¿Cómo hacemos que las máquinas nos obedezcan?
Summary
TLDRThe video explores the history and evolution of programmable machines, from ancient myths and early automata to modern computers and artificial intelligence. It highlights key inventions, including Heron's automaton, the Jacquard loom, and the development of computer programming languages from assembly language to high-level languages like FORTRAN, Logo, and Python. The video also introduces a free programming course offered by 'Vlad' to teach basic coding skills, including JavaScript, HTML, and algorithms, enabling users to create games, projects, and even robots.
Takeaways
- 📜 From ancient mythology, humans have imagined devices that obey their orders, like the golden woman in Greek mythology or mechanical statues aiding the Greek god of invention.
- 🤖 Today, we have industrial robots and computers that perform complex tasks like directing space rockets and creating virtual worlds for gaming.
- 📋 These machines require a set of instructions, or a program, to perform their tasks.
- 🛠️ Heron of Alexandria, a Greek inventor from around 60 AD, created a cart that moved on stage using a weight and string mechanism, representing an early programming language.
- 📚 In 800 AD, the Banu Musa brothers wrote 'The Book of Ingenious Devices', describing self-refilling oil lamps and early music boxes, showcasing another form of programming.
- 👗 In 1801, the Jacquard loom used punched cards to create fabric patterns, a system later used in mechanical computers proposed by Charles Babbage.
- 💾 Herman Hollerith used punched cards for the 1890 New York census, leading to the formation of IBM.
- 🖥️ The first programmable electronic computers, called Colossus, were used to decode secret messages during WWII.
- 🐞 The term 'bug' in programming originated when a moth caused an error in the Mark II computer in 1947.
- 🔢 Early computers were programmed using machine code, a low-level language, which evolved into assembly language and eventually high-level languages like FORTRAN, LOGO, and modern ones like C++, Python, SQL, and PHP.
Q & A
What is the significance of the golden woman in the context of the script?
-The golden woman refers to a mythological creation that obeys human commands, symbolizing early human imagination of machines that could be controlled by humans.
What did Heron of Alexandria create that could be considered the first programming language in history?
-Heron of Alexandria created a carriage that could move and change direction at pre-defined distances using a weight and a system of ropes and nails, which can be seen as the first programming language.
What is the 'Book of Ingenious Devices' and what does it describe?
-The 'Book of Ingenious Devices' is a work by the Banu Musa brothers, which describes various mechanical devices, including a self-filling oil lamp and early music boxes, that operate through the arrangement of protrusions on cylinders.
What was the significance of the Jacquard loom in the history of programmable machines?
-The Jacquard loom, invented in 1801, used punched cards to create designs in fabrics, representing a significant step towards truly programmable machines.
Who is considered the first computer programmer in history and why?
-Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer because she wrote an algorithm for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, which could calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers.
What was the role of Herman Hollerith in the development of data storage?
-Herman Hollerith used punched cards for storing information during the 1890 U.S. Census, which later influenced the creation of IBM and the development of data storage systems.
What are the 'Colossus' computers known for during World War II?
-The Colossus computers were the first electronic, programmable computers used for decrypting secret codes during World War II.
What is the origin of the term 'bug' in programming?
-The term 'bug' originated when Grace Hopper, a programmer, found a moth interfering with a program in the Mark II computer, and the term 'bug' has been used for programming errors ever since.
What is the difference between machine code and assembly language?
-Machine code is a low-level language consisting of sequences of zeros and ones, while assembly language replaces these binary instructions with mnemonic abbreviations that are easier to remember and use.
What is FORTRAN and why is it significant?
-FORTRAN is one of the first high-level programming languages and is significant because it made programming more accessible and comprehensible for humans.
What is the purpose of the LOGO programming language and how does it work?
-LOGO is an educational programming language that uses a series of instructions to make a 'turtle' move in various directions to draw shapes, such as an octagon, providing a visual and interactive way to learn programming concepts.
Outlines
🤖 Ancient Dreams of Machines
From ancient mythology, humans have imagined devices that obey their commands, such as the golden woman in Norse myths and mechanical statues aiding Hephaestus, the Greek god of invention. Today, we have industrial robots and complex computers that can direct space rockets or create virtual worlds. All these machines require instructions or programs to function. Platforms like Blacks offer nearly 200 courses, including a free programming course to help us understand how to command machines.
🔧 Early Mechanical Innovations
Hero of Alexandria, a Greek inventor from 60 AD, created a cart that could move in different directions using a weight-driven mechanism, considered the first programming language. In the 800s, the Banu Musa brothers from Persia described self-refilling oil lamps and early music boxes using mechanical programming. In 1801, the Jacquard loom was invented, using punched cards to create patterns, influencing Charles Babbage's design for the Analytical Engine, the first mechanical computer. Ada Lovelace wrote a program for this hypothetical machine, making her the first computer programmer.
🖥 Evolution of Computing
By the late 19th century, punched cards stored data, used by Herman Hollerith for the 1890 New York census, leading to the founding of IBM. The first programmable electronic computers, Colossus, were used to decipher codes in WWII. In 1947, Grace Hopper found a moth causing a malfunction in a computer, coining the term 'bug' for programming errors. Early computers were programmed with machine code, sequences of zeros and ones, which were complex. This led to the creation of assembler languages and later high-level languages like Fortran and Logo, simplifying programming for humans.
💡 Modern Programming Languages
Modern programming languages emerged to handle complex programs. Languages like Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, C++, Python, SQL, and PHP each serve different purposes, from finance to web functionality. These languages enable the creation of applications, video games, and artificial intelligence. Learning platforms offer free programming courses, such as basic programming with JavaScript, HTML, and algorithms, allowing anyone to understand the logic of programming and create projects, games, robots, and electronics.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mythology
💡Automata
💡Programming
💡Punched Cards
💡Charles Babbage
💡Ada Lovelace
💡IBM
💡Machine Code
💡Assembly Language
💡High-Level Languages
💡Logo
💡Variables
💡Operators
💡Loops
💡Robolab
💡COBOL
💡BASIC
💡C++
💡Python
💡SQL
💡PHP
💡Artificial Intelligence
Highlights
Ancient mythologies imagined devices that obeyed human commands, like the golden woman in the Cullen tale or mechanical statues assisting the Greek god of invention.
We now have at our service not only industrial robots but also computers capable of complex tasks such as directing space rockets or offering us virtual worlds for entertainment.
An online learning platform offers nearly 200 courses, including a free programming course that teaches how to make machines obey us.
Heron of Alexandria, a Greek inventor from 60 AD, created a cart that could move and change direction at pre-defined distances using a weight and a system of ropes and nails.
The way the rope was wound constituted the program of the automaton, which could be considered the first programming language in history.
In 800 AD, the Banu Musa brothers described self-filling oil lamps and early music boxes in their book 'Book of Ingenious Devices', which used a system of pins to create melodies.
The Jacquard loom, invented in 1801, used punched cards to create patterns in fabrics, a system later adopted by the pianola for producing melodies.
Charles Babbage proposed a similar punched card system for his Analytical Engine, the first mechanical computer that was never built.
Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer for writing a program for the hypothetical Analytical Engine to calculate Bernoulli numbers.
Herman Hollerith used punched cards for storing information during the 1890 New York census, which led to the creation of IBM.
The first electronic, programmable computers, known as Colossus, were used to decrypt secret codes during World War II.
The term 'bug' in programming originated from an incident where a moth was found interfering with a program in a computer.
Early computers were programmed in machine code, a low-level language consisting of sequences of zeros and ones.
Assembly language was invented to simplify programming by replacing machine code with mnemonic abbreviations.
As program complexity grew, higher-level languages like FORTRAN were created to make programming more comprehensible for humans.
LOGO is an educational programming language that uses commands to make a turtle draw shapes and patterns.
Programming languages use variables, operators, and control structures like loops to change program behavior based on conditions.
There are many programming languages, such as ROBOLAB for LEGO Mindstorms robots, COBOL for finance, and BASIC for ease of use.
Languages like C++, Python, SQL, and PHP have been developed to add functionality to the web and enable the creation of applications and games.
An online course is available for learning basic programming, JavaScript, HTML, algorithms, and logic behind programming games, projects, and even robots and electronics.
Transcripts
desde la mitología antigua los seres
humanos han imaginado aparatos que
obedecen sus órdenes como la mujer hecha
de oro que aparece en el cullen a la
nórdica o las estatuas mecánicas que
auxiliaban a efecto el dios griego de la
invención ahora tenemos a nuestro
servicio no solo robots industriales
sino computadoras que pueden hacer
tareas muy complejas como dirigir
cohetes espaciales o ofrecernos mundos
virtuales donde podemos jugar a nuestro
gusto
todas estas máquinas necesitan una serie
de instrucciones un programa para hacer
lo que necesitamos blacks y la
plataforma online de aprendizaje que te
ofrece casi 200 cursos entre ellos uno
gratuito de programación presenta cómo
hacemos que nos obedezcan las máquinas
[Música]
herón de alejandría conocido inventor
griego del año 60 creó un carro que
podía moverse en un escenario cambiando
de dirección a distancias predefinidas
su fuente de propulsión era una pesa que
colgaba y jalaba un par de cuerdas
enrolladas entre una serie de clavos
incrustados en el eje de manera tal que
mientras se desenrolla va el carro podía
avanzar girar hacia ambos lados o ir en
reversa la manera en la que se enrollaba
la cuerda constituía el programa del
autómata se podría decir que es el
primer lenguaje de programación de la
historia en el año 800 los hermanos
bannu musa persas escribieron el libro
de los mecanismos ingeniosos donde
describen aparatos como una lámpara de
aceite que se rellena sola o las
primeras cajitas musicales éstas
funcionan con cilindros cuyas
protuberancias pulsan láminas metálicas
que suenan con diferentes notas para
crear melodías disponer el orden de las
protuberancias constituye otro ejemplo
de programación fue hasta 1801 cuando se
inventó una máquina verdaderamente
y programable el telar de yakarta usaba
tarjetas perforadas para crear diseños
en los tejidos la pianola usa un sistema
similar para producir melodías ese mismo
sistema de tarjetas perforadas fue el
propuesto por charles babbage para dar
instrucciones a su máquina analítica la
primera computadora mecánica que nunca
llegó a construirse eso no impidió que
el doble se escribiera un programa para
la computadora hipotética un algoritmo
capaz de calcular una secuencia de los
números de werniul y por eso lovelace es
considerada la primera programadora de
computadoras de la historia para finales
del siglo 19 las tarjetas perforadas se
usaban como medio para guardar
información herman hollerith empresario
especializado en estadísticas las usó
para el censo de nueva york- de 1890
thomas watson se apropió de la empresa
de hollywood y le puso por nombre
international business machines
ibm las primeras computadoras
electrónicas programables fueron las
llamadas colossus se usaban para
descifrar códigos secretos durante la
segunda guerra mundial
en 1947 mientras trabajaba en una
computadora marc 2
aiken la programadora gris marengo
perdió algo que no funcionaba buscando
entre los cables se encontró un
una mariposa interfería con su programa
dicho en inglés se dice box y desde
entonces a los errores de programación
se les llama así box en sus inicios las
computadoras se debían programar en el
lenguaje de interruptores apagados y
encendidos secuencias de ceros y unos
este lenguaje se llama código máquina y
se clasifica como lenguaje de bajo nivel
es tremendamente complicado de aprender
para facilitar el trabajo y ya gracias
al uso de teclados y monitores
electrónicos se inventó el lenguaje
ensamblador en el que se reemplazaban
las instrucciones expresadas en
secuencias de unos y ceros por
abreviaturas en inglés era más o menos
lo mismo
con comandos más fáciles de recordar
finalmente mientras más crecía la
complejidad de los programas se hizo
necesario crear lenguajes más
comprensibles para los humanos se les
llama lenguajes de tercera generación o
lenguajes de alto nivel el primero de
estos lenguajes se llamó fortran uno de
los lenguajes de alto nivel más usados
para enseñar programación se llama logo
en él se escribe una serie de
instrucciones que hacen que una
tortuguita se mueva en cualquier
dirección y haga dibujos le podemos
decir que avance 100 unidades que rote
45 grados y avance otras 100 unidades y
que lo haga 8 veces dibujamos un
octágono además de órdenes o comandos un
lenguaje de programación usa variables
espacios con nombre que almacenan algún
valor por ejemplo podemos usar una
variable para contar cuántos lados ha
dibujado la tortuga
otro elemento son los operadores como y
que nos sirven para cambiar la conducta
del programa dependiendo del valor de
una variable por ejemplo este programa
hace que la tortuga avance poco a poco y
que se repita el ciclo
hasta que el número de pasos sea igual a
10 hay muchos elementos más operadores
volea nos sus rutinas funciones bucles y
hay muchos lenguajes de programación el
que se usa para programar los robots que
se hacen con lego mindstorms usa una
interfaz gráfica y se llama robolab pero
hay más serios como el cobol
especializado en finanzas o el basic un
lenguaje multipropósito con énfasis en
la facilidad de uso que popularizó la
programación en los años 80 más tarde
surgiría el c plus plus python u otros
que añaden funcionalidad a la web como
sql y php con todos ellos es posible
programar útiles aplicaciones y
divertidos videojuegos y ahora hasta
inteligencias artificiales y tú los
puedes aprender curiosamente si quieres
un curso de programación básica
totalmente gratis
vlad si lo tiene visita el link que te
dejamos en la descripción programa desde
cero domina javascript
entiende html y aprende de algoritmos
entenderás la lógica del
como piensan los programadores y cómo
programar juegos proyectos y hasta
robots y electrónica
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