Viva Questions of CVS by Dr Junaid

Summary

Dr. Gianetti from Aurora's new Medical University presents a comprehensive overview of pediatric cardiology in an examination setting. The lecture covers a range of topics including causes of tachycardia and bradycardia, types of pulses and murmurs, grades of murmurs, and characteristics of heart sounds. It delves into the specifics of systolic and diastolic murmurs, epic speed variations, and the clinical implications of palpable and impalpable epic speed. The talk is designed to prepare medical students for the rigors of clinical examinations, emphasizing the importance of understanding cardiac auscultation and its diagnostic significance.

Takeaways

• 📝 Dr. Gianetti is a senior in Pediatrics at Aurora New Medical University and will discuss various heart examination questions.
• 💓 Tachycardia can be caused by conditions like anxiety, heart failure, anemia, and tachyarrhythmias.
• 🔽 Bradycardia may be due to hyperthyroidism, leads, heart block, and certain drugs like digoxin.
• 👉 Relative bradycardia is associated with conditions such as hypothyroidism, direct trauma, infections, and increased intracranial pressure.
• 🌊 Shift of epicardial beat can be due to mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and other factors.
• 🚫 Causes of impalpable epicardial beat include thick chest wall, emphysema, and pericardial effusion.
• 🔨 Tapping epicardial beat is present in conditions where the first heart sound is loud, such as aortic stenosis.
• 💨 Heaving epicardial beat occurs when the heart has to eject a large volume of blood, as in aortic regurgitation.
• 🔊 Soft heart sounds can be caused by pericardial effusion, emphysema, or a thick chest wall.
• 📉 Loud P2 can be due to primary hypertension, while loud S1 is often associated with mitral stenosis.
• 🔍 The script also covers the grading of heart murmurs, with six degrees ranging from barely audible to audible without a stethoscope.

Q & A

What are the causes of tachycardia mentioned in the script?

The causes of tachycardia include anxiety, heart failure, anemia, and tachyarrhythmias.

What factors can lead to bradycardia according to the script?

Bradycardia can be caused by hyperthyroidism, heart block, and drugs such as digoxin, as well as increased intracranial pressure.

What are the causes of relative bradycardia?

Relative bradycardia can be caused by deep breathing, severe infections, and increased intracranial pressure.

What are the different types of pulses discussed in the script?

The script does not provide specific types of pulses, but it does mention various heart conditions and murmurs which can affect pulse characteristics.

What are the grades of murmurs and how many are there?

There are six grades of murmurs, ranging from grade one, where the murmur is heard with extreme difficulty, to grade six, where the murmur is audible even without a stethoscope.

What causes a pansystolic murmur?

Pansystolic murmurs are caused by conditions such as mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect.

What is the cause of an ejection systolic murmur?

An ejection systolic murmur is produced when the heart has to eject against a narrow passage, such as aortic stenosis or pulmonary stenosis.

What does the pitch of a murmur indicate?

The script does not provide specific information about the pitch of a murmur, but generally, a higher pitch may indicate a more severe stenosis or regurgitation.

What are the causes of a loud P2 heart sound?

A loud P2 heart sound can be caused by conditions such as primary hypertension.

What are the causes of a soft heart sound?

Soft heart sounds can be caused by conditions such as pericardial effusion, emphysema, or a thick chest wall.

What are the characteristics of a tapping apex beat?

A tapping apex beat is present when the first heart sound (S1) is soft and loud, and may be sustained or not, depending on conditions such as mitral regurgitation or aortic stenosis.