6. Kritis ke mereka yang mengutip tokoh atau pakar

Summary

In the sixth episode of 'Train Logic', Andrea guides viewers on the art of critical thinking through the use of expert opinions in arguments. The video emphasizes the importance of supporting conclusions with premises and the strategic use of authoritative quotes. It outlines criteria for effective quoting, such as relevance to the topic, complete qualifications of the quoted expert, impartiality, and cross-checking with other experts' opinions. The script also warns against blindly trusting internet quotes, urging viewers to verify the source's credibility before incorporating them into arguments.

Takeaways

• 🎓 Critical thinking involves using valid premises to support conclusions.
• 🧠 When lacking expertise, quoting a relevant expert can strengthen an argument.
• 🛌 For example, quoting a sleep expert, like Dr. Charles Czeisler, can support claims about sleep's impact on learning.
• 💡 Not all quotes are valid; the expertise of the quoted person must align with the argument's topic.
• 📜 The full qualifications of the quoted expert should be provided to establish credibility.
• 🔍 Be cautious of potential biases, especially if the expert has a vested interest in the topic.
• ⚖️ It's important to consider multiple expert opinions in a field, as experts may have differing views.
• 🌐 Quotes from the internet should be scrutinized carefully, considering the credibility of the source.
• 📚 Conducting research and preparation is crucial for effectively using quotes in arguments.
• 🔗 Proper use of expert quotes can significantly enhance the strength and reliability of an argument.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in this video?

The video discusses how to effectively use expert opinions to strengthen arguments in critical thinking.

Why is it important to use expert opinions in an argument?

Using expert opinions can lend credibility to an argument, making it more convincing to the audience, especially when the topic is outside the speaker's direct knowledge.

What are the four criteria mentioned for using expert opinions in an argument?

The four criteria are: 1) The expert's field must be relevant to the topic, 2) The expert's qualifications should be clearly stated, 3) The expert should be impartial, and 4) Other experts should generally agree with the opinion.

Can any famous person's opinion be used to support an argument?

No, the expert's field of expertise must be relevant to the argument. A famous person without expertise in the specific area of discussion cannot provide a strong basis for an argument.

What is the risk of quoting an expert who might be biased?

If the expert has a conflict of interest or a motive that could influence their opinion, their quote may be less trustworthy and could weaken the argument.

Why is it important to mention the qualifications of the expert being quoted?

Mentioning qualifications helps establish the expert's credibility and relevance, which in turn strengthens the argument by showing that the opinion is well-founded.

What should you do if there are differing opinions among experts in the field?

You should consider the consensus among experts. If many reputable experts agree on an opinion, it is usually safer to use that opinion in your argument.

What should you be cautious about when using quotes from the internet?

You should verify the credibility of the source by considering who created the website, their qualifications, and their motives, as anyone can publish content online.

How can you improve your ability to use expert opinions effectively?

Regular reading and learning from credible sources can help you recall reliable expert opinions that can be used in arguments when needed.

What is the next topic in the Latih Logika series after this video?

The next topic in the Latih Logika series will cover causal arguments.

Outlines

00:00

📚 The Importance of Expert Quotes in Argumentation

This paragraph discusses the use of analogies and expert opinions in constructing arguments. It introduces the concept of borrowing words from figures or experts to strengthen one's argument. The example of Eko using Dr. Charles Czeisler's authority to convince Cici about the impact of sleep quality on learning ability is highlighted. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of using relevant and qualified experts to support an argument and warns against using quotes from unqualified individuals or those with potential biases. It also advises on the need to check the credibility of internet sources before using their quotes.

05:02

🕵️‍♂️ Evaluating the Credibility of Expert Quotes

The second paragraph focuses on the criteria needed to ensure the reliability of expert quotes. It advises to verify the qualifications and expertise of the person being quoted, to ensure they are unbiased, and to cross-check their opinions with other credible experts in the field. The paragraph also stresses the importance of scrutinizing internet sources for their credibility before incorporating their quotes into one's argument. It concludes by encouraging the use of remembered quotes from reputable sources, provided one has done sufficient research or reading.

Keywords

💡Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical connection between ideas. In the video, it is the overarching theme as the series aims to teach viewers how to construct and evaluate arguments effectively. The script mentions learning about analogies and using expert opinions to support arguments, which are both aspects of critical thinking.

💡Analogy

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are otherwise unrelated, used to explain a concept or argument. The script refers to analogies as a tool for argument construction, suggesting that viewers have previously learned about this concept, indicating its importance in the critical thinking process.

💡Expert Opinion

Expert opinion refers to the perspective or advice given by someone who is highly knowledgeable in a particular field. The video script discusses using expert opinions to strengthen arguments, as seen when Eko incorporates Dr. Charles Czeisler's view on the impact of sleep on learning ability.

💡Argument

An argument is a set of statements, one of which is called the conclusion, for which the others—called premises—are intended to provide support. The script emphasizes the construction of arguments using premises and the potential use of expert opinions to reinforce the conclusion.

💡Sleep Quality

Sleep quality refers to how well and how restfully one sleeps. In the context of the video, it is a key factor in Eko's argument about its impact on learning ability, illustrating the practical application of expert opinion in supporting an argument.

💡Health Expert

A health expert is a professional with specialized knowledge in health-related fields. The script uses Dr. Charles Czeisler as an example of a health expert whose opinion is cited to strengthen Eko's argument about the importance of sleep for learning.

💡Irregular Sleep Pattern

Irregular sleep patterns refer to inconsistent sleep schedules. The video script mentions that according to Dr. Czeisler, irregular sleep can reduce the brain's ability to process information, directly relating to the argument about sleep quality and learning.

💡Relevance

Relevance is the degree to which something is applicable or pertinent to a particular matter or context. The script explains that when quoting an expert, their field of expertise must be relevant to the topic of the argument to ensure the quote is a strong support.

💡Qualifications

Qualifications are the credentials or achievements that make someone suitable or fit for a particular role or task. The video script stresses the importance of mentioning an expert's qualifications to lend credibility to their opinion and, by extension, the argument.

💡Bias

Bias refers to a predisposition or inclination towards a particular perspective or outcome. The script warns against quoting experts who may have a bias due to their background or funding sources, which could undermine the strength of the argument.

💡Research

Research is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The video script implies that proper research or preparation is necessary to correctly quote experts and strengthen arguments.

💡Internet Citation

An internet citation is a reference to information found online. The script advises viewers to be cautious with internet citations, questioning the credibility of the source and the qualifications of the author before using it in an argument.

Highlights

Introduction to the sixth video of the 'Latih Logika' online critical thinking course by Andrea.

Discussion on the use of analogies and quoting experts in arguments from the previous video.

The necessity of using premises to support conclusions in arguments.

The common practice of 'borrowing' quotes from figures or experts to strengthen arguments.

An example of Eko using an expert's opinion to convince Cici about the impact of sleep quality on learning ability.

Importance of quoting experts from relevant fields to support arguments effectively.

The inappropriateness of quoting Bill Gates on sleep quality's impact on learning due to his lack of expertise in the field.

The requirement to mention the complete qualifications of the quoted figure to establish credibility.

The potential bias of an expert's opinion if they have a vested interest, as illustrated by Dr. Cho Sungsoo's cereal study.

The importance of cross-checking an expert's opinion with others in the same field.

Caution against relying on internet quotes without verifying the source's credibility and qualifications.

The need for research or preparation before correctly quoting an expert in an argument.

The benefit of using remembered quotes from books or other sources in arguments.

The video's conclusion and a teaser for the next topic on cause and effect arguments.

Invitation to continue learning with a prompt to click the 'continue' button.

Transcripts

Selamat datang di video keenam Latih Logika, seri kursus online untuk berpikir kritis.

Saya Andrea yang akan memandu video ini.

Di video sebelumnya, kita belajar tentang analogi alias perumpamaan.

Mungkin kita dengar orang yang mengutip pendapat tokoh atau ahli saat menyusun argumen?

Nah, sekarang kita akan membahas topik ini.

Kita harus menggunakan premis untuk mendukung kesimpulan kita.

Namun mungkin kita tidak mendalami topik dalam premis tersebut.

Saat inilah kita biasanya merasa perlu “meminjam” perkataan seorang tokoh atau pakar.

Misalnya, Eko ingin meyakinkan Cici bahwa lelap tidaknya tidur seseorang

berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya menyerap pelajaran di sekolah.

Eko dan Cici sama-sama siswa SMA biasa.

Jika Eko hanya mengandalkan pengetahuannya saja,

Cici mungkin akan bertanya-tanya,

“Dari mana Eko tahu tentang dampak kualitas tidur terhadap kemampuan belajar?"

Agar Cici percaya padanya,

Eko memasukkan pendapat seorang pakar kesehatan dan peneliti di bidang tidur ke dalam argumennya.

Bunyinya seperti ini:

“Menurut Dr. Charles Czeisler, kepala divisi Kesehatan Tidur di Sekolah Kedokteran Harvard,

jam tidur yang tidak teratur mengurangi kemampuan otak mengolah informasi.

Berarti, kamu harus menjaga pola tidur supaya bisa menyerap pelajaran dengan baik di sekolah.

Pendapat Dr. Czeisler bisa jadi membuat argumen Eko lebih kuat daripada

jika ia hanya menggunakan pengetahuannya sendiri.

Dengan mengutip si pakar, kemungkinan Cici mempercayainya juga akan lebih besar.

Akan tetapi, tidak sembarang kutipan bisa mendukung argumen kita.

Beberapa syarat berikut harus kita penuhi ketika mengutip pendapat seorang tokoh.

Pertama, kutiplah pendapat tokoh dari bidang yang sesuai dengan topik argumen.

Seseorang yang terpandang belum tentu mempunyai keahlian di bidang yang kita bicarakan.

Mari kita lihat contoh sebelumnya.

Argumen Eko adalah tentang dampak kualitas tidur terhadap kemampuan menanggapi informasi.

Maka, yang cocok untuk ia kutip adalah orang yang memiliki keahlian di bidang kesehatan atau psikologi,

seperti dokter atau peneliti.

Lebih baik lagi jika ia memiliki keahlian yang relevan,

seperti dr. Czeisler yang sudah melakukan banyak penelitian yang berhubungan dengan tidur.

Bandingkan dengan argumen berikut:

“Bill Gates berkata bahwa tidur itu penting untuk menjaga ketajaman pikiran.

Karena itu, kita harus mengatur pola tidur agar dapat belajar dengan baik di sekolah.”

Sekilas, argumen ini nampak meyakinkan karena Bill Gates, pendiri Microsoft,

adalah orang yang sangat sukses dan terkenal di seluruh dunia.

Namun, ia bukanlah pakar di bidang kesehatan dan tidur.

Karena itu, pendapatnya tidak relevan untuk mendukung argumen tentang dampak kualitas tidur.

Syarat kedua, kita harus menyebutkan kualifikasi tokoh dengan lengkap.

Kualifikasi menunjukkan keahlian seseorang di bidang tertentu.

Dalam argumennya,

Eko menyebutkan bahwa Charles Czeisler adalah seorang dokter

sekaligus kepala divisi Kesehatan Tidur di Sekolah Kedokteran Harvard.

Jabatan inilah yang meyakinkan Cici bahwa ia dapat mempercayai pendapat Dr. Czeisler.

Jika Eko hanya mengatakan,

“Menurut Charles Czeisler, ….” besar kemungkinan Cici tetap tidak akan mempercayainya,

karena ia tidak tahu siapa itu Charles Czeisler.

Ketiga, kutiplah tokoh yang tidak berpihak.

Terkadang, pendapat seseorang bisa jadi meragukan,

walaupun bidang keahliannya relevan dan kualifikasinya sudah disebutkan.

Ini terjadi ketika latar belakang tokoh tersebut membuat kita curiga bahwa ia memiliki motif tertentu di baliknya.

Contohnya, menurut Dr. Cho Sungsoo dari Sekolah Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas California, Berkeley,

orang yang sarapan dengan sereal cenderung memiliki berat badan yang ideal.

Sekilas, dari segi keahlian dan kualifikasi, kita bisa mempercayai pendapat Dr. Cho.

Namun, jika kita teliti latar belakangnya, kita akan tahu bahwa penelitian itu

dibiayai oleh salah satu produsen sereal terbesar di dunia.

Dr. Cho belum tentu berbohong.

Namun, penelitiannya dibiayai oleh perusahaan yang bisa saja menggunakan hasil riset ini untuk promosi.

Karena itu, kutipan ini bukan dukungan yang kuat untuk sebuah argumen.

Keempat, kita harus memeriksa pendapat tokoh lain.

Satu bidang tidak hanya memiliki satu-dua pakar yang berpengaruh,

dan pakar-pakar ini sering memiliki pendapat yang berbeda, bahkan bertentangan.

Secara umum, semakin banyak pakar dengan reputasi baik yang sependapat,

biasanya aman bagi kita untuk mengutip pendapat tersebut.

Terakhir, kita harus mewaspadai kutipan yang berasal dari internet.

Ingat, siapa pun bisa menulis di internet.

Karena itu, kita tidak bisa langsung mempercayai apa yang tertulis di situs web.

Sebelum menggunakan sebuah kutipan yang kita temui di sebuah situs web,

kita harus menanyakan hal-hal berikut:

Siapa yang membuat situs tersebut?

Untuk tujuan apa situs tersebut dibuat?

Apakah pembuat situs memiliki kualifikasi yang sesuai?

Jika jawaban yang kita dapatkan tidak memuaskan,

maka kita bisa meragukan kutipan yang kita dapatkan di situs tersebut.

Sehingga, kita perlu mencari sumber kutipan lain.

Itulah dia syarat-syarat yang harus kita penuhi

sebelum memasukkan pendapat seorang tokoh ke dalam argumen kita.

Kita juga bisa menilai apakah argumen orang lain yang menggunakan kutipan tokoh sudah kuat

atau belum dengan memeriksa apa ia sudah memenuhi syarat-syarat di atas.

Agar dapat mengutip tokoh dengan benar, kita memang memerlukan riset atau persiapan.

Tetapi, jika kita banyak membaca buku atau belajar dari sumber lain,

kita bisa menggunakan kutipan yang sudah kita ingat — kapan saja.

Terima kasih telah menyimak video keenam Latih Logika.

Berikutnya, kita akan bahas argumen sebab akibat.

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