Plant tissue culture overview |

Summary

This video delves into the intricacies of plant tissue culture, highlighting its fundamental abilities such as totipotency, differentiation, and redifferentiation. It outlines the advantages of rapid plant growth, disease-free cultivation, and season-independent production, while acknowledging the high labor and cost. The script explores various culture types, including callus, suspension, and protoplast cultures, emphasizing their applications in genetic manipulation and secondary metabolite production. It also touches on embryo culture and hydroponics, concluding with the impact of these techniques on modern agriculture and vertical farming.

Takeaways

• 🌱 Plant tissue culture is a method to grow plants or plant organs artificially from cells, leveraging the cells' totipotency, differentiation, and redifferentiation, and competency.
• 📈 The technique allows for rapid plant growth, requiring only a small amount of plant material, and can produce pathogen-free plants, independent of the season.
• 💰 Despite the advantages, plant tissue culture can be labor-intensive and costly, especially for initial setup, posing challenges for investment in third-world countries.
• 🌡 Factors such as growth media composition, temperature, humidity, sunlight, and genetic factors are crucial for successful plant tissue culture.
• 🛠️ The basic components of plant culture media include essential elements, plant hormones, a carbon source like sucrose, and organic elements for anabolic responses.
• 🔬 There are six main types of tissue culture: whole embryo culture, seedling culture, organ culture, callous culture, suspension culture, and protoplast culture, each with specific applications.
• 🔄 Callus culture involves the formation of undifferentiated masses from somatic tissues and is essential for maintaining sterile conditions to prevent contamination.
• 🌿 Callus growth has three phases: induction, rapid division and growth, and a declining phase, where nutrients and plant hormones play a critical role.
• 🧪 Cell suspension culture improves nutrient supply by agitating callus pieces in a liquid medium, beneficial for producing secondary metabolites with medical importance.
• 🔬 Protoplast culture, involving cells without cell walls, facilitates genetic manipulation and can overcome species barriers through protoplast fusion techniques.
• 🌱 Embryo culture can overcome issues like embryo abortion due to incompatibility, seed dormancy, and shorten breeding cycles.
• 🌳 Hydroponics is a soil-free method of growing plants using a circulating liquid medium and artificial light, contributing to vertical and organic farming advancements.

Q & A

What is plant tissue culture?

Plant tissue culture is a method by which plant cells are artificially cultured to grow plants or plant organs in vitro.

What are the three fundamental abilities of a plant cell that make tissue culture possible?

The three fundamental abilities are totipotency, the potential of a plant cell to give rise to an entire plant; differentiation and redifferentiation, the commitment to a specific lineage and the ability to reverse this specification; and competency, the endogenous potential of a cell to develop in a particular way.

What are the advantages of using plant tissue culture for growing new plants?

Advantages include the rapid growth of new plants in a short amount of time, the requirement of only a small amount of plant material, the likelihood of plants being free of viruses or diseases, and the independence from seasonal constraints.

What are some disadvantages associated with plant tissue culture systems?

Disadvantages include high labor and costs, especially for the initial setup, potential for plants to be less comfortable with environmental conditions due to sterile growth, and the possibility of aberrant growth or disease in plant tissue cultures.

What factors affect plant tissue culture success?

Factors affecting plant tissue culture include the growth media composition, temperature, humidity, sunlight, genetic factors, and the quality of the explant source.

What are the basic components of plant culture media?

The basic components of plant culture media include essential elements and nutrients, plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin, a carbon source typically sucrose, and organic elements such as vitamins and amino acids.

What are the different types of tissue culture mentioned in the script?

The types of tissue culture mentioned are whole embryo culture, seedling culture, organ culture, callous culture, suspension culture, and protoplast culture.

What is callus culture and why is maintaining a sterile environment essential for it?

Callus culture involves the growth of an unorganized, undifferentiated mass of parenchyma cells derived from plant tissues. Maintaining a sterile environment is essential to prevent infection by pathogens or contamination.

What role do plant hormones play in callus formation?

Plant hormones, specifically auxin and cytokinin, are used to induce callus formation. The balance between these hormones determines the type of growth, such as root or shoot development, and can induce callus development when in equivalent ratios.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of callus culture?

Advantages of callus culture include its use in creating transgenic crops, reviving infected crops, and plant biomedical research. Disadvantages include the initial cost, the need for expensive culture media, and the possibility that propagated plants may be less resilient to diseases and environmental changes.

What is the significance of cell suspension culture and how does it differ from callus culture?

Cell suspension culture involves agitating callus pieces in a liquid medium, which allows for better nutrient supply and prevents the death of inner callus layers that can occur in stationary conditions. It differs from callus culture by providing a more dynamic environment for nutrient distribution.

What is the purpose of protoplast culture in plant tissue culture?

Protoplast culture involves the use of plant cells without their cell walls and is used for genetic manipulation in plants, such as incorporating specific DNA into the cells, and for techniques like protoplast fusion to overcome species barriers.

What are the benefits of embryo culture in plant tissue culture?

Embryo culture offers benefits such as overcoming embryo abortion due to incompatibility barriers, overcoming seed dormancy or self-stability, and shortening the breeding cycle.

What is hydroponics and how does it relate to plant tissue culture?

Hydroponics is a soil-free method of growing plants where necessary minerals and ions are provided in a liquid media. It relates to plant tissue culture as it represents an application of in vitro plant growth techniques, potentially leading to vertical farming and organic farming advancements.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture

This paragraph introduces the concept of plant tissue culture, a method for artificially growing plant cells or organs in a controlled environment. It discusses the three fundamental abilities of plant cells that make this process possible: totipotency, differentiation and redifferentiation, and competency. The paragraph also outlines the advantages of this technique, such as rapid plant growth, virus-free plants, and season-independent cultivation, as well as the disadvantages, including high labor and costs, potential environmental adaptability issues, and risks of aberrant growth or disease.

05:00

🌱 Factors Influencing Plant Tissue Culture

This section delves into the factors that affect the success of plant tissue culture, such as the composition of the growth media, which must contain essential macro and micronutrients, plant hormones, a carbon source like sucrose, and organic elements like vitamins and amino acids. It also covers the importance of environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and light, as well as genetic factors and the choice of explant source, which is critical for successful tissue culture.

10:03

🔬 Types of Tissue Culture and Their Applications

The paragraph explores various types of tissue culture techniques, including whole embryo culture, seedling culture, organ culture, callous culture, suspension culture, and protoplast culture. Each method has its specific advantages and is suited for different purposes. The discussion also includes a detailed look at callous culture, its phases, and the role of plant hormones in inducing callous formation. Additionally, it touches on the advantages and disadvantages of callous culture, such as its utility in creating transgenic crops and the potential for propagated plants to be less disease-resistant.

15:04

🛠 Advanced Tissue Culture Techniques and Hydroponics

This paragraph discusses advanced tissue culture techniques such as cell suspension culture, which improves nutrient supply to callus tissues, and protoplast culture, which facilitates genetic manipulation by removing the cell wall. It also covers the benefits of protoplast fusion for overcoming species barriers and creating somatic hybrids. The paragraph concludes with an explanation of embryo culture and its benefits, such as overcoming embryo abortion and seed dormancy. Lastly, it introduces hydroponics, a soil-free method of growing plants using a liquid medium, which has implications for vertical farming and year-round cultivation of crops.

Keywords

💡Plant Tissue Culture

Plant Tissue Culture is a technique where plant cells are artificially cultured to grow plants or plant organs. It is central to the video's theme, as it is the method discussed for asexual reproduction and genetic manipulation of plants. The script explains how this method allows for the growth of new plants from small amounts of plant material, bypassing the lengthy traditional cultivation process.

💡Totipotency

Totipotency refers to the potential of a plant cell to give rise to an entire plant. It is a fundamental concept in the video, as it underpins the ability to culture plant cells in vitro. The script describes it as akin to a stem cell in its capacity to develop into a complete organism, which is essential for the success of plant tissue culture.

💡Differentiation and Redifferentiation

Differentiation is the process where plant cells commit to a specific tissue or cell type, while redifferentiation is the reversal of this specification, allowing cells to return to an undifferentiated state. These concepts are vital to the video's narrative, as they explain how differentiated tissues can be manipulated to grow into entirely different structures within the tissue culture system.

💡Competency

Competency in the context of the video refers to the inherent potential of a cell or tissue to develop in a particular way, guided by an inbuilt genetic program. It is one of the three essential factors for plant tissue culture, highlighting the importance of the cell's intrinsic properties in determining its developmental fate.

💡Growth Media

Growth media is the nutrient-rich substance in which plant tissues are cultured. It is a key component discussed in the script, as it must contain essential elements, hormones, carbon sources, and organic elements necessary for plant growth. The composition of the growth media is critical for supporting the in vitro development of plants.

💡Callus Culture

Callus Culture involves the formation of an undifferentiated mass of plant cells, which can be induced to form new plantlets. The script describes it as a critical step in plant tissue culture, where callus can be used for various purposes, including the production of transgenic crops and the revival of infected plants.

💡Cell Suspension Culture

Cell Suspension Culture is a modification of callus culture where callus pieces are agitated in a liquid medium, allowing for better nutrient distribution. The script explains its advantages over stationary conditions, such as preventing nutrient scarcity in the inner parts of the callus and its use in the production of secondary metabolites.

💡Protoplast Culture

Protoplast Culture involves the manipulation of plant cells that have had their cell walls removed, making them more amenable to genetic modification. The script discusses its benefits, such as the ease of DNA incorporation and the use in protoplast fusion to overcome species barriers.

💡Embryo Culture

Embryo Culture is the isolation and cultivation of embryos at various developmental stages. The script highlights its advantages, such as overcoming embryo abortion due to incompatibility, seed dormancy, and shortening the breeding cycle, which are all relevant to the theme of plant reproduction and improvement.

💡Hydroponics

Hydroponics is a soil-free method of growing plants, where nutrients are provided in a liquid medium. The script connects this technique to modern agricultural practices like vertical farming and organic farming, emphasizing its role in sustainable and year-round food production.

💡Secondary Metabolites

Secondary Metabolites are compounds derived from plants that have medical or other beneficial properties. The script explains their importance in the context of cell suspension culture, where they can be produced in significant quantities for human benefit, such as in the development of medicines.

Highlights

Plant tissue culture is a method to artificially grow plants or plant organs.

Three fundamental abilities of plant cells are totipotency, differentiation, and redifferentiation, and competency.

Advantages of plant tissue culture include rapid growth, virus-free plants, and season-independent production.

Disadvantages include high labor and costs, potential for plants to be less resilient to environmental changes, and risks of aberrant growth.

Factors affecting plant tissue culture include growth media, temperature, humidity, sunlight, and genetic factors.

Growth media should contain essential elements, plant hormones, carbon sources, and organic elements for anabolic responses.

Six types of tissue culture include whole embryo culture, seedling culture, organ culture, callous culture, suspension culture, and protoplast culture.

Callus culture involves the growth of unorganized, undifferentiated parenchyma cells and is essential for maintaining a sterile environment.

Callus growth has three phases: induction, rapid division and growth, and a declining phase.

Auxin and cytokinin balance is crucial for callus formation, with different ratios inducing root development or callus growth.

Advantages of callus culture include transgenic crop production, revival of infected crops, and plant biomedical research.

Disadvantages of callus culture include high initial costs and potential for propagated plants to be less disease-resistant.

Cell suspension culture improves nutrient supply by agitating callus pieces in a liquid medium.

Protoplast culture involves the manipulation of plant cells without cell walls for genetic manipulation and overcoming species barriers.

Embryo culture can overcome issues like embryo abortion, seed dormancy, and shorten breeding cycles.

Hydroponics is a soil-free method of growing plants using a liquid media for essential minerals and ions.

Hydroponics and plant tissue culture advancements contribute to organic farming and vertical farming, allowing year-round produce.

Transcripts

hello in this video we'll talk about

plant tissue culture system

and we would understand the basics of

plant tissue culture and its application

so plant tissue culture is a method by

which plant cells can be cultured

artificially in order to grow plants

or plant organs so this is an overview

before we move on to plant tissue

culture technique we should understand

three fundamental abilities of a plant

cell

which makes it possible to culture in

vitro

first capability is known as toti

potency

toti potency simply means the potential

of

a plant cell to give rise to an entire

plant

and this is kind of like a totipotent

stem cell

which can give rise to a entire organism

so any cell from plant

can be cultured and can be

ultimately induced to form

a mature plant link second capability is

known as differentiation and

redifferentiation

differentiation simply means specific

lineage commitment so once a plant cell

is committed to a particular

tissue type or cell type that is known

as

differentiation and these differentiated

tissues

can be differentiated that means

once once specification is done the

specification can be reversed

and it can get back to a

undifferentiated mass

which can be further redifferentiated to

a completely different

substance so this phenomena of

differentiation d differentiation and

redifferentiation makes it possible

to culture plants and several aspect of

tissue culture is possible due to this

phenomenon and third

option is competency which simply means

the endogenous potential of a given cell

or tissue to develop to a particular way

so it's kind of like a genetic program

which is inbuilt and which is helping or

guiding the

cells to grow into a particular fate

so these three factors are absolutely

essential for plant tissue culture

let us talk about the advantage and

disadvantage of plant tissue culture in

a moment

so first of all the new plant lids

can be grown in a very short amount of

time so you can bypass

the long time to produce a plant in a

field

only small amount of plant material is

required a small portion of the leaf or

a small portion of the meristem

is more than sufficient to grow a entire

plant so that's the biggest advantage of

this technique

new plantlets or plants are more likely

to be free of viruses

or any kind of diseases and this is

really important for

production of virus free or

pathogen-free plants

the process is not dependent upon any

season right

so you can enjoy let's say orange even

in scorching

summer so this is the biggest advantage

from an economic point of view and

people who are looking to cultivate

challenging plants which are not

grown in a particular region if they

want to grow them

the soil conditions or the atmospheric

conditions might not be favorable for

that

so a laboratory setup or a in vitro

situation might be

advantageous for that fact right but

there are certain disadvantages

associated with this tissue culture

system

first tissue culture can require

high labor and it could be very costly

at least the initial setup

for many of the agriculture dependent

countries which are third world

countries it is

absolutely difficult to invest so much

of money on the initial setup

now there could be chance of plants to

be

uh less comfortable with the

environmental conditions because

because they are growing in a sterile

environment and they're

less resistant to diseases or less

resistance to environmental changes so

there could be a big question mark

whether these kind of plant tissue

culture techniques

can be appropriate for every

environmental situation

and lastly there could be failure of

growing

growth of plants there could be aberrant

effects in the plant tissue cultures

which leads to

disease plant or imperfect growth so

these are all the disadvantages that one

should consider

while thinking of performing a tissue

culture experiment

now let's talk about the factors that

affect plant tissue culture

first of all the growth media because we

are growing the plants

in vitro so that is why we have to

ensure that proper minerals growth

factors carbon sources

and hormones are present in this growth

media which can support the plant growth

after that temperature humidity sunlight

all of these conditions has to be met

for

a proper plant growth and that need to

be provided artificially

genetic factors are always present for a

proper growth of plant

from a tissue culture setup lastly the

explant source the starting material we

are using

for growing a plant obviously a tissue

which is less differentiated

has a greater chance or it would be best

for making a new plant

compared to a tissue which is totally

differentiated

now let's talk about the basic

components of the plant

culture media it should have all the

essential

elements the macro and the

micronutrients that are important for

plant growth

it should have plant hormones such as

auxin and cytokinin

and other hormones which really helps in

plant growth

it should have a carbon source generally

the carbon source

is actually sucrose and ultimately it

should have a supply of

organic elements such as vitamins

and amino acids which are important for

anabolic responses in a plant

so at least these four group of factors

are

essential for a plant to grow in a

tissue culture setting now let's talk

about the tissue culture

types so at least there are these six

tissue culture types

including whole embryo culture

seedling culture organ culture callous

culture suspension culture

and protoplast culture so each of these

culture methodologies has their own

advantage and disadvantages and they can

be utilized in particular purposes

so in subsequent time we would look at

these particular applications

first let's start with callous culture

so callus formation in

plant can be induced in several ways

callus simply means a growing mass which

is unorganized

and undifferentiated and these are

basically parenchyma cells

now plant callus can be

derived from somatic tissues

callus formation is induced from a plant

tissue sample after surface

sterilization

and it is important because callus

can be infected by other pathogens or it

can be contaminated

so that is why maintaining a sterile

environment while performing a callous

culture

is absolutely essential the cells that

give rise to callus

or somatic embryos usually undergo

rapid division or partially

undifferentiated such as

they could be also partially undifferent

undifferentiated such as meristem

tissues now there could be

the x-plant source and while choosing

the explant source we have to ensure

that we are choosing a good explant

source that can give rise to a plant for

example if we

compare between a leaf explant and a

meristem explant a meristem explain

would be far better

option for growing a callus now placing

that

explant into a particular medium such as

ms medium or murashiges cook medium

is the first step of callus formation

after putting it into the medium and

waiting for several days the callus

would be formed and it looks like these

tumor-like tissues which are kind of

undifferentiated it doesn't have any

shape or size and

when it comes when it is

taken into account from a molecular

point of view they are

undifferentiated their lineages are not

committed

so these callous would be eventually

maturing

into a particular somatic plantlet and

that can be

placed into a soil or they can be grown

artificially

so from these callus a entire plant lid

can be formed

so callous growth has at least three

phases first of all the induction phase

second the rapid division and the growth

phase more

like more or less this is like a log

phase and then ultimately there would be

a declining phase where the callus

is not anymore growing and there could

be infection in the calories and

due to the scarcity of media and

nutrients

so plant hormones are used to induce

or initiate the callus formation so let

us look at the factors that induce

callus formation

few factors which are essential for

callous formation is

auxin and cytokinin the relative balance

of oxygen and cytokinin determines

few factors in terms of plant growth if

oxygen is high

cytokinin is low then root development

is

augmented if cytokinin is high oxygen is

low

should development is preferred but if

auxin

cytokinin are in a equivalent one is to

one ratio

then callus development is induced

let us talk about the advantages and

disadvantages of this callus culture

the advantage includes making transgenic

crop

reviving infected crop that we have

learned from many stem cultures

and plant biomedical researches

ultimately disadvantage includes the

initial

cost and requirement of expensive

culture media

and there could be chances then the

propagated plant will be less resilient

towards diseases and environmental

changes so these are the

disadvantage of callous culture a

modification of callous culture is cell

suspension culture

when callus pieces are agitated in a

liquid medium

they first dissociate and then

reassociate in that

particular agitation settings and this

is better for nutrient supply continuous

agitation make sure the

nutrient is reaching even in the deep

layer of the catalyst

but while in a stationary condition in a

solid medium this nutrient might not

reach into the inner part of the callus

and that might lead to the

death of the callus in a mature state

and this happens a lot

while culturing callus so again we start

with the explant source

we induce a callous growth and once

callus has grown

to a particular stage we would take the

callus

and put it in a start tank reactor where

the callus would be starved

and the nutrients can reach deep inside

the callus and this is

known as cell suspension culture cell

suspension culture has

a lot of usage let me introduce you to

the usage of that

so cell suspension culture is

used widely to produce secondary

metabolites of plants

secondary metabolite of plants might

have medical in

importance so there are two type of

metabolites in plants primary metabolism

which is respiration photosynthesis and

other biochemical pathways

and secondary metabolism involves

phenolics

biosynthesis alkaloid biosynthesis or

flavinoid biosynthesis etc

so these compounds phenol phenolics

alkaloids and flavinoids

they might have medical importance or

relevant for human benefit

for example placid axle which is derived

from a particular plant

has anti-cancerous property whereas

digoxy

digoxin is used for

cardiac treatment or treatment of

cardiac arrhythmia

diastonin which mimics a steroid-like

molecule

is important for birth control

peels so it has an anti-fertility effect

so we understand that secondary

metabolites can be grown with

kalos with suspension cultures and its

usage in terms of human benefits

now come to protoplast culture

protoblast can be generated by stripping

of the cell wall of the plant cell

so what is protoplast protoplast is

simply

a plant cell which is devoid of its cell

wall

and there are certain benefits of

protoplast culture let me

tell you that so protoblast are widely

used

for genetic manipulation in plants

because incorporating a genomic dna

or a plasmid dna into a plant cell is

very difficult due to the cell wall

once the cell wall is removed it is kind

of

easy to get the dna of your choice

inside this plant cell

so plot protoplast preparations are

actually

used by plant scientists for genetic

manipulation

other than that there are many

techniques known as protoplast fusion

which are used to overcome species

barrier for example

a species of tomato and a potato are

different

so they cannot be

they cannot reproduce with each other

right because there is a species barrier

and that can be overcome with protoplast

fusion

so protoplast from one plant is prepared

and another plant is prepared and then

they can be fused with polyethylene

glycol treatment

that leads to these fused cell types

and this is called as somatic hybrid

one kind of application is cybrids

cyborg stands for cycloplasmic hybrids

where two cells are taken and one cell

is generally

enucleated and then

they are fused together so the nucleus

or the genetic material is completely

coming from the other cell

whereas the cytoplasmic components are

mixed up between these two cells

ultimately

they can give rise to siblings and these

are known as cybrid variants

and cybrid cybilization technique is

used

for plant advancement or plant tissue

culture advancements

so let me talk about the advantages of

this technique first of all it can

overcome

sexual incompatibility barrier between

two different species

and it can be used to study cytoplasmic

or mitochondrial genes

and their inheritance and their

importance in terms of plant growth and

other aspects

let's talk about the embryo culture the

embryo of different developmental stages

formed within the female gametophyte via

sexual process

can be isolated and cultured as a whole

under aseptic condition and this is

known as the embryo culture

there are certain advantages of embryo

culture

such as such as like overcoming the

embryo abortion due to incompatibility

barriers

overcoming seed dormancy or

self-stability of seeds

shortening of the breeding cycle all of

these are advantages of

embryo culture so we pretty much looked

at several plant tissue culture

techniques

lastly we would talk about hydroponics

hydroponics is a method by which plants

can be

grown in a soil free situation where

the necessary minerals and

ions macro and micro molecules which are

essential for plant growth

is provided in a liquid media here you

can see the media is circulating

so the media is not stagnant and there

are high probability that the root would

get

enough amount of media at every stage

and

these plants are cultivated under

artificial light situation which is

essential for their

photosynthesis purposes so this can

lead to vertical farming or growing

plants in artificial settings under

greenhouses

and that that has a lot of implication

in terms of agriculture

because for example we can enjoy the

flavor of oranges for the whole

year by these kind of artificial

techniques so organic farming and

vertical farming is really blooming

these days due to these kind of advances

in the plant tissue culture and that is

the motivation of studying plant tissue

culture

from a cellular and molecular point of

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