Place of Articulation | Consonant Sounds in English - Phonology
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers an in-depth exploration of the places of articulation in English consonant sounds. It explains that sounds are created by the interaction of two articulators, identifying them as either active or passive. The script delves into various places of articulation, such as labial, dental, alveolar, and others, providing examples for each. It distinguishes between voiced and unvoiced sounds, emphasizing the importance of understanding both the place and manner of articulation for accurate pronunciation.
Takeaways
- đŁïž To describe a sound in English, you need to consider the place of articulation, the manner of articulation, and whether the sound is voiced or unvoiced.
- đ The place of articulation is the location in the vocal tract where the active and passive articulators come together to produce a sound.
- đ Labial sounds like 'B', 'P', and 'M' are produced with both lips together.
- đŠ· Labiodental sounds such as 'F' and 'V' are produced with the lower lip against the upper teeth.
- đ Interdental sounds involve placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth, as in 'th' sounds.
- đ Alveolar sounds are produced at the alveolar ridge, including 'T', 'D', 'N', 'S', 'Z', and 'L' sounds.
- đ Post-alveolar sounds like 'R', 'sh', 'CH', and 'J' are produced just behind the alveolar ridge.
- đ Retroflex sounds are similar to post-alveolar but with the tongue curved back, as in the American 'R'.
- đ Palatal sounds are produced by raising the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate, as in the 'Y' sound.
- đ Velar sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, including 'K', 'G', and 'NG' sounds.
- đ Glottal sounds are produced at the glottis, with the vocal cords either closing (glottal stop) or constricting (glottal fricative).
- đ The 'W' sound is labialized velar, meaning it involves both lip rounding and tongue movement towards the soft palate.
Q & A
What are the three main components needed to describe a sound?
-To describe a sound, you need to describe the place of articulation, the manner of articulation, and the voicing (whether the sound is voiced or unvoiced).
What is the difference between active and passive articulators?
-Active articulators are the parts of the vocal tract that move to produce a sound, such as the tip of the tongue. Passive articulators are the stationary parts that the active articulators move towards, such as the alveolar ridge.
What is the place of articulation for the sound 'D'?
-The place of articulation for the sound 'D' is the alveolar ridge, where the tip of the tongue touches the ridge behind the upper front teeth.
What are labial sounds and how are they produced?
-Labial sounds are produced with both lips together, such as in the sounds 'B', 'P', and 'M'. They involve the lips as the active articulator and are produced by bringing both lips together.
How do you produce a dental sound, and what is an example?
-Dental sounds are produced with the lower lip against the upper teeth, as in the sounds 'F' and 'V'. An example of a dental sound is the 'F' in 'fun'.
What is the difference between alveolar and postalveolar sounds?
-Alveolar sounds are produced with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge. Postalveolar sounds are produced just behind the alveolar ridge, with the tongue raised towards the middle part of the palate.
What is the place of articulation for the 'R' sound in American English?
-The 'R' sound in American English is produced with a retroflex articulation, where the tip of the tongue is curved back just behind the alveolar ridge.
How is the 'Y' sound produced and where is it articulated?
-The 'Y' sound is produced by raising the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. It is a palatal sound.
What is the place of articulation for the 'G' sound and how is it different from 'C'?
-The 'G' sound is articulated at the back of the tongue against the soft palate, making it a velar sound. The 'C' sound, when pronounced as in 'cat', is also velar but is unvoiced, whereas 'G' is voiced.
What are glottal sounds and where are they articulated?
-Glottal sounds are produced at the glottis, which is the space between the vocal cords. The two glottal sounds in English are the glottal fricative and the glottal stop.
What does it mean when a sound is described as labialized, and what is an example?
-A labialized sound is produced with both lips rounded. An example is the 'W' sound, which is labialized velar because it involves both lip rounding and the back of the tongue moving towards the soft palate.
Outlines
đŁïž Introduction to Articulation
This paragraph introduces the concept of articulation in phonetics, focusing on the description of consonant sounds in English. It explains that to describe a sound, one must consider the place, manner, and voice of articulation. The video aims to explore the place of articulation, starting with an example of how the 'D' sound is produced by the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge. The distinction between active and passive articulators is made, with the tongue being the active articulator. The paragraph also mentions that the place of articulation is where the constriction of airflow occurs, which can vary from full closure to a wider opening.
đ Labial and Dental Sounds
This section delves into labial and dental sounds, explaining that labial sounds involve both lips, such as 'B', 'P', and 'M'. Dental sounds are produced with the lower lip against the upper teeth, exemplified by 'F' and 'V'. The paragraph also discusses interdental sounds, where both sets of teeth are involved, and the tip of the tongue is placed between the teeth, as in the 'th' sounds. The video provides visual aids and examples to help viewers understand these distinctions.
đ Alveolar and Post-Alveolar Sounds
The paragraph discusses alveolar sounds, which are produced at the alveolar ridge, involving the tip of the tongue touching this area to produce 'T', 'D', 'N', 'S', and 'Z' sounds. It also covers the flap or tap 'T' sound as in 'butter'. Post-alveolar sounds are slightly further back and include 'R', 'sh', 'CH', and 'J'. The retroflex 'R' is also mentioned, which is produced with the tongue curved back, as in the American 'R' sound. The paragraph emphasizes that while these sounds share the same place of articulation, they differ in their manner of articulation.
đ Palatal, Velar, and Glottal Sounds
This paragraph covers palatal sounds, which are produced with the middle part of the tongue raised to the hard palate, exemplified by the 'Y' sound. Velar sounds involve the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate, including 'C', 'G', and 'NG'. Glottal sounds are produced at the glottis, with the 'H' fricative and the glottal stop, which is the sound in 'uh-oh'. The paragraph also addresses the 'W' sound, which is labialized velar, meaning it involves both lip and tongue movements towards the soft palate. The importance of understanding these articulations for accurate pronunciation is highlighted.
đ Summary of English Consonants
The final paragraph summarizes the video's content by presenting a table that organizes English consonants by their place and manner of articulation. It explains that sounds are categorized as plosives, fricatives, affricates, etc., and are color-coded to indicate whether they are voiced (red) or unvoiced (green). The paragraph encourages viewers to explore more videos on the channel for a deeper understanding of English pronunciation and phonology.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄArticulation
đĄManner of Articulation
đĄVoiced and Unvoiced
đĄActive and Passive Articulators
đĄAlveolar
đĄLabial
đĄDental
đĄInterdental
đĄPalatal
đĄVelar
đĄGlottal
Highlights
Introduction to the concept of places of articulation in speech sounds.
Explanation of the need to describe the place, manner, and voice of articulation for a sound.
Description of how sounds are produced by two articulators coming together.
Example of the 'D' sound being produced by the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge.
Differentiation between active and passive articulators.
Explanation of the place of articulation as the location in the vocal tract where articulators meet.
Description of labial sounds produced with both lips together.
Labiodental sounds are produced with the lower lip against the upper teeth.
Interdental sounds are produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth.
Alveolar sounds are produced by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge.
Post-alveolar sounds are produced just behind the alveolar ridge.
Retroflex sounds are produced with the tip of the tongue curved back just behind the alveolar ridge.
Palatal sounds are produced by raising the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate.
Velar sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate.
Glottal sounds are produced in the space between the vocal cords.
Explanation of the glottal stop and its production.
Description of the labialized velar sound for 'W' and its dual place of articulation.
Emphasis on the importance of knowing the place and manner of articulation for accurate pronunciation.
Introduction to a table summarizing the place and manner of articulation for all English consonants.
Invitation to explore more videos on English pronunciation and phonology.
Transcripts
hi everybody welcome to this video we're
going to have a look at places of
articulation now to describe a sound you
need to
describe the place of
articulation the manner of
articulation and also the fation so that
means whether the sound is voiced or
unvoiced
in today's video we're going to have a
look at the place of
articulation and specifically of
consonant sounds in
English so let's
start now sounds are produced by two
articulators coming
together for example the tip of the
tongue is Touching The alv Ridge and we
say the sound D so tip of the tongue D
is touching the little bump behind your
teeth we call it the Alva rich and we
produce the sound D it's aive if you
want to know more about the manner of
articulation watch my other
video so there are two articulators
involved the tip of the tongue and the
Alva Ridge and we call these active and
passive articulators so the tongue is
moving it's an active articulator and it
moves towards the passive
articulator and in our example that is
the alular
ridge if you want to find out more about
the different articulators and passive
and active articulators you can find my
other video on my
channel now the place of of
articulation is the location in the
vocal tract where this coming together
occurs and we often say the articulators
form a constriction of the air flow it
could be a full closure it could be a
small opening or it could be a bit of a
wider
opening now there are several places of
articulation in English and we're going
to have a look at each one in
detail first of all B
labial B laal really means that both
your lips are involved and you can see
those in the cross-section diagram on
the
screen so the sound is produced with
both lips together for example
B P or M for example bed pen or
make B P all three are Bal sounds this
is the place of articulation for those
sounds next up we have laod dental
sounds Now labod Dental you can see
already in the word it means that the
lips and dental that's teeth the teeth
AR D but if you have a look at the
cross-section it's not both lips or both
sets of teeth it's quite
specifically the lower lip and the upper
teeth so the sound is produced with the
bottom lip against the upper teeth for
example F or V and you can actually see
my teeth when I form the sound V
so we have two example words F in fun
and the in
very number three inter Dental sometimes
also just called Dental so here both
sets of teeth upper and lower are
involved again have a look at the
diagram can see those highlighted in
blue and the tip of the tongue again
so here the sounds are produced by
placing the tip of the tongue between
the
teeth so that means the upper and lower
set of teeth and we do this for the two
t sounds in English first we have the
unvoiced th
sound so you place the tongue in
between I retract it as well and add a
little vowel to make it easier to to
hear but is the sound it's almost
inaudible actually without another one
and then the voiced one is the the the
so we have two example words think and
the the
article next we have
alv now sounds that are alv are produced
in the alv ridge and that is really the
place of articulation so the sounds
produced are are produced by raising the
tip of the tongue again use the tip of
the tongue a lot to th sounds and it's
raised to the alvea Ridge and in fact
usually there is contact there not maybe
always but quite often so we have quite
a lot of sounds that are actually formed
in this way so we have t and d and n and
for all three the tip of the tongue
touches the alvea Ridge and then we have
S and z now here there is a little small
opening so it's not complete closure but
it is the small opening is at the Alva
Ridge and then we also have l again
there is contact and I know this looks
like a rub but it's not it's the tap or
the flap T the a tap sound it's
the and let's have a look at some
example words it'll be easier to hear
the sound so we had T in two D in Day N
in no s in c z in zoo and then l in like
and the last one the the flap T this
little tap sound as in butter as
pronounced but by an American or for
example a lot of so here lot the T
becomes a flap t a lot of it's just this
little tap and that again happens on the
alula ridge the tip of the tongue just
Taps against
it now remember this is true for all of
the sounds you might think okay but they
all so different how can they all have
the same place of
articulation yes but these sounds do not
have the same manner of articulation
okay so they share the same place but
most of them have a different manner of
articulation and even if they have the
same manner of articulation like T and
du both plosives um they might differ
ination so yes to unvoiced to voiced so
there are other parameters that you have
to remember it's not just the place and
that is true not just for those via
sound sounds bad for all of the
sounds so let's have a look at the next
place that's just behind the Alva rid
it's the post alular sounds and so it's
literally just you just move a little
bit further back behind this little bump
I've shown it in the cross-section and
we do have quite a number of sounds that
are like produced here and they are
produced by raising the tongue and this
is a little bit more like the middle
part maybe of the tongue or the tip and
you raise it just behind the Ala Ridge
so we have for example
R
sh and CH and J so it's very close to
the alv ridge but a little bit further
back and again I've given you some
example words so we have red Sho vision
chair and June and so just slightly
back now there is also another place
that you will see mention sometimes and
it's called R retroflex it's also very
similar in place like it's it's in a in
a similar place to post Alva but
retroflex means that the sound is
produced with the tip of the tongue
curved back just behind the Alva Ridge
so post Alva really but the specific
thing is the tongue is curved backwards
and I've put a little error here to show
that the tongue would move backwards and
that's when we um pronounce the American
R and so instead of just saying rain
like a Brit would do or a Americans
would probably say Rain r
and r r and just the r sound yeah
definitely I can feel it my tongue is
curved back so rain and r r r
okay number seven we have palatal again
this is a place to describe sounds it's
your pallet really in your mouth and you
can see it in green in the cross-section
so those sounds are produced by raising
the middle part of the tongue again I I
showed this in yellow to the hard
palette so the hard palette is the the
bit in the middle really the roof top of
your mouth you could say and there's
only one sound that is produced here and
that is y y so just say it and see where
the middle bit of your tongue is lifted
to y y That's your heart pette and so y
we have a lot of times in English
usually when we have the spelling why
for example U or yes many many other
words as
well next one we have
V now those sounds are produced by
raising the back of the tongue so not
not the tip not the middle bed but the
back of the tongue to the soft palette
that's even further back from the hard
palette and the vum and the vum is the
little the little thing that is hanging
freely if you open your mouth really
wide in front of a mirror and you say ah
you can usually see it hanging from um
the roof of your mouth and that's the
vum and so we raise the back of the
tongue towards the soft pette and vum
part really at the back of our mouth and
so we have quite a few Sounds here we've
got
C and again say it and just pay
attention to the tongue
movement and G personally I find this is
the most obvious one G you can really
feel the closure and it's happening
right here at the back where the back of
the tongue um touches the soft pallet
and vum G and then
also this nasal sound it's um really
formed at the back it is not like which
was formed
in against the Alva Rich um the N which
is really spelling NG or NK in English
is formed right at the back totally
different place of articulation Okay so
we've got words like C cook G Go and
sing here the NG
spelling as in sing so very common sound
cuz we have a lot of in G endings in
English now last but not least we have
gal sounds so here the place of
articulation all the way down in your
throat really is the glotus all right
now how are these produced so the sounds
are produced by using the glotter and
the GLS is is not so much an articulator
but a space it is the space between your
vocal cords and we have two sounds that
are produced here first of all the
fricative and here the little
restriction is right here on your vocal
cords they don't vibrate they just close
a little bit to make it a bit smaller
and so we
form if we just breathe in and out you
can hear it a little bit but it's a bit
smaller therefore a bit louder comes a
sound and then we also have the glottal
stop that funny symbol looks like a
quest question mark the wrong way around
and that we have in between the words
uhoh and here really the glotter just
like the vocal cords close and open and
this is audible it's called a glottal
stop if this is a bit strange really do
watch my other video on the glottal stop
and you'll find out
more now you might have noticed that as
we went through the different places of
articulation and I give you the
different sounds as
examples the W was absent so you might
think okay what about what it wasn't
mentioned at all where is it formed now
the place of articulation for what is
labialized v and so what does that mean
so that means it's actually produced in
two places laiz that means M at the lips
but V
we know is at the vum or soft pallet in
the back of the mouth and so the sound
is produced with both lips rounded not
closed W have a look my lips are rounded
W but also now pay attention to the
position of your
tongue it also involves the back of the
tongue because it moves towards the soft
pallette there's no closure like an or G
but it's just moving towards it w and so
both of those things are involved so we
really have two different places of
articulation for the sound is in
where now knowing about the different
places of articulation and the tongue
movement can really help you produce the
sounds accurately and clearly of course
for that is also important to consider
the manner of articulation and whether
the sound is voiced or unvoiced so let's
have a look at a table where you can see
all of that in one
place now here you can see the place and
manner of articulation of all of the
consonant sounds that we have in English
on the left hand side you see the manner
of articulation plosives fricatives
africat Etc if you don't know what they
are please do watch my other video on
the manner of articulation and then you
have the places of articulation that we
just looked at written along the top by
laal all the way down to glal and all of
the consonants are now in this tables
you can determine the manner and place
for each sound so we have for example a
look at the L we can see it's a lateral
and it's
alv now you also see that the sounds are
either red or green green means that
this is an unvoiced sound and the vocal
quotes are not involved in the
production they stay open and don't
vibrate and then the red sounds are
voiced so the vocal chords vibrate and
those sounds are also quite a bit louder
as a
result to find out more about English
pronunciation and phology have a at my
channel you can find many more videos
and playlists on the different topics
and if you have any questions leave me a
comment
below
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