Unresolved TENSIONS After World War I [AP World History Review—Unit 7 Topic 5]
Summary
TLDRThe script discusses the aftermath of World War I, highlighting the unfulfilled promises of independence for colonial peoples despite their participation in the war. It delves into the mandate system established at the Paris Peace Conference, which failed to grant self-determination to territories like the Middle East, leading to anti-colonial resistance. The script also touches on Japan's expansionist policies and the formation of resistance movements such as the Indian National Congress and the African National Congress, emphasizing the long struggle for independence that continued beyond World War II.
Takeaways
- 🕊️ World War I ended but left behind tensions, particularly regarding colonial peoples' desires for independence from imperial powers.
- 🏰 Despite colonial contributions to World War I, victorious powers did not grant them independence, maintaining or even expanding their colonial holdings.
- 🇹🇷 The Republic of Turkey emerged as a new state under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, an exception to the general trend of colonial territories changing hands.
- 🏛️ The Paris Peace Conference introduced the mandate system, dividing former Ottoman and German colonies among the victorious powers under the guise of the League of Nations.
- 🌐 The mandate system categorized territories into three classes based on population size and development level, with Class A theoretically ready for independence but often treated as colonies.
- 🗾 Japan, as a non-Western power, expanded its empire in defiance of the League of Nations, creating the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
- 🚫 Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 was a clear violation of League of Nations rules, leading to its withdrawal from the organization.
- 🌊 The dashed hopes for independence post-WWI sparked anti-imperial resistance movements, such as the Indian National Congress and the African National Congress.
- 🧘♂️ Mahatma Gandhi's leadership in the Indian National Congress led to significant peaceful protests against British policies in India.
- 🌿 The African National Congress fought for equal rights in South Africa, influenced by pan-Africanism, advocating for the unity and equality of black people worldwide.
- 📚 The script encourages viewers to review for Unit 7 and use video note guides for a comprehensive understanding of the course content.
Q & A
What was the main consequence of World War I that led to global tension, especially among colonial peoples?
-The main consequence of World War I that led to global tension was the failure of the victorious powers to reward colonial peoples with independence and self-rule, despite their sacrifices during the war. Instead, European powers and Japan maintained their colonial holdings, and in some cases, even expanded them.
What was the mandate system introduced at the Paris Peace Conference?
-The mandate system was introduced at the Paris Peace Conference as a compromise to administer the territories of the dismantled Ottoman and German Empires. It created a three-tiered structure to classify these territories based on their population size and level of development, with Class A mandates being the most developed and supposedly ready for independence.
How did the mandate system contradict the principle of self-determination as advocated by US President Woodrow Wilson?
-The mandate system contradicted the principle of self-determination because, despite Wilson's insistence on the right of states to govern themselves, the victorious powers, including the British and French, treated the Class A mandates as colonies, not granting them the independence they were deemed ready for.
What was the impact of the mandate system on the colonial territories in the Middle East?
-The mandate system led to the British occupying Israel and Iraq, and the French occupying Syria and Lebanon, treating these territories as colonies rather than granting them independence and self-rule as the system suggested they were ready for.
How did Japan's actions in the interwar period reflect its status as a non-western power with imperial ambitions?
-Japan's actions in the interwar period, such as the invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and the creation of the puppet state Manchukuo, reflected its status as a non-western power with imperial ambitions, seeking to expand its empire and gain access to valuable natural resources, despite violating the rules of the League of Nations.
What was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, and how did it relate to Japan's expansion in the Pacific?
-The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was the term used by Japan to describe its area of influence in the Pacific, which it sought to expand throughout the interwar period. This expansion was driven by Japan's desire to establish itself as a powerful industrial nation with an empire, similar to Western powers.
What was the Indian National Congress, and how did it contribute to the anti-imperial resistance movement in India?
-The Indian National Congress was an organization formed in India before World War I to formally petition the British government for greater degrees of self-rule. It became a significant part of the anti-imperial resistance movement in the 1920s, especially under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who led various acts of potent but peaceful protest against British policies.
How did the African National Congress contribute to the anti-imperial resistance movement in South Africa?
-The African National Congress, founded in South Africa by Western-educated lawyers and journalists, was dedicated to obtaining equal rights for colonial subjects in South Africa. Influenced by the ideas of pan-Africanism, it opposed imperial racial policies and worked towards the equality and unity of all black people across the world.
What were the long-term effects of the anti-imperial resistance movements on the colonial powers and the colonized territories?
-The long-term effects of the anti-imperial resistance movements included the eventual independence of colonized territories such as India and the dismantling of colonial empires. These movements also contributed to the spread of ideas about self-determination and equality, influencing global politics and the formation of new nations.
What role did Mahatma Gandhi play in the Indian independence movement, and what was the nature of his protests?
-Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement as a leader of the Indian National Congress. He led the Indian people in various acts of potent but peaceful protest against British policies, advocating for nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve independence.
Outlines
🕊️ Post-WWI Colonial Tensions
The script discusses the aftermath of World War I, highlighting the increased tensions among colonial peoples who expected independence as a reward for their participation in the war. Despite fighting alongside the victorious powers, these expectations were not met, and European powers and Japan maintained their colonial holdings. The script introduces Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, as an exception to this rule. It also criticizes the mandate system established at the Paris Peace Conference, which divided former Ottoman and German territories among the victorious powers under the guise of the League of Nations, leading to disappointment and resistance among the colonized.
🌏 The Mandate System and Imperial Resistance
This paragraph delves into the mandate system, a three-tiered structure that categorized colonial territories based on population size and development levels. Class C mandates were treated as colonies and were taken over by the British and Japanese. Class B mandates, with larger but still underdeveloped populations, were ruled by the victorious powers, including most of Germany's African colonies. Class A mandates, deemed ready for self-rule, were ironically also occupied by the British and French. The script then transitions to the expansion of Japan's empire, detailing its invasion of Manchuria and the creation of the puppet state Manchukuo, and its subsequent territorial seizures in the Pacific, forming the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
📜 Anti-Imperial Movements in India and South Africa
The final paragraph focuses on the rise of anti-imperial resistance movements, particularly the Indian National Congress and the African National Congress. The Indian National Congress, initially formed to petition for self-rule, gained momentum under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, leading various peaceful protests against British policies. Similarly, the African National Congress, founded by Western-educated individuals in South Africa, fought for equal rights for colonial subjects and was influenced by pan-Africanism. Both movements faced significant challenges, with full success only achieved after World War II. The script concludes with a call to action for viewers to review and utilize video note guides for better understanding.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡World War I
💡Colonial peoples
💡Self-determination
💡Mandate system
💡Class A, B, and C mandates
💡Republic of Turkey
💡Japanese Empire
💡Manchuria
💡Indian National Congress
💡African National Congress
💡Pan-Africanism
Highlights
The end of World War I created conditions for global tension, especially regarding colonial peoples' desire for independence.
Colonial peoples fought in WWI, but victorious powers did not reward them with independence or self-rule.
European powers and Japan maintained colonial holdings post-WWI, with some gaining new territories.
The Republic of Turkey emerged under Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, but colonial territories often just switched imperial hands.
The Paris Peace Conference introduced the mandate system in the Middle East, dividing former Ottoman and German Empires' territories.
US President Woodrow Wilson advocated for self-determination, but his ideas were largely rejected by France and Britain.
The mandate system classified territories into three tiers based on population size and development level.
Class C mandates were treated as colonies, despite the promise of self-determination.
Class B mandates were underdeveloped and ruled by victorious powers, contrary to the idea of independence.
Class A mandates were deemed suitable for independence, but were still occupied by Britain and France.
Colonial holdings' people expected freedom post-WWI, leading to anti-colonial resistance when expectations were betrayed.
Japan expanded its empire in the interwar years, violating League of Nations' rules and creating a puppet state in Manchuria.
Japan's actions led to the creation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, furthering its imperial ambitions.
The Indian National Congress sought self-rule in India, with Gandhi leading peaceful protests against British policies.
The African National Congress fought for equal rights in South Africa, influenced by pan-Africanism and anti-imperial sentiments.
Both the Indian and African National Congresses faced a long struggle for independence, with success coming after WWII.
Transcripts
so yeah World War I is over and that's
great and all but as it turns out the
end of the war created the conditions
for all kinds of tension throughout the
world especially with respect to
Colonial peoples and their desire to
expunge Imperial powers from their lands
so I reckon we ought to talk about it
and if you're ready to get them Brin
cows milked let's get to it okay now
despite the fact the colonial people
fought in World War I the Victorious
Powers did not see fit to reward those
sacrifices with Independence and
self-rule in fact on the whole European
powers and the Japanese maintained their
colonial Holdings in the inter War
period and in some cases States gained
Colonial territory as as a result of the
war now to be fair some new states did
emerge after the war most notably the
Republic of Turkey under the leadership
of Mustafa Kamal better known as atat
Turk but and I cannot emphasize this
enough in many places Colonial territory
just switched hands from one imperial
power to another and here's where I
introduce you to the mandate system in
the Middle East so at the Paris peace
conference that ended World War I
victorious Powers aimed to dismantle the
Ottoman and German Empires and divided
those Colonial territories among
themselves as just spoils for war oh and
by the way if you want no guides to
follow along with this video and all my
videos check the Link in the description
anyway the ultimate Imperial party Foul
was committed by US President woodro
Wilson who kept insisting during the
peace negotiations that
self-determination ought to be the
guiding principle of a post-war world
and by that he meant that states should
have the right to govern themselves and
many Colonial peoples around the world
took this to mean that the outcome of
the peace conference would lead to the
freedom and Independence of colonial
Holdings everywhere but as it turns out
the French and the British were in no
mood to sit from Wilson's idealistic
rainbow milkshake and largely refused
his ideas however they couldn't just
tell woodro to shut up and go eat a
sandwich in the corner so the compromise
they made in the Middle East was known
as the mandate system and under this
system Middle Eastern territories would
become mandates administered by the
League of Nations and they created a
three- tiered structure to classify
these territorial Holdings Class C
mandates had the smallest populations
and were considered the least developed
and thus they were treated essentially
as colonies several islands in the
Pacific fit this category and were taken
over by the British and the Japanese
Class B mandates had larger populations
and were still considered underdeveloped
and therefore would be ruled by the
Victorious Powers because you know they
weren't ready for self-determination and
most of Germany's colonies in Africa
fell under this heading and were divided
among the Victorious powers and then
Class A mandates had large populations
and sufficient levels of development so
that they were deemed suitable for
Independence and self-rule but come on
you know that's not how it actually
played out no the British occupied
Israel and Iraq while the French
occupied Syria and Lebanon treating them
no different than colonies and remember
many of the people in these Colonial
Holdings interpreted the end of the war
to be their ticket to freedom so when
they got out from one imperial thumb
only to find a different Imperial thumb
descending upon them that not
surprisingly led to Fierce anti Colonial
resistance okay we'll get back to that
but first we need to consider the
expansion of Japan's Empire in the inter
War years now remember that Japan was
kind of an outlier in the world Imperial
party since it was the only non-western
state to make themselves equal to
Western power and now that Japan had a
place at the table of power they did
what powerful industrial Nations did
they got an Empire baby and so in 1931
Japan invaded Manchuria in order to
expand its Empire and gain access to
valuable natural resources and that was
a flagrant violation of the rules
established by the League of Nations but
unfortunately the league didn't have
much power to enforce its rules and just
resorted just some heavy finger wagging
so in response Japan went ahead and quit
the League of Nations and continued
right on with its program of Conquest in
the Pacific and so to that end by 1932
Japan had taken over a part of China and
created a puppet state called Manuka and
then throughout the interwar period
Japan would continue to seize territory
throughout the Pacific and dubbed its
area of influenced the greater East Asia
co-prosperity sphere okay now I said
before that the dashed hopes of colonial
people everywhere with respect to
Independence after the war led to
various anti-imperial resistance
movements and I'll mention two first was
the creation of the Indian National
Congress in you know India which was a
British colony it was formed before the
war in the late 19th century for the
purpose of formally petitioning the
British government for greater degrees
of self-rule in India but you know
Britain be Britain and despite some weak
concessions to the congress's request
British domination continued basically
unchanged in India even after millions
of Indian soldiers fought for the
British cause in World War I now the
tide would begin to turn in the 1920s
when mandes Gandhi became a significant
leader in the Congress and would lead
Indians and various acts of potent but
peaceful protest against British
policies those acts of resistance would
ultimately result in Independence though
not until after the second world war
then the second example of anti-imperial
resistance was the formation of the
African National Congress it was founded
in South Africa by Western educated
lawyers and journalists and dedicated
itself to obtaining equal rights for
Colonial subjects in South Africa and it
was influenced by the ideas of
pan-africanism which aimed for the
equality and unity of all black people
across the world and again same story
here the African National Congress did
admirable work in opposing especially
Imperial racial policies but they
wouldn't be fully successful until after
World War II Okay click here to keep
reviewing for unit 7 and click here to
grab my video note guides which will
help you get all the contents of this
course firmly crammed into your brain
fold I'm glad we got to hang out and
I'll catch you on the flipflop I'm L out
Voir Plus de Vidéos Connexes
APUSH American History: Chapter 4 Review Video
Perang Kamang Cikal Bakal Perjuangan Nasional | Indonesia Mengingat tvOne
The FRENCH AND INDIAN War (The Seven Years' War) [APUSH Review Unit 3 Topic 2] Period 3: 1754-1800
Taxes & Smuggling - Prelude to Revolution: Crash Course US History #6
Agresi Militer Belanda 1 - Tantangan Pertama Bangsa Indonesia Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan!
Perlawanan Bangsa Indonesia Terhadap Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme Barat | Part 1
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)