Stephen Krashen's 5 Hypotheses of Second Language Acquisition

Summary

In this presentation, Dr. Stephen Krashen's influential theory of second language acquisition is explored, including his five main hypotheses: Acquisition-Learning, Monitor, Natural Order, Input, and Affective Filter. Krashen emphasizes the importance of meaningful interaction and authentic communication in language learning, and counters critics by highlighting the benefits of bilingual education. His research challenges misconceptions and advocates for active engagement by educators in promoting the value of bilingualism.

Takeaways

• 👨‍🏫 Stephen Krashen is a renowned linguist and educational researcher, known for his influential work in second language acquisition.
• 📚 Krashen has published extensively, with over 350 papers and books, introducing key concepts in the field.
• 🗣️ He actively opposed policies hostile to bilingualism, advocating for the benefits of bilingual education.
• 📈 Research indicates that bilingual education programs help English learners acquire English faster than all-English programs.
• 🧠 Krashen's theory of second language acquisition includes five main hypotheses: acquisition-learning, monitor, natural order, input, and the effective filter.
• 🌐 The acquisition-learning hypothesis posits two systems of language performance: acquired (subconscious) and learned (conscious).
• 📚 The natural order hypothesis suggests that language acquisition follows a predictable sequence, similar across learners.
• 🔄 The monitor hypothesis explains how formal language learning can correct speech, but should be used minimally.
• 📈 The input hypothesis states that learners acquire language by receiving input slightly beyond their current competence level.
• 😌 The effective filter hypothesis links affective factors like motivation and anxiety to language acquisition success.

Q & A

Who is Stephen Krashen and what is his connection to the University of Southern California?

Stephen Krashen is a linguist, educational researcher, and activist. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Southern California, where he has contributed significantly to the field of second language acquisition.

What is Krashen's stance on bilingual education and how has he responded to policies critical of it?

Krashen is a supporter of bilingual education and has responded to policies critical of it through research, public speaking, and by writing letters to newspaper editors, arguing that bilingual education aids students in learning English more effectively.

What is the main criticism against Krashen's views on bilingual education?

Critics have characterized Krashen as being wedded to the interests of a multi-million dollar bilingual education industry, and some refer to him as the 'father of bilingual education.'

What are the five main hypotheses of Krashen's theory of second language acquisition?

The five main hypotheses are the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Input Hypothesis, and the Affective Filter Hypothesis.

What is the difference between the acquired system and the learned system according to Krashen?

The acquired system, or acquisition, is the subconscious process similar to first language acquisition and involves meaningful interaction in the target language. The learned system, or learning, is the result of formal instruction and involves conscious knowledge about the language.

How does the Natural Order Hypothesis relate to the acquisition of grammatical structures?

The Natural Order Hypothesis suggests that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a predictable order, which is independent of the learner's age, L1 background, or type of exposure.

What are the four stages of second language acquisition according to Krashen?

The four stages are the pre-production stage (silent period), early production stage, speech emergence stage, and intermediate fluency stage.

What is the Monitor Hypothesis and how does it influence language acquisition?

The Monitor Hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning, suggesting that learners use their conscious knowledge of language rules to correct deviations from normal speech and to give speech a more polished appearance, but this should be a minor aspect of language acquisition.

What does the Input Hypothesis suggest about the role of input in second language acquisition?

The Input Hypothesis suggests that learners improve and progress when they receive input that is slightly beyond their current linguistic competence, known as 'i + 1' input.

What are the affective variables mentioned in the Affective Filter Hypothesis and how do they impact language acquisition?

The Affective Filter Hypothesis states that variables such as motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety play a role in language acquisition. High motivation, self-confidence, and low anxiety (low affective filter) facilitate acquisition, while low motivation, low self-esteem, and high anxiety (high affective filter) can impede it.

What is Krashen's view on the role of formal instruction in second language acquisition?

Krashen believes that while formal instruction (learning) has its place, it is less important than acquisition in the process of second language acquisition.

How does Krashen suggest teachers should approach teaching second languages in the classroom?

Krashen suggests that teachers should focus on creating natural, authentic, and meaningful communication opportunities for students, ensuring that each learner receives input appropriate for their current stage of linguistic competence.