-A clear division of issues means structuring your argument in a way that each point is distinct and focused, avoiding overlaps and ensuring that each part of your case contributes uniquely to your overall argument.
How should you handle the organization of your arguments within a speech?
-You should organize your arguments by grouping similar points together, ensuring consistency and avoiding repetition. This helps in presenting a well-structured and coherent case.
What is the purpose of previewing points in a debate?
-Previewing points serves as a roadmap for your argument, informing the audience and the opposing team about the structure of your case and the main points you will be making.
What are the different types of motions discussed in the script?
-The script discusses motions of fact, motions of value, and motions of policy, each requiring a different approach in terms of evidence, reasoning, and the definition of terms.
How should you build a single point in a debate argument?
-A single point should be built like a paragraph with a title, explanation, evidence, impact, and a summary. This structure helps in clearly communicating the logic and significance of each argument.
Why is it important to provide specific examples when making an argument in a debate?
-Specific examples serve as evidence to support your argument, making it more concrete and relatable. They help in translating opinions into facts and strengthening the persuasiveness of your case.
Outlines
📝 Importance of Case Presentation and Rhetorical Techniques
The first paragraph emphasizes the significance of case construction in debates, highlighting the necessity of strong arguments and effective presentation. It discusses the importance of rhetorical framing in the introduction and conclusion of a debate, suggesting the use of slogans, metaphors, and analogies to make a case more persuasive. The paragraph also stresses the need for rhetorical cohesion to engage the audience and ensure that the arguments are consistent and well-structured, avoiding repetition and overlaps.
🌟 Developing and Organizing Arguments in Debates
This paragraph focuses on the development and organization of arguments in a debate. It advises on defining critical terms and avoiding the use of jargon that might alienate the audience. The paragraph outlines the importance of structuring arguments with clear divisions and catchy titles that encapsulate the complete thought behind each point. It also cautions against poor organization methods, such as dividing arguments by locations rather than issues, and emphasizes the need for internal summaries to transition smoothly between arguments.
📚 Understanding Different Types of Debate Motions
The third paragraph delves into the different types of debate motions, including motions of fact, value, and policy. It explains that motions of fact aim to establish the truth of a statement, while motions of value require defining and arguing for a particular value. Policy motions, on the other hand, propose changes to laws or regulations. The paragraph also touches on open motions, which are more general and allow for a wider range of arguments, and discusses the importance of interpreting the motion correctly to build a solid case.
🛠 Building a Single Argument in Debates
This paragraph provides a structured approach to building a single argument in a debate. It suggests starting with a catchy title that encapsulates the argument, followed by an explanation of the logic behind it. Evidence in the form of examples, opinions, or scientific findings should be presented to support the argument. The paragraph stresses the importance of impact, explaining why the argument is significant and what the consequences are, and concludes with an exit summary that reinforces the argument's importance.
🏛 Structuring the Opening Statement in Debates
The final paragraph discusses the structure of the opening statement in a debate, recommending the use of rhetorical framing to introduce the issue and its timeliness. It advises on defining terms and previewing the major points that will be argued, including the introduction of a model if the motion is policy-based. The paragraph concludes with advice on delivering the arguments and the conclusion, emphasizing the need for strong summaries to transition between points and to leave a lasting impression on the judges.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Rhetorical framing
💡Cohesion
💡Critical terms
💡Structure
💡Consistency
💡Motions of fact
💡Motions of value
💡Motions of policy
💡Open motion
💡Building a single point
Highlights
Importance of delivery and presentation in making a strong case with solid arguments.
Use of rhetorical framing in the introduction and conclusion to create a memorable impact.
The necessity of rhetorical cohesion to engage the audience and emphasize the importance of the message.
The analogy of a 'half-baked cake' to illustrate the inadequacy of a poorly presented case.
The significance of developing and using slogans in unison with partners for a cohesive argument.
Defining critical terms to avoid confusion and ensure clarity in debate.
Avoiding policy jargon like 'plan' in favor of more universally accepted terms like 'model'.
The structure of a clear division of issues and the importance of naming each point effectively.
Ensuring each point is a complete thought and avoiding contradictions between arguments.
The need for consistency within arguments and avoiding overlaps or repetition.
Differentiating between organizing arguments by social, economic, or political factors versus by location.
The importance of having real impacts in arguments and the need to identify and articulate them clearly.
The strategy of previewing points to give the opposing team a fair chance to prepare their counterarguments.
The role of nonverbals in debate and the use of internal summaries to transition between arguments.
Different kinds of motions including motions of fact, value, and policy, each requiring different approaches.
The use of open motions in certain debate formats and the challenges they present.
Building a single point using the model of a paragraph with a title, explanation, evidence, impact, and summary.
The importance of using facts to support opinions and the power of personal experience in debate.
The structure of a debate speech, including introduction, defining terms, previewing points, presenting arguments, and conclusion.
Transcripts
okay now let's talk about case
construction which is the next she a bit
right okay now delivery and presentation
are important but need to sound good at
presenting your case and you have to
have strong arguments so I'm going to
talk about what you need to do for that
important features of any case
rhetorical framing this is the stuff
that makes up your introduction in
conclusion a slogan a catchy metaphor an
analogy right it may be a great cake but
if it's only half-baked it doesn't taste
very good and ladies and gentlemen this
case is a half-baked cake if I've ever
seen one but but you need some
rhetorical usually you need some
rhetorical cohesion you need to reach
out and say hey sucker listen to me I
got some important said yeah right and
that's the way you want to do it okay so
you need that it's very important you
need to develop it need to use it
thank you need to develop it in
cooperation with your partners so you're
both singing the same tune so I really
like that slogan the second go team head
hey you need to define critical terms
we'll talk later about what kind of
different emotion
what you have to do on them the word for
a specific proposal you like what I have
is model right that's the word that's
here's our model for this motion is you
don't use the word plan and that's only
because these are national debaters hate
policy jargon really but it's reality
right people don't like the N word
either and so try not to use that
structure well you need a clear division
of issues you need to have a nice name
for each point each point needs to have
attained and that's a complete thought
here's that first we will talk to an
economic opportunity second we will talk
about environment and third we'll talk
about freedom those are not those are
the most boring titles that you can
imagine need to have a complete thought
dynasty family this program endorses
international imperialism right needs to
be sort of a complete thought our
proposal guarantees equal opportunity
for all now need have a complete thought
and it needs to have a catchy title
write something that because it
represents the whole argument you need
they need to be consistent your second
argument should not contradict your
first read Armand
okay you don't want to have repeats or
overlaps right put all your money stuff
together and all your freedom stuff
together and all your the environment
stuff together you know what I mean this
is within your own speech yeah this is
this is when you're running your kids
let's go lately or for your Newark if
your when your partner makes a good
point and you want it
I like no no I'm saying to the same
speech I do the same speech you don't
want to say we saved my first we're
gonna save money that'll be really good
and second we're gonna save even more
it'll be really good and the third the
reason with my partner all talk about
its economic efficiency and if those are
not separate arguments now here's some
really bad ways to organize your social
factors economic factors political
factors but usually they're all kind of
the same it costs too much money that's
bad that the economy costs too much
money
voters won't like that it's done I need
don't divide things like that like some
European debaters do this and then Brits
really make fun of them for this flight
international national and local right
those are locations those are not issues
those are not arguments all right so so
don't do that you you may have an
argument that says this will cost
profound economic dislocation and you
may have another argument that says this
will have dangerous political
repercussions okay that's cool but don't
just automatically divide things by
issues and important arguments from this
list whatever side you're on
okay and you know all these things I'm
saying now also apply to like first off
first speaker first off same thing same
thing because you have to build here
counter case consistent maybe twine you
need to have strong reasons reasons that
have real impacts and if you don't have
real impacts you better figure out what
they are like what's the impact that
Hillary's have politically what's that
mean I mean you can say that her first
priority is her popularity her power
right and her avoiding publicity
problems she's much more interested in
that than she is in the right pulse
right so she will adopt the bad policy
if it's popular right and she will
neglect a good policy if it's under now
how could that operate international
relations right the American people
don't like your an Iran is you know
convicts a secret initiative to say look
us we need to have some quiet talks to
work this out before we have war and
Hillary with Michael well that's not
gonna be popular the American people so
y'all get out of here in a way when that
would obviously be the best thing to do
right this is how you have to explain
why stuff anyway big things that have
real impacts and if you can tease you
can't think of any with then get
thinking right as I say take it to the
end of the line things aren't bad
because they cost money
things are bad if it costs too much
money and we have a limited supply that
something else has to be cut right
that's why I would be there or it you
know creates deficit spending which is
bad or you know I mean
the line what does it mean my people
lose their jobs okay means they don't
have my number to support their families
is that they'll have to let their health
insurance lapse it means that their
children won't be able to go to college
but also unemployment causes love heavy
stress if you've been an auto worker for
twenty years and all of a sudden you're
unemployed you know it really affects
your feeling my self-worth
Frank there's a lot of stress on you
which is linked to illness alcohol of
drug use and if you feel like you
believe you've let your family down this
is the kind of stuff you have to do by
taking these from the end of life you
need to have the preview points down if
you're one of the first two speakers you
have to say I'm going to present these
two arguments and then my partner Joe
will present our third argument which is
right now why is it that that's done
it's done out of fairness to your stuff
to the second team because then they
know what your three arguments are and
they can start working on their new
argument but if they don't know what
your third big arguments going to be you
know you might present it and they go oh
my god what am I going to do with my
network right so it's a it's not
required but but it's a fairness issue
you want to give them a chance and
judges think that that's the right thing
to do
to preview what you're going nonverbals
say their questions
no okay sometimes I don't tell them too
much detail about what Joe is going to
say his new argument just very briefly
mention it maybe give its name but but
don't go into any detail and you needed
strong summaries I believe you need
strong summaries at the end but before
you move from argument one to argument
to so what we see is what we see in our
first argument is bla bla bla
now let's turn to our second RV right
these are called internal summaries
which you use as you exit one major
argument and as you go into another it
tells the judge or cam finishing up here
on number one stand by number two is
coming up right here comes my second
argument so then usually the internal
summary is another way of saying how
this is really important you know if you
say this happens and then this is does
often hear it often it might be a
rephrasing of your income okay but it
also might just be a summary of why this
is really a cool very brief
okay all right next thing I want to talk
about are different kinds of motions
different kinds of motions there are
three kinds of motions motions of fact
motions of value motions of policy
motions of facts try to determine
whether something is true or not free
trade does more harm than good
to developing countries that there is a
motion of fact did it doesn't really do
more harm than good right so it's about
facts okay and the way you do that is
you you know talk about your you know
you you you want to show various factual
proofs you know you know Paris Hilton is
beautiful right you might want to is
Paris Hilton the most the the most
outrageous star now all right and say
well what do we mean by our agent star
well she's outrageous in a bunch of
different ways let's talk about them
because the first one is the second one
and my partner will talk about the third
one about not wearing underwear and so
and so you know you save that one for
later and no pictures and then you talk
about how your evidence is bigger and
more important than theirs and the
standard for effective eight is usually
the preponderance of evidence right the
preponderance of evidence on our side is
on our side right it's bigger than on
their side and that's how you determine
factual questions at a court of law
okay all excited about the underwear
remark okay proposition of that effect
proposition of value
okay George Bush is a great president
politicians do not deserve private lives
the right of the public to know is more
important than celebrities right to
privacy right these are all like value
and you can tell they're like value
oriented issues they have that abstract
value word in them right and so and what
you have to do here is you have to
define that value okay if the motion is
Paris Hilton is beautiful right
beautiful is pretty much a value term so
you would define what beautiful means
and you might define in such a way so
that she meets them then you would talk
about different ways in which Paris
Hilton meets that definition of them but
the critical thing about a value topic
is you need to define the value properly
to fit your arguments that seems
reasonable in your okay Joe with your
with the value topic then you're using a
lot less empirical evidence yeah
although if you're saying that America
yeah usually you know you don't say like
we have 13% increase in beauty or a 21%
incremental freedom
so that I mean how it like at what if
you are working on same you're not the
first person to speak about this value
can they define the value you're stuck
in there right at me baby put on it as
you said like to their own advantage
very self-serving money yeah you would
dispute the definition if you thought it
was exceedingly self-serving other than
that you go for it and depend on the
judges to punishment because if the
first government team is perceived as
trying to narrow this way so that we
don't have a good debate the judges will
punch me this is the job of the first
government team to create a case which
allows for a good debate that's their
first them to a little bit my cheekbones
blonde thin no underwear yeah yeah just
like you couldn't say you know China is
not the People's Republic China is not a
free country you could say freedom to us
means having the rights that we have in
the United States that's what we mean by
free honey
oh yeah China doesn't have them so we
wish basically you have to have a
broader definition of freedom okay
finally you have a proposition of policy
okay
which means what should we do change
some law banned something right it's a
policy time and here you need to propose
a model you need to show there's a
problem we need to show that your model
assaults the problem one interpret the
motion in one way okay this house has no
confidence in Hillary Clinton what kind
of motion value value okay we should ban
electric cosmetic surgery okay John
Kennedy was killed in a conspiracy
thanks back alright so so if you can
figure it out and that's the very first
thing you do when you look at emotion is
what like what kind of what what kind of
emotion is so you handle it properly
that's Oh and finally there's the kind
of motion that you don't get in worlds
but you do get a British parliamentary
debate the open motion this house would
unlock the doors this house would set
sail and never come back this house
believes the cup is half full this house
it's a very general thing that you can
come up with whatever you want
yeah we're killing ourselves with music
right and so I mean you never you never
know what's gonna happen you have no
idea what the first governments what I
say right and these used to be popular
at British parliamentary debate there's
a couple of tournaments that still use
them but not in the world style at all
the world style we had a big showdown
with the open topic people and a long
debate of the council meeting and they
voted that they were going to use what
are called tight topics this house would
ban elective cosmetic surgery you know
what that's about not you know this
house believes that look it good it's
all the matters okay I want to talk
about how to build a single point build
a single point and this is how you
should build your new arguments wherever
you are
first go first off whoever is presenting
a new argument you should do it this way
I just used the model of a paragraph
apparently you know you all know how to
write paragraphs then you should be all
set okay you have a title
just like you would have a title
sentence right that one title a complete
thought flashy splashy language that
encapsulates your argument in one
sentence right
that would be your title okay next you
would explain what is meant by this you
would give the logic the reasoning
behind it okay a couple of sentences
next you got to give us some evidence
generally these are examples either
current events or historical they could
be opinions from important people they
could be references to social phenomena
they could be some scientific findings
that you're familiar with they could be
your personal experience there could be
a store you could be you could tell a
very short story about an underage size
zero' model right who was victimized by
the fashion industry you might there are
lots of different things that you can
use but you got to have them and this is
so far and the debates we've seen this
is the biggest weakness right right
everybody says Hillary is bad but won't
give specific examples of why she's good
I understand doubt personal
yeah let me tell you about my
experiences in the z-row sighs mom when
I felt I was degraded
no no if you can give and I'll tell you
quite quite honestly this is powerful
you know I was abused by my parents
that's really well you don't if it's
true okay you don't make stuff up
you don't lie in the debate okay okay
this is important unless you no longer
want to represent the University of
Vermont you should like but if you could
say you know yeah when I lost my job I
felt like that was worthless like I
couldn't provide for my family
okay it was really stressed yeah and
what someone gonna say oh yeah right
it's like undeniable right if you have a
debate about eating disorders and one of
the speakers says you know she said
struggle with bulimia the whole room
like oh all right so you must only do it
if it's true yeah but these aren't sin I
think you need three I think you need
three you don't need one you need three
and this will also help your speech
right way to 310 ones the current event
what's the scientific theory knew about
once a personal example right ones the
statistic - or current events soon I
mean right I mean with Hillary it would
be you know you would look at our list
up here you know you would try to find
stuff and then the health care in the
90s the health care today right and you
could this is why you need this list
right you need this you need to work on
this list during prep right and you're
not sure where you're going to put all
this stuff but when you start to write
this you'll figure out what's going on
and you may think of one during the
debate and you can insert but you really
need that next impact so what so why is
this important what does this mean
what's the bottom line
and then we need that little exit
summary I talked about
what makes it something
okay so what we've seen here is that the
unemployment caused by the government
proposal is going to shatter the lives
of hundreds of thousands of families and
that's an excellent reason why we should
oppose this motion my second argument is
all right so that's the way just like a
paragraph title explanation evidence
impact summer right because if the
paragraph you have a title sentence of
the summary sentence and then the first
couple of sentences are usually
explanation of the logic behind that
paragraph and then there's specific
facts that burn out this evidence thing
is really important because you are able
to translate your opinions into facts
you could translate your opinions of the
facts you know I have this argument yeah
but you know what reality proves my art
history proves Larry
science proves Larry my personal
experience proves the circuit you know
whether traces experienced Bruce SR
alright so the sitting structure let's
look at the bottom of page 2 and we're
done let's say you're the first gov
introduction use framing what this issue
comes before us it's very timely that we
discuss it let's define the terms if you
need to give a model because it's a
policy motion you would introduce it at
that point right out to the definitions
preview two or three major points right
say your partner will handle the last
one then do them then have your
conclusion loots it Thanks so those are
some pieces of advice for its
what
you
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