Stomach - gross anatomy

Summary

In this anatomy-focused video, the stomach's structure and function are explored in detail. It discusses the stomach's location, size, and capacity, as well as its anatomical divisions and orifices. The video delves into the stomach's peritoneal and visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply, and the layers of its interior. It also highlights the common sites for gastric ulcers and carcinomas, providing insights into the stomach's applied anatomy and its relevance to health.

Takeaways

• 😀 The stomach, also known as the 'gestire' or 'venter,' is a large muscular organ and the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract.
• 📐 It is anatomically connected above to the lower end of the esophagus and below to the first part of the duodenum.
• 📍 The stomach is located in the left hypochondrium, epigastrium, and umbilical region of the abdomen.
• 🔍 The stomach's shape is typically described as 'J' shaped and is about 25 centimeters in size with a capacity ranging from 30 ml at birth to over 2 liters in adults.
• 🚪 It has two orifices: the cardiac orifice, which connects to the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice, which contains the pyloric sphincter.
• 🏗️ The stomach is divided into the cardiac and pyloric parts, with the pyloric part further divided into the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal.
• 🔄 The stomach's blood supply comes from the celiac trunk and its branches, with an anastomosis along the greater and lesser curvatures.
• 🌐 The stomach's innervation includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, influencing motor functions and secretion.
• 🧬 Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors like thin epithelium, less blood supply, and increased acid secretion.
• 💊 Gastric carcinomas often occur along the greater curvature and can metastasize through lymphatic vessels to other organs.
• 👨‍⚕️ The presence of Helicobacter pylori infection is a common cause of gastric ulcers and is associated with the gastric canal area.

Q & A

What is the stomach also known as in terms of anatomy?

The stomach is also known as a 'gestire' or 'venter', and the terminology used for the stomach is 'gastric'.

What is the primary function of the stomach in the gastrointestinal tract?

The stomach is a large muscular organ that forms the widest and most distendable part of the gastrointestinal tract.

How is the stomach connected to other organs?

The stomach is connected above to the lower end of the esophagus and below to the first part of the duodenum.

What are the two orifices of the stomach?

The two orifices of the stomach are the cardiac orifice and the pyloric orifice.

What is the physiological evidence of the cardiac sphincter?

The cardiac sphincter is a physiological sphincter that remains closed all the time but opens when food reaches the lower end of the esophagus.

What is the pyloric sphincter known as and what is its anatomical evidence?

The pyloric sphincter is known as the 'pylorus', and its anatomical evidence is demarcated by the circular groove and the pre-pyloric wave, where one can feel the form of the pyloric sphincter.

What are the two curvatures of the stomach and their significance?

The two curvatures are the lesser curvature (right border) and the greater curvature (left border), which provide attachment for the lesser omentum and the greater omentum, respectively.

How is the stomach divided internally?

The stomach is divided into the cardiac part, fundus, body, pyloric part, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal.

What are the peritoneal relations of the stomach?

The stomach has both anterior and posterior peritoneal relations, including the gastrosplenic ligament, gastrophrenic ligament, and lesser omentum.

What are the main arteries supplying the stomach?

The main arteries supplying the stomach are the left gastric artery, right gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and the right and left gastroepiploic arteries.

How does the stomach's innervation affect its function?

The stomach is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic fibers are vasoconstrictor to the pylorus and inhibitory to the rest of the stomach musculature, while parasympathetic supply stimulates gastric emptying and secretion.

Why are gastric ulcers more common along the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Gastric ulcers are more common along the lesser curvature due to factors such as thinner epithelium, less abundant blood supply, more acid secretion, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection.

What is the significance of the 'Virchow's node' in relation to gastric carcinoma?

Virchow's node refers to an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, which can indicate the spread of gastric carcinoma through the lymphatic system.

Outlines

00:00

🍽 Anatomy of the Stomach

This paragraph introduces the stomach, also known as 'gaster' or 'venter', and its anatomical terminology. The stomach is described as a large, muscular organ with the widest and most distensible part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is connected to the esophagus above and the duodenum below, located in the left hypochondrium, epigastrium, and umbilical region. The stomach's size and capacity are detailed, along with its external features, including orifices, curvatures, and surfaces. The paragraph also discusses the stomach's internal structure, divided into the cardiac and pyloric parts, with further subdivisions into the fundus, body, antrum, and canal.

05:01

🔍 Peritoneal and Visceral Relations of the Stomach

This section delves into the peritoneal and visceral relations of the stomach. It explains how the stomach is covered by peritoneum folds on both sides, forming the gastrosplenic ligament and gastrophrenic ligament. The anterior relations of the stomach include its connection to the liver, transverse colon, and anterior abdominal wall, while the posterior relations involve the diaphragm, left kidney, and other structures. The paragraph also describes the blood supply to the stomach from the celiac trunk and its branches, as well as the venous drainage and nerve supply, highlighting the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

10:02

🚑 Applied Anatomy of the Stomach: Ulcers and Carcinoma

The final paragraph focuses on applied anatomy, specifically gastric ulcers and carcinomas. Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors such as thin epithelium, poor blood supply, and high acid secretion. The paragraph also explains the common areas for gastric ulcers and their association with blood group O. Gastric carcinomas are more prevalent along the greater curvature and have a tendency for metastasis, often spreading to the left supraclavicular lymph node, known as Virchow's node. The paragraph concludes with a reminder to subscribe to the channel for regular updates on anatomy.

Keywords

💡Stoma

Stoma refers to a 'mouth' or 'opening' in anatomical terms, and in the context of the video, it is synonymous with the stomach. The script discusses the stomach's role as the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing its function in digestion.

💡Gastric

Gastric is an adjective derived from 'gaster', meaning 'stomach' in Greek. It is used to describe anything related to the stomach. The video uses this term to define the stomach and its various anatomical features and functions.

💡Cardiac Orifice

The cardiac orifice is the upper opening of the stomach, connected to the lower end of the esophagus. The script explains its importance as the entry point for food into the stomach and mentions the presence of the cardiac sphincter, which helps control the passage of food.

💡Pyloric Orifice

The pyloric orifice is the lower end of the stomach, containing the pyloric sphincter, which regulates the release of stomach contents into the small intestine. The video describes its anatomical position and function in the digestive process.

💡Greater Curvature

The greater curvature is the longer, outer curve of the stomach. The script mentions its role in providing attachment for the greater omentum, which is a fold of tissue that plays a role in digestion and fat storage.

💡Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the lining of the abdominal cavity and covers the surface of abdominal organs. In the video, it is discussed in relation to the stomach's peritoneal attachments, which are important for the organ's position and function within the abdomen.

💡Gastrosplenic Ligament

The gastrosplenic ligament is a peritoneal fold that connects the stomach to the spleen. The script describes its formation and its role in the anatomical relationship between the stomach and spleen.

💡Gastric Ulcer

A gastric ulcer is a sore that develops in the lining of the stomach. The video explains that gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature of the stomach and discusses various factors contributing to their formation.

💡Gastric Carcinoma

Gastric carcinoma refers to cancer of the stomach. The script highlights that it is common along the greater curvature and discusses its potential to metastasize, or spread, to other organs.

💡Splenic Flexure

The splenic flexure is the part of the colon that is closely related to the stomach, as mentioned in the script. It is part of the posterior relations of the stomach, indicating its anatomical proximity and potential clinical significance.

💡Gastric Glands

Gastric glands are the glands within the lining of the stomach that produce digestive enzymes and acid. The script describes their opening on the mucosal surface, known as gastric pits, which are essential for the stomach's digestive function.

Highlights

The stomach, also known as venter, is a large muscular organ and the most distendable part of the GI tract.

The stomach's size is approximately 25 centimeters and its capacity ranges from 30 ml at birth to over 2 liters in adults.

The stomach has two orifices, the cardiac orifice connected to the esophagus and the pyloric orifice containing the pyloric sphincter.

The stomach's external features include two curvatures, the lesser curvature on the right and the greater curvature on the left.

The stomach is divided into the cardiac part, body, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal.

The peritoneal relations of the stomach include the gastrosplenic ligament and the gastrophrenic ligament.

The anterior relation of the stomach includes the liver and the transverse colon.

The posterior relation of the stomach is formed by structures such as the diaphragm and the left kidney.

The stomach is supplied by arteries from the celiac trunk, including the left and right gastric arteries.

The veins from the stomach drain into the superior mesenteric vein and the portal vein.

The stomach is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, affecting motility and secretion.

The mucosa of the stomach features gastric grooves and gastric pits, which are the openings of gastric glands.

Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors like thin epithelium and less blood supply.

Gastric carcinoma is common along the greater curvature and can metastasize to other organs.

An enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, known as a Virchow's node, is a sign of gastric carcinoma spread.

Gastric ulcers are more common in people with blood group O.

The stomach's interior is exposed by cutting along the greater curvature, revealing layers and gastric features.

The stomach's muscular layer consists of an inner circular, outer longitudinal, and an innermost oblique layer.

The stomach's serosa is formed by the peritoneum and covers the outermost layer.

The video concludes with a reminder to subscribe for regular updates on anatomy.

Transcripts

hello friends welcome to the viva wars

of anatomy today we will discuss the

stoma

now the stomach is also known as a

gesture or a venter from which the

terminology used for the stomach is a

gastric

now the you can define the stomach as a

large muscular organ which is uh form

the widest and the most distendable part

of a gi tract

now the stomach is connected above to

the lower end of the

esophagus and below to the first part of

a deodorant

the stomach is located in

the left hypochondrium

epigastrium and the umbilical region

the same of the stomach is a public g

shape it lies

publicly and it is a j in the shape the

size is

the size is approximately 25 centimeter

and its capacity is 30 ml at the time of

the birth increased to the volunteer at

the time of the puberty and increase up

to more than the half to two liter

in the adults now we first see the

external feature of a stomach

stomach is having the two orifice

that is a cardiac orifice pyloric

orifice

two curvature or the border laser

curvature the right water

greater curvature left water and the two

surface anterior surface and the

posterior surface first talking about

the orifice

the upper orifice is known as a cardiac

orifice the cardiac or it is joined by

the lower end of the esophagus here

there is a physiological evidence of a

sphincter cardiac sphincter but you

cannot demonstrate the anatomical image

you cannot feel the form not you like

structure over here but

there is a physiological sphincter is

there means

the

sphincter will remain closed all the

time but it will open only when the food

reaches to the lower end of the

esophagus and it will open

now the pyloric orifice pyloric orifice

lies at the lower end of the stomach

here the pyloric orifice will contain

the pyloric sphincter which is known as

a pylorus now on the surface of the

pylora pylorus

it is demarcated by the circular

group and the pre-pyloric wave

there is a physiological as well as the

anatomical evidence of the pyloric

sphincter you can feel here

the form

node dude as a pyloric spin

so this is about the orifice now talking

about the border or the curvature the

first is a laser curvature or the right

model the laser curvature extend from

the cardiac orifice up to the pyloric

orifice

it provides the attachment of a laser

momentum now in the most dependent part

in the lower part it presents the nodes

this is known as an angular node or

incisura angularis

now talking about the greater curvature

or a left border

greater curvature

or a left border starting again from the

left side of a cardiac orifice up to the

lower end of a pyloric orifice it

provides the attachment of a greater

momentum now

here in the upper end it is separated

from the left border of esophagus by one

node which is known as a cardiac note

now the last two surface anterior

surface facing anterosuperior

and the posterior posterior surface it

facing posterior inferiorly so this is

the external feature of the stomach now

we see the parts of the stomach stomach

is

some it is divided into two parts which

is subdivided again into the fourth part

first the two division stomach is

divided into two parts by a

line which is drawn downwards and the

left from the angular nose or incisura

angularis so the upper part is known as

a cardiac part and the lower part is

known as a pyloric part

now the cardiac part is again divided by

one horizontal line which is drawn from

the cardiac nodes towards the left

so the upper

non-step small part is known as a fundus

of stomach and the lower part is known

as the body of the stomach

now the part of

a pilot pylori part the pyloric part is

also divided into two part by one in

constant sulcus which is present along

the greater curvature of the stomach

here somewhere over here

into two parts the pyloric entrance

which is 7.5 centimeter long and the

pyloric canal which is 2.5 centimeter

long

so these are the part of the stomach the

fundus

body pyloric antrum pyloric ken

now we see the relation of the stomach

stomach is having two release two types

of the relation the panettone regression

and the visceral relation first we see

the peritoneal reaction

now the stomach on the both the side

anteriorly and the posteriorly covered

by the fold of the peritoneum now this

two peritoneum along the laser curvature

will join to form the laser momentum of

the stump

on the greater curvature this two fold

will unite to form the greater momentum

of the stem

additionally

the

fold of the peritoneum

near the fundus of the stomach will

unite

and get attached to the spleen hilum of

this plane and form the gastrosplenic

ligament

posteriorly near the cardiac end of the

stomach somewhere over here this two

fold uh the two peritoneum fold will

unite to form the gastrophrenic ligament

which is attached above to the diaphragm

now the part of a posterior surface of

the stomach cranial to the gastrophrenic

ligament

is lies in the direct contact with the

diaphragm which is known as a bare area

of a stomach now we see the visceral

radiation across the anteriorly

the anteriorly stomach is related to

over by the liver

the transverse colon

the anterior abdominal wall now see the

stomach is nice obliquely from the left

side to the right side so on the left

side it is covered by the left

lower ribs and the intercostal space

now over here

between

the

left coastal margin and the left lower

edge of our lungs the space lies over

the stomach is known as a trout space

the important of the trout space is that

when you do the percussion

on the space you can fill the resonant

node because

of fundus which is lies below the trouse

slopes and the fundus will contain the

air so you will fill the resonant lobe

normally now due to

plural infusion or the splenomegaly this

space is covered by the fluid and the

speed so at that time you can fill the

dull node so this is the anterior

relation of the stomach now the

posterior relation the

structure forming the posterior relation

will form the stomach weight now the

structure forming stomach made are a

diaphragm

the left kidney lab supranal gland

transverse mesocolon

the splenic flexure of a colon

the painkillers and sometimes the

splenic artery so these are the relation

of the stomach now the blood supply the

stomach is supplied by the arteries of a

celiac trunk or branches of the

celiac trophies and it is arranged along

make an anastomosis along the greater

curvature of the stomach and the lesser

curvature of the stomach okay

first uh

along the artery of a along the laser

curvature of the stomach the branches of

this electron the first direct branch of

this electron the left gastric artery

and the right crystal carbon now the

right histic artery is a branch of the

proper apatic artery which is a branch

of the common apatic artery and the

common epididy carter is a branch of

this electron

now along the lateral curvature it is

supplied by the right gastroepic artery

which is a branch of the gastrodiodetal

artery and the gastro deodorant artery

is a branch of a

common hepatic artery

left

gastroepic artery which is a branch

offers planing artery and the splenic

artery is a branch of a celiac drug

now the upper funding area is supplied

by the short gastric arteries which is

also branch of a spinach artery so this

is the arterial supply of the stomach

when is the stomach is when the veins

from the stomach is drained into the

superior mesenteric veins draining vein

and the water weight so this is the

blood supply of the stomach now we see

the no supply stomach is supplied by the

sympathetic and the parasympathetic

fiber sympathetic fiber arise from the

t6 to t10 segment of the spinal cord via

the greatest blanket now hepatic flexus

and the celiac plexus of a nerve the

sympathetic nerves to the stomach are a

vaso motor

motor to the pylorus and the inhibitory

to the rest of the stomach musculature

and the carry the pain sensation from

the stomach so when the sympathetic

stimulation to the stomach occur it will

uh

compress or close the pyloric sphincter

dilate the stomach so it will do the

gastric filling the parasympathetic

supply arise from the vegas now right

and the left fingers now through the

interior and the posterior gastric nose

the parasympathetic supply is

inhibited with the pilorus and

it is motor to the stomach gastric

musculature so when it stimulate it will

cause the emptying of the stomach and it

is additionally also secreto motor to

the stomach so it will produce the uh

increase the secretion of a stomach

so this is about a now supply of stomach

now we see the interior of the stomach

here i had cut already the stomach along

the greater curvature

and now i am exposing the stomach and we

see the interior of our stomach

now the first thing

the innermost part of the stomach which

shows the mucosa now you can see the

mucosa

is thrown in the force which is known as

a gastric glucose now this gastric eye

are irregular in the interior and the

posterior surface but it is longitudinal

along the laser curvature of the stomach

this part of a gastric rugai is known as

a gastric canal gastric canal

now on the surface of the mucosa you can

see the small pips or a depression which

can be seen clearly with the handlers

this is known as a gastric fields which

are the opening of a gastric glands

so this is first layer in the layer

mucosa below the mucosa there is a

submucosa then the muscular layer that

is made up of inner circular outer

longitudinal and additionally innermost

oblique layer and the outermost is a c

rosa which is formed by the peritoneum

so these are the layer of the stomach

and the interior of the stomach

now the last thing we see the important

applied anatomy now the first applied

important applied the gastric ulcer the

ulcer in the stomach is known as an st

st concern is common along the laser

curvature of a stop here

the reason behind it are the first one

the epithelium along the

laser curvature is thin

second

the mucosa is not tightly attached to

the underlying muscular layer

third it is having the least

abundant blood supply anastomosis is the

least

the fourth it is having the

more ambulant no supply so the secretion

are more and producing the ulcer for

the female reason is a gastric canal now

the important is when we drink anything

through the mouth it passes from the

lower end of the esophagus directly

through the gastric canal to the lower

part before it is

spreading into the rest of the part of

the stomach so this is the most common

area which get inserted from the

the liquid which is uh

given by the ovary

the sixth one the wave of the

contraction remains for the longer

period along the laser curvature and the

last one the infection helicobacter

pylori is

producing it is common in the stomach

and it is having the tendency to

producing the ulcer so these are the

reason why the gastric ulcer is common

along the laser curvature of the stomach

now the remember the gastric ulcer is

common in the people with the o positive

blood group now the second important

applied the gastric carcinoma carcinoma

is common along the greater curvature of

the stomach

now the

carcinoma is having the tendency to

straight to the other organ which is

known as a metastasis

the gastric carcinoma sprayed through

the lymphatic

vessels through the thoracic duct to the

left supraclavicular group of a lymph

node and this

lymph node will help it will get

enlarged this is known as a trojan side

and this enlarged left

supraclavicular lymph node are known as

a signals nodes so it's all about the

stomach thank you

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