¿Qué es el ARTE RUPESTRE? Las pinturas de la prehistoria (ejemplos de todo el mundo)⛰️🎨
Summary
TLDREl guion del video explora el arte rupestre, incluyendo pinturas y grabados prehistóricos en cuevas, atribuyéndolos a motivos mágico-religiosos y la representación del arte en la vida cotidiana. Se discuten las hipótesis sobre su origen, con hallazgos que retrasan la fecha de las primeras obras a más de 60,000 años, atribuyéndolas a los neandertales. Se mencionan características y técnicas de los artistas, así como ejemplos destacados de cuevas con arte rupestre en España, Francia e Indonesia, entre otros lugares.
Takeaways
- 🎨 El arte rupestre o pinturas de cueva son representaciones realizadas en la prehistoria, principalmente en las paredes de cuevas.
- 🔮 Las hipótesis sobre el propósito del arte rupestre incluyen aspectos mágico-religioso, comunicación y representación artística de la vida cotidiana.
- 🕰️ Se ha ampliado el origen del arte rupestre, con hallazgos que lo sitúan hace más de 60,000 años, posiblemente realizado por neandertales.
- 🌏 El arte rupestre se ha encontrado en todos los continentes, excepto en Antártida, siendo España y Francia los países con más ejemplos.
- 📜 El estudio de las pinturas rupestres ha evolucionado con avances tecnológicos que permiten dataciones más precisas.
- 🦬 La cueva de Altamira en España fue un hito en el descubrimiento del arte rupestre prehistórico, aunque inicialmente fue recibida con escepticismo.
- ❗️ La cronología del arte rupestre se ha modificado con descubrimientos que sugieren una antigüedad neandertal de algunas obras.
- 🗻 Las características del arte rupestre incluyen la ubicación en las áreas más oscuras de las cuevas, el uso de pequeñas lámparas y temas que varían entre la Paleolítica y la Neolítica.
- 🖌️ Los colores utilizados en el arte rupestre provienen de plantas, minerales y pigmentos de origen animal, aplicados con dedos, reeds o brochas primitivas.
- 🏞️ El arte rupestre se divide en pictogramas, petroglifos y figuras de tierra, cada uno con técnicas y propósitos distintos.
- 🌟 Ejemplos destacados de arte rupestre incluyen cuevas como Lascaux y Chauvet en Francia, Altamira en España, y sitios en Indonesia, India y Argentina.
Q & A
¿Qué se entiende por 'arte rupestre' o 'pinturas rupestres'?
-El arte rupestre o pinturas rupestres se refiere a los dibujos, pinturas o grabados realizados durante la prehistoria en rocas, especialmente en las entrañas de cuevas.
¿Cuáles son algunas de las hipótesis sobre por qué los habitantes de la época decoraron las rocas de esta manera?
-Las hipótesis sobre el motivo de la decoración rupestre incluyen su importancia mágico-religiosa para atraer presas, la intención de comunicación entre las personas y la inclinación hacia la representación artística de su vida diaria.
¿Cuál era la creencia anterior sobre la antigüedad del arte de las cuevas?
-Había una creencia de que las primeras manifestaciones de arte de las cuevas databan de alrededor de 40.000 años atrás, fecha que data muchas de las encontradas en cuevas de Francia y España.
¿Cómo ha cambiado la percepción sobre la antigüedad del arte rupestre debido a investigaciones recientes?
-Las investigaciones recientes han empujado la fecha de los primeros trabajos de arte rupestre a más de 60.000 años atrás, lo que sugiere que sus autores podrían haber sido neandertales.
¿En qué continentes se han encontrado manifestaciones culturales de arte rupestre?
-Se han encontrado manifestaciones de arte rupestre en todos los continentes, con la excepción de la Antártida.
¿Cuáles son algunos de los ejemplos más conocidos de arte rupestre en cuevas?
-Algunos de los ejemplos más conocidos de arte rupestre son las de Altamira o Lascaux, ubicadas en España y Francia respectivamente.
¿Qué creen algunos estudios modernos sobre el origen de las pinturas rupestres y su relación con el lenguaje oral y la escritura?
-Algunos estudios modernos sugieren que, además de otros motivos, estas pinturas fueron antecedentes del lenguaje oral y, obviamente, de la escritura.
¿Qué desafíos presenta el conocimiento exacto del origen de las pinturas rupestres?
-El conocimiento exacto del origen de las pinturas rupestres es complicado debido al estado de conservación de muchas rocas y cuevas y a que nuevos descubrimientos han empujado la fecha de las primeras obras.
¿Qué fue el primer gran descubrimiento de una colección pictórica prehistórica a gran escala y quién lo hizo?
-El primer gran descubrimiento de una colección pictórica prehistórica a gran escala fue en 1879, cuando Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola descubrió un grupo de búfalos en la cueva de Altamira, en Santander (España).
¿Qué ha cambiado la creencia de que el origen del arte rupestre data de hace 40.000 años?
-La creencia de que el origen del arte rupestre data de hace 40.000 años se superó con el descubrimiento y estudio de pinturas de otras cuevas, como las de La Pasiega, que datan de más de 64.800 años atrás y fueron realizadas por neandertales.
¿Cuáles son las características de las pinturas rupestres en términos de ubicación, tema y colores?
-Las pinturas rupestres se realizaban en las áreas más oscuras de las cuevas, con temas más o menos homogéneos que representaban animales salvajes o líneas, y utilizaban colores como negro, rojo, amarillo y ocre, obtenidos de plantas, residuos y fluidos corporales o minerales.
¿Cuáles son los tres tipos de arte rupestre según los expertos?
-Los expertos han dividido el arte rupestre en pictogramas, petroglifos y figuras terrenales, cada uno con técnicas y materiales distintos para su creación.
¿Qué lugares del mundo tienen pinturas rupestres importantes y cuáles son sus características?
-Lugares como la cueva de Lascaux en Francia, la cueva de Chauvet, Altamira en España, las cuevas de la isla de Sulawesi en Indonesia, Altxerri en el País Vasco y Bhimbetka en India, así como Cueva de las Manos en Argentina, tienen pinturas rupestres importantes que muestran una amplia gama de animales, actividades humanas y representaciones religiosas.
Outlines
🎨 La antigua expresión artística de la humanidad
El párrafo 1 introduce el arte rupestre o pinturas de cueva, describiendo su origen prehistórico y la variedad de hipótesis sobre su propósito, que incluyen aspectos mágico-religioso, comunicativos y artísticos. Se menciona la antigüedad de estas manifestaciones culturales, que se cree que datan de más de 60,000 años a.C., atribuyéndose algunas a los neandertales. Además, se alude a la difusión de este tipo de arte en todo el mundo, excepto en la Antártida, y a lugares emblemáticos como Altamira o Lascaux. El texto también toca el tema de la investigación y descubrimiento de este arte, destacando la complejidad de determinar su origen y la importancia de las avances tecnológicos en la datación precisa de las mismas.
🗓 Reevaluación de la cronología del arte rupestre
El párrafo 2 profundiza en la cronología y autoría del arte rupestre, con hallazgos que sugieren que los neandertales fueron los creadores de algunas pinturas rupestres, datadas en más de 64,800 años a.C. en la cueva de La Pasiega, España. Se mencionan estudios adicionales que respaldan esta teoría y se discuten descubrimientos en otras cuevas españolas y en Sudáfrica. Además, se describen las características del arte rupestre, como su ubicación en las áreas más oscuras de las cuevas, los temas representados y los colores utilizados, así como los diferentes métodos de creación, desde la aplicación manual de pigmentos hasta el uso de herramientas rudimentarias.
🌏 Sitios emblemáticos del arte rupestre mundial
El párrafo 3 presenta una selección de lugares importantes con pinturas rupestres en todo el mundo, destacando la riqueza y diversidad de este arte. Se mencionan cuevas como Lascaux y Chauvet en Francia, Altamira en España, las cuevas de Sulawesi en Indonesia, Altxerri en el País Vasco, Bhimbetka en India y Cueva de las Manos en Argentina. Se describe brevemente cada sitio, señalando su antigüedad, los temas representados y su valor histórico y artístico, mostrando cómo el arte rupestre es un testimonio de la presencia humana en diferentes épocas y regiones.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Arte rupestre
💡Hipótesis
💡Neandertales
💡Cueva de Altamira
💡Cueva de Lascaux
💡Pigmentos
💡Pictogramas
💡Petroglifos
💡Figuras de tierra
💡Cueva de Chauvet
💡Cueva de Bhimbetka
💡Cueva de las Manos
Highlights
Cave art is a form of prehistoric expression found on rocks, often within caves, with various hypotheses attributing it magical-religious significance, communication intentions, and artistic representation of daily life.
Initially, cave art was believed to date back 40,000 years, but recent findings suggest it may be over 60,000 years old, potentially created by Neanderthals.
Cave art has been discovered on all continents except Antarctica, with notable concentrations in Spain and France, such as the caves of Altamira and Lascaux.
Modern research suggests that early cave paintings might have been precursors to oral language and writing.
Determining the exact origin of cave paintings is challenging due to poor rock and cave conservation and the impact of new discoveries.
The first large-scale prehistoric pictorial collection was discovered in 1879 in the Altamira cave, initially met with skepticism.
The origin of cave painting was once thought to be 40,000 years ago, but studies have pushed this back to a time when Neanderthals were present.
Paintings in the La Pasiega cave, dated to over 64,800 years ago, are attributed to Neanderthals, not Homo sapiens.
South African researchers found drawings on a stone that are approximately 73,000 years old, further challenging the timeline of cave art origins.
Cave paintings are typically found in the darkest parts of caves, with artists possibly using stone lamps for illumination.
Cave painting themes are generally consistent, with differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic art, including the depiction of humans and gods in the latter.
Colors used in rock art were predominantly black, red, yellow, and ocher, derived from plants, waste, body fluids, or minerals.
Artists applied color with their fingers, spat, or blew it onto the rock, eventually using rudimentary brushes and pencils made from burnt branches.
Rock art is categorized into pictographs, petroglyphs, and earthen figures, each with distinct methods of creation and purposes.
Lascaux Cave in France, discovered in 1940, contains a vast number of drawings and engravings from the Magdalenian period.
Chauvet Cave, discovered in 1994, features paintings made around 36,000 years ago, including representations of predators.
Altamira Cave in Spain preserves some of the most important prehistoric pictorial groups, with paintings and engravings dating back 35,600 years.
Cave paintings in Indonesia, once thought to be 10,000 years old, have been revealed to be between 35,000 and 40,000 years old.
Altxerri Cave in the Basque Country contains over a hundred engravings, the oldest of which are approximately 39,000 years old.
Bhimbetka in India showcases overlapping representations indicating multiple prehistoric periods, with scenes of human activities and animals.
Cueva de las Manos in Argentina is known for its hand paintings, which are among the oldest in South America, dating back to 7350 BC.
Transcripts
Cave art or cave paintings refer to the drawings,
paintings or engravings made during prehistory on rocks,
especially inside caves. The hypotheses about the reason that led the inhabitants of
the time to decorate the rocks in this way are varied and not incompatible with each other.
In this way, they are attributed a certain magical-religious importance,
in order to attract game. Likewise, they also demonstrate the intention of their creators to
communicate with other people and, finally, the inclination for the artistic representation
of their daily life, typical of human beings. For a long time, it was claimed that the first
manifestations of cave art dated back to about 40,000 years ago, dating many of
those found in caves in France and Spain. However, recent research has pushed
the date back due to the discovery of paintings dating back more than 60,000 years,
so their authors would have been Neanderthals. This type of cultural manifestations have been
found on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. The best known
are those found in Spain and France, such as those of Altamira or Lascaux.
In this video I will explain the origin of rock art, its characteristics, the types that
exist and some of the most important caves with rock art will be listed. If you want to learn more
about this and other topics, visit lifeder.com and search for what you need in the search engine.
Origin
Since their appearance on the planet, human beings have left evidence of their
passage in caves and rock walls. In these first examples of cave art, they left
representations of objects, plants, animals, signs or scenes of their daily life.
Some modern research suggests that, in addition to other motifs,
this painting was the antecedent of the oral language itself and, obviously, of writing.
The use of this type of art as a form of expression developed throughout the
world and during various periods, including among the Neanderthals.
Knowing exactly the origin of cave paintings is a complicated task. On the one hand,
the state of conservation of many rocks and caves does not help to accurately date their age and,
on the other hand, new discoveries have pushed back the date of the first works.
Only technological advancement is allowing dating analyzes to become more and
more precise. Discovery For a long time, in Europe,
many prehistoric remains had been found inside
some caves, most of them stone or bone tools.
Some of them were adorned with carved representations of animals.
However, the discovery of the first large-scale prehistoric pictorial collection did not
take place until 1879. That year, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola discovered
a group of bison drawn on one of its ceilings in the Altamira cave, Santander (Spain).
The discovery was presented to the scientists of the time in 1880. The first
reaction was disbelief and even the authenticity of the paintings was denied,
since it was thought that their realization was beyond the reach of the mental capacity
of the scientists. prehistoric inhabitants. It took new discoveries
in Spain and France for the existence of cave art to begin to be taken seriously.
First hypothesis For many decades, the
origin of cave painting was considered to be about 40,000 years ago, during the last ice age.
In Europe, the oldest representations, found in Spain,
are almost 38,000 years old, which coincides with the time of arrival
of the first Homo sapiens on the continent. The study of paintings from other continents,
however, has pushed back the date of their possible origin, to the point of attributing part
of the works to the Neanderthals. Neanderthal cave painting
The belief that placed the origin of cave art 40,000 years ago
was overcome with the discovery and study of paintings from other caves.
In February 2018, an article published in Science stated that the paintings found
in the La Pasiega cave (Spain) had been made by Neanderthals and not by
Homo sapiens. The dating delayed the origin of this type of art by almost 20,000 years,
since they had been made more than 64,800 years ago.
Other studies, carried out in other Spanish caves, such as Ardales (Málaga)
or Maltravieso (Cáceres) confirmed these dates and their Neanderthal authorship.
On the other hand, researchers from the University of the Witwatersrand,
in South Africa, found drawings on a stone that, according to the analysis,
were made about 73,000 years ago. Characteristics of rock art
Location Rock art has been practiced in
all periods of human history, as well as all continents, with the exception
of Antarctica. France and Spain are the only countries that have more examples of this type of art.
The paintings used to be made in the darkest areas of the caves. It is thought that its creators
used small lamps made of stone and fed with marrow to light themselves while
they worked. Theme
The theme of cave painting is, more or less, homogeneous, although there are
some differences between that originated in the Paleolithic and those of the Neolithic.
The former usually represent wild animals or are composed of lines. The
latter, meanwhile, also show animals, but add more human beings,
their environment, hands and scenes of everyday life. In this last period,
in addition, they began to represent their gods. The animals that appear in the paintings are
usually horses, mammoths, deer, bison and reindeer. On some occasions, wounded
by arrows or spears were represented. Colors
Rock art used to be monochrome (one color) or bicolor (two colors). The
most common colors were black, red, yellow and ocher, with different shades.
The pigments to obtain the colors were of plant origin, although they were also extracted from
waste and body fluids or from minerals. Artists of the time
used their fingers directly to apply colour, though they were sometimes spat on the rock or blew
on with a thin, hollowed-out reed. Over time, they began to use rudimentary brushes.
His pencils were made from burnt branches and balls of mineral dye bonded with
resin. The unevenness and cracks in the walls served to give the drawing
volume and realism. Types of rock art
Experts have divided rock art into three types: pictographs,
petroglyphs, and earthen figures. The former were shaped on top of
rocky surfaces, as can be seen in caves such as Altamira. The
material for the painting was extracted from minerals and other natural components.
The petroglyphs, on the other hand, were the carvings that were made on the rocks. To do this, they used
smaller and harder rocks with which they hit the surface on which they wanted to make their work.
On some occasions, a second stone was used to carve, as if it were a chisel.
Lastly, the land figures were designs created on rocky surfaces. These drawings
had, above all, religious motivations, although their theme could be of another type.
Examples of places in the world with cave paintings
For a long time, it was considered that the most relevant paintings were those
found in Europe, specifically in France and Spain. However,
researchers have been finding other important examples of this type
of art on all continents. Lascaux Cave (France)
The Perigord region, located in the south of France, is known for the system of
caves that run through its subsoil. In that area, south of the city of Montignac,
is one of the most important examples of cave art in the world.
The Lascaux cave was discovered by four teenagers on September 12,
1940. Its large number of drawings and engravings, 1,963 figures in just 243 meters, caused it to
be considered a fraud at first. The Lascaux paintings were made during
the Magdalenian period and offer a complete sample of the animals that inhabited the area,
from Przewalski's horses, now extinct, to aurochs, passing through bison,
bulls and tarpans. Chauvet Cave (France)
Located in the French valley of Pont d'Arc, the Chauvet Cave was discovered in 1994. Its
paintings were made about 36,000 years ago. Hundreds of these paintings
representing 13 species of animals have been catalogued. One of the most curious aspects is that
some of these animals are predators, instead of the usual game.
In this cave, in addition to cave paintings, fossilized remains and
footprints of humans and cave bears were also discovered. Altamira (Spain)
One of the most valuable caves in the world is Altamira,
located in the autonomous community of Cantabria (Spain).
Several of the most important pictorial groups of prehistory
are preserved in it . The paintings and engravings were made in different periods,
mainly during the Magdalenian and Solutrean, although some belong to the
Gravettian and early Aurignacian. Its age is about 35,600 years.
In the cave you can see polychromatic and monochromatic paintings, as well as
engravings. Animals and abstract drawings were depicted on it.
Caves on the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) The rock art in these caves is one of
the oldest made by mankind. The presence of paintings in this group of caves
had been known for five decades, but at that time their age was estimated at only 10,000 years.
Only the most recent investigations have revealed its true age:
between 35,000 and 40,000 years. Altxerri Cave (Spain)
The cave paintings of the Altxerri cave, in the Basque Country,
have been dated to the Upper Palaeolithic and the oldest are about 39,000 years old.
Inside you can see up to one hundred and twenty engravings. Of these,
ninety-two represent animals, among which reindeer,
horses, foxes, goats and bison stand out. Cave paintings of Bhimbetka (India)
45 kilometers south of the Indian city of Bhopal are the
country's cave paintings. Apart from their artistic value, these representations are considered the
first left by human beings in the country. Among the characteristics of these paintings
is the overlapping of various representations. From this it follows
that they were made in different prehistoric times from the Upper Paleolithic.
In addition to animals such as rhinos, elephants and bison, these paintings
reflect various human activities, from births to funeral rites,
through hunting and dance scenes. Cueva de las Manos (Argentina)
In the Argentine province of Santa Cruz, in the canyon of the Pinturas River,
is the well-known Cueva de las Manos. In addition to their beauty, the cave paintings
in this cave stand out for their antiquity. The oldest have been dated to 7350 BC. C.,
which makes them one of the most remote of the South American towns.
The name of the cave comes from the paintings of hands, almost always the left,
marked on the stone. Although it is not known for sure, it is believed that they could have been
made for ritual reasons. In addition to those hands,
images of animals, such as guanacos, and points and geometric figures also appear in the cave .
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