The Communicative Competence - Chomsky vs Hymes
Summary
TLDRNoam Chomsky's concept of 'linguistic competence' is explored, emphasizing the innate ability to understand and generate language. He introduces 'linguistic performance' to address practical language use. Hymes expands on this with 'communicative competence,' encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competences, necessary for appropriate language use. Applied linguists like Canaly and Swain further refine these concepts, contributing to the development of communicative competence theories, which the Council of Europe later detailed in its Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Takeaways
- 📚 Chomsky defines language as a structured system of sentences built from a finite set of elements, emphasizing the importance of generative grammar in linguistics.
- 🧠 Linguistic competence, according to Chomsky, is the innate ability to understand, repeat, and produce new utterances in a language.
- 🌐 To address the issue of non-native or broken English, Chomsky introduces the concept of linguistic performance, which is the practical use of language in specific situations.
- 🤔 Delhimes challenges Chomsky's linguistic competence, arguing that it doesn't fully account for the actual rules of language use and is insufficient for explaining a native speaker's knowledge.
- 💡 In response to these criticisms, the theory of communicative competence is developed, which includes not only linguistic competence but also the appropriate use of language in context.
- 🔍 Communicative competence is broken down into four components: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence, each contributing to effective language use.
- 📝 Linguistic competence encompasses knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and writing rules, which are the structural elements of a language.
- 🌟 Sociolinguistic competence involves understanding the sociocultural rules of language use, including appropriateness in different social contexts.
- 🗣️ Strategic competence is the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns, using both verbal and non-verbal strategies.
- 📚 Discourse competence is the understanding of how to produce and comprehend coherent and cohesive oral or written texts.
- 🌍 The Council of Europe further develops these concepts of communicative competencies in 2001, contributing to the creation of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Q & A
What does Chomsky define language as?
-Chomsky defines language as a set of sentences made of a finite set of elements.
What is generative grammar according to Chomsky?
-Generative grammar is an explicit description of Chomsky's point of view on language.
What is linguistic competence in Chomsky's theory?
-Linguistic competence, in Chomsky's opinion, is the ability to understand, repeat, and produce new utterances.
Why did Chomsky introduce the concept of linguistic performance?
-Chomsky introduced the concept of linguistic performance to avoid the problem of 'broken English' and to explain the use of language in concrete situations.
What does linguistic performance refer to in Chomsky's theory?
-Linguistic performance refers to the use of language in a specific context or situation.
What did Dell Hymes argue against Chomsky's concept of linguistic competence?
-Dell Hymes argued that linguistic competence could not explain the actual rules of use and was not enough to explain a native speaker's knowledge.
What is communicative competence according to Dell Hymes?
-Communicative competence, according to Dell Hymes, is the ability to use language not only correctly based on linguistic competence but also appropriately based on sociocultural and strategic factors.
What are the four components of communicative competence as developed by Dell Hymes?
-The four components of communicative competence are linguistic competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence.
What does linguistic competence encompass according to the script?
-Linguistic competence encompasses the knowledge of the language code, including grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and writing rules.
What is sociolinguistic competence?
-Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of sociocultural rules of use within a language.
What is strategic competence?
-Strategic competence is the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns before, during, or after they occur.
What is discourse competence?
-Discourse competence is the knowledge of how to produce and comprehend oral or written texts, focusing on coherence and cohesion.
How did Canaly and Swain interpret communicative competence?
-Canaly and Swain interpreted communicative competence as a synthesis of an underlying system of knowledge and skill needed for communication.
What did the Council of Europe do in relation to communicative competencies in 2001?
-The Council of Europe developed in detail these communicative competencies to develop its Common European Frameworks of Language.
Outlines
📚 Chomsky's Linguistic Competence and Language Theory
This paragraph introduces Noam Chomsky's perspective on language as a structured system with finite elements that can generate infinite sentences. It discusses the concept of 'generative grammar' as a detailed description of his viewpoint. Chomsky's 'linguistic competence' is defined as the innate ability to understand, repeat, and create new utterances, which is distinct from 'linguistic performance,' or the actual use of language in specific contexts. The paragraph also touches on the limitations of linguistic competence in explaining the rules of language use and the development of 'communicative competence' by Dell Hymes, which includes sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competencies, as well as grammatical knowledge.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Language
💡Generative Grammar
💡Linguistic Competence
💡Linguistic Performance
💡Communicative Competence
💡Sociolinguistic Competence
💡Discourse Competence
💡Strategic Competence
💡Language Acquisition
💡Language Testing
💡Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Highlights
Chomsky defines language as a set of sentences made from a finite set of elements.
Generative grammar is an explicit description of Chomsky's perspective on language.
Linguistic competence is the ability to understand, repeat, and produce new utterances.
English is used as an example to illustrate the concept of linguistic performance.
Linguistic performance refers to the use of language in a concrete situation.
Chomsky believes linguistic competence precedes linguistic performance.
Delhimes challenges the sufficiency of linguistic competence to explain actual language use.
Communicative competence is introduced as a theory to explain appropriate language use.
Communicative competence includes four components: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence.
Linguistic competence encompasses knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and writing rules.
Sociolinguistic competence involves knowledge of sociocultural rules of language use.
Strategic competence is the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns.
Discourse competence pertains to the production and comprehension of coherent and cohesive texts.
Applied linguists in the 1970s and 1980s contributed to the development of communicative competence.
Kanaly and Swain view communicative competence as a synthesis of knowledge and skill for communication.
The Council of Europe in 2001 detailed communicative competencies for the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Strategic competence includes both verbal and non-verbal strategies for effective communication.
Communicative competence is essential for language acquisition and testing theories.
Transcripts
chomsky defines the language as a set of
sentences made of a finite set of
elements
the generative grammar is an explicit
description of his point of view
linguistic competence is in his opinion
the ability to understand
repeat and produce new utterances let's
take the english language as an example
to avoid the problem of a broken english
chomsky introduces the idea of
linguistic performance
the linguistic performance is the use of
the language in a concrete situation
chomsky thought that linguistic
competence the knowledge of the form and
structure of the language
comes first delhimes pointed out that
the linguistic competence could not
explain the actual rules of use
he also highlighted that this competence
is not enough to explain a native
speaker's
knowledge for this reason he developed a
theory of communicative competence
a language user needs to use the
language not only correctly based on
linguistic competence
but also appropriately based on
communicative competence
he developed e4 components of
communicative competence
linguistic sociolinguistic discourse and
strategic competence
linguistic competence is the knowledge
of the language code
not only grammar vocabulary but also
phonetics and the writing rules
sociolinguistic competence is the
knowledge of sociocultural rules of use
discourse confidence is the knowledge of
how to produce and comprehend
oral or written texts strategic
competence is the ability to recognize
and repair communication breakdowns
before
during or after they occur during the
1970s and 1980s many applied linguists
with a primary
interest in the theory of language
acquisition and the theory of language
testing gave their valuable contribution
to the further development of the
concept of communicative competence
kanaly and swain understood
communicative competence as a synthesis
of an underlying system of knowledge
and skill needed for communication they
divided the communicative compendants in
four big groups
grammatical competence the word in their
use
socio-linguistic competence is the
knowledge of sociocultural rules of use
strategic competence which is composed
of verbal and non-verbal strategies
discourse competence is the knowledge of
how to produce and comprehend oral or
written texts
it means coherence and cohesion the
council of europe in 2001 developed in
detail these communicative competencies
to develop its common european
frameworks of language
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