A Short History of Assyria and the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Summary
TLDRThis World History Encyclopedia video explores the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire, from its beginnings in Mesopotamia to its Neo-Assyrian expansion. Key rulers like Ashurnasirpal II and Ashurbanipal shaped its legacy, with Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh preserving invaluable ancient texts. The empire's military strategies, cultural assimilation, and eventual decline are highlighted, with its destruction leading to the preservation of significant historical records that have enriched our understanding of the ancient Near East.
Takeaways
- 🏛 The destruction of the Assyrian Empire led to the preservation of crucial ancient texts, including those from Ashurbanipal's library.
- 🌏 Assyria's history began in northern Mesopotamia and expanded significantly during the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
- 👑 Prominent Assyrian rulers like Adad Nirari I and Ashurbanipal played key roles in the empire's military campaigns and cultural advancements.
- 🛡️ The Assyrian military's use of iron weapons gave them a significant advantage during their conquests.
- 📈 The empire went through multiple periods of rise and fall, with various external forces such as the Mittani, Babylonians, and Hittites impacting its trajectory.
- 🏭 Trade colonies like Karum Kanesh were vital for Assyria's economic growth and the acquisition of raw materials.
- 🔍 The Assyrians were known for their deportation policies, relocating populations to prevent rebellion and assimilate diverse cultures into their empire.
- 🏥 Advances in medicine and the establishment of schools during the Neo-Assyrian period reflect the empire's commitment to knowledge and education.
- 🏰 The Assyrian Empire reached its greatest extent under kings like Sargon II and Sennacherib, who expanded its borders through military conquests.
- 📚 Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh was a significant cultural achievement, housing a vast collection of texts that have greatly informed our understanding of the ancient world.
- 🗝️ The decipherment of cuneiform tablets, initially through the Aramaic language, unlocked a wealth of knowledge about Mesopotamian history and culture.
Q & A
What was the significance of the destruction of the Assyrian Empire in preserving ancient texts?
-The destruction of the Assyrian Empire led to the preservation of thousands of clay tablets that were baked by the fires that destroyed Nineveh and other cities. These tablets, once deciphered, provided invaluable insights into the ancient Near East, including myths that inspired Biblical stories, as well as details on early agriculture, architecture, and warfare.
How did the Assyrian Empire expand its territory?
-The Assyrian Empire expanded its territory through a series of military campaigns and strategic alliances. They also utilized siege warfare techniques, such as lighting fires under gates, using mobile ladders, and battering rams to breach city walls.
What was the role of Anatolia in the rise of the Assyrian Empire?
-Anatolia played a crucial role in the rise of the Assyrian Empire as a source of raw materials, particularly iron, which allowed the Assyrians to perfect ironworking. The trade relationship with Anatolia brought wealth to the Assyrians, enabling them to expand their city and lay the foundation for their empire.
Who were some of the prominent rulers of the Assyrian Empire mentioned in the script?
-Prominent rulers of the Assyrian Empire mentioned in the script include Tudiya, Erishum I, Shamashi Adad I, Tiglath Pileser I, Ashurnasirpal II, Adad Nirari I, Tukulti-Ninurta I, Ashurbanipal, and Sennacherib.
How did the Assyrian Empire's policy of deportation impact the stability of their empire?
-The Assyrian Empire's policy of deporting large portions of the population from conquered lands and replacing them with Assyrians was intended to prevent future rebellions. This policy also involved relocating people based on their talents to areas where they could contribute to the empire, which helped in stabilizing the regions under their control.
What was the significance of the Battle of Nihriya in the context of the Assyrian Empire?
-The Battle of Nihriya, fought in circa 1254 BCE, was significant as it marked the end of Hittite power in the region and initiated their decline. It was a victory for Tukulti-Ninurta I, which allowed the Assyrian Empire to expand and solidify its control over the region.
How did the Assyrian Empire's approach to religion contribute to its cohesion and expansion?
-The Assyrian Empire's approach to religion, particularly the worship of their god Ashur, contributed to its cohesion and expansion by assimilating the gods and religious practices of conquered peoples into their worship. This helped in integrating the conquered populations into the Assyrian Empire and maintaining control over diverse regions.
What was the role of Ashurbanipal's library in shaping our understanding of the ancient Near East?
-Ashurbanipal's library, discovered in the 19th century, revolutionized our understanding of the ancient Near East by providing a vast collection of cuneiform tablets containing texts on myths, agriculture, architecture, and warfare. These texts were crucial in deciphering the Akkadian and Sumerian languages and provided insights into the development of culture, arts, and religion in neighboring civilizations.
How did the Assyrian Empire's military tactics evolve over time?
-The Assyrian Empire's military tactics evolved to include the use of siege warfare, with brutal attacks on cities involving the use of fire, mobile ladders, ramps, and archers. They also employed four-wheeled wooden towers with turrets and battering rams to break down walls or force a city's surrender through prolonged siege.
What were some of the cultural and technological advancements during the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
-During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, there were advancements in the fields of medicine, with the formulation of systematic lists of plants and animals, and the establishment of schools, although these were reserved for the sons of the wealthy and elite. There were also developments in mathematics, astronomy, literacy, architecture, and the arts.
Outlines
🏛 Rise and Fall of the Assyrian Empire
The video script introduces the Assyrian Empire, detailing its origins in northern Mesopotamia and expansion during the Neo-Assyrian period. It discusses the empire's early history, significant rulers, and the critical role of trade in its development. The script also covers the military's use of iron weapons, the empire's interactions with other civilizations such as the Hurrians, Hittites, and Babylonians, and the eventual decline and fall of the Assyrian Empire.
🌐 Assyrian Expansion and Cultural Preservation
This section of the script delves into the Assyrian Empire's Middle Empire period, highlighting the influence of the Hurrians and Mittani, as well as the Assyrian kings' strategies for expansion and control. It discusses the innovative policy of population deportation to prevent rebellion, the importance of scribes and scholars in preserving knowledge, and the empire's continued growth and development under various rulers. The script also touches on the preservation of cultural knowledge and the impact of the Assyrian's military successes on the region.
🛡 Neo-Assyrian Empire: Height of Power and Military Tactics
The script describes the Neo-Assyrian Empire's period of greatest expansion, marked by ruthless and effective military tactics, including siege warfare. It outlines the empire's territorial growth, the establishment of schools reserved for the elite, and the decline in women's rights with the rise of Assyrian monotheism. The section also covers the empire's religious practices, the assimilation of conquered peoples' gods into the worship of Ashur, and the empire's eventual overextension and internal strife leading to its decline.
📜 Ashurbanipal's Legacy and the Fall of the Assyrian Empire
This part of the script focuses on the reign of Ashurbanipal, known for his extensive library and contributions to arts and culture, as well as his military campaigns. It discusses the empire's challenges under his successors, the eventual sack of Nineveh, and the empire's collapse. The script also highlights the importance of the discovery of Assyrian texts, which revolutionized our understanding of ancient Near Eastern culture, agriculture, and warfare.
📘 Conclusion and Invitation to Explore More
The final section of the script invites viewers to reflect on the significance of Ashurbanipal's library and the impact of archaeological discoveries on our knowledge of the ancient Middle East. It encourages viewers to share their thoughts and to follow the channel for more educational content. The script also promotes the World History Encyclopedia's website and merchandise shop, thanking viewers for their engagement.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Assyrian Empire
💡Neo-Assyrian Empire
💡Ashurbanipal's Library
💡Cuneiform Tablets
💡Ironworking
💡Deportation Policy
💡Sennacherib
💡Babylon
💡Mittani
💡Akkadian Language
💡Nineveh
Highlights
The destruction of the Assyrian Empire led to the preservation of some of the world's most important ancient texts.
Assyria's history began in northern Mesopotamia and expanded through Asia Minor and Egypt during the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
The city of Ashur was an important center for commerce and laid the foundation for the Assyrian Empire.
Assyrian ironworking advancements provided a significant military advantage during their conquests.
The Assyrian king Shamashi Adad I secured Assyria's borders by driving out the Amorites.
Babylon's dominance over Assyria ended after the death of Hammurabi, allowing Assyria to reassert its regional control.
The Assyrian king Eriba Adad I gained influence in the Mittani court, leading to opportunities for expansion.
Adad Nirari I's rule marked the beginning of the Assyrian policy of deporting populations to prevent rebellion.
Tukulti-Ninurta I defeated the Hittites at the Battle of Nihriya, ending their power in the region.
Tiglath Pileser I revitalized the Assyrian economy and military, adding to the empire's resources and skilled populations.
The Neo-Assyrian Empire is known for its ruthlessness and cruelty during its period of greatest expansion.
Adad Nirari II recaptured lost lands and secured Assyria's borders, including the important region of Eber Nari.
The Assyrian method of siege warfare involved brutal tactics and the use of advanced military technology.
Ashurnasirpal II formulated the first systematic lists of plants and animals in the empire, contributing to medical knowledge.
Sennacherib moved the Assyrian capital from Ashur to Nineveh and improved the city with orchards and gardens.
Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh revolutionized our understanding of the ancient Near East.
The Assyrian Empire's fall led to the rise of Babylon's supremacy in the region until its fall to the Persians.
The discovery of Ashurbanipal's library and other clay tablets provided insights into ancient myths, agriculture, and warfare.
Transcripts
Did you know that the destruction of the Assyrian Empire preserved some
of the most important ancient texts in the world?
Hello and welcome to World History Encyclopedia! My name is Kelly and today's video will take you
through the rise of Assyria and the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the prominent rulers, and the fall of
their empire. Don't forget, the easiest way to support us is by giving this video a thumbs up,
subscribing to our channel and hitting that bell icon for notifications, so you don't miss out on
any new uploads. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organisation and you can find us on
Patreon - a brilliant site where you can support our work and receive exclusive benefits in return.
Your support helps us create videos twice a week, so make sure to check it out via the
pop-up in the top corner of the screen or via the Patreon link down below. Assyria has a long
history beginning in northern Mesopotamia and then expanding during the Neo-Assyrian Empire
from Mesopotamia through Asia Minor and down through Egypt. The empire began in the city of
Ashur and went through many different stages of expansion and sacking by a number of kingdoms,
including the Mittani, the Babylonians and the Hittites. Stick around while we take
you through the rise and fall and rise and fall again of the Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Well, it only makes sense to start at the beginning, and for the Assyrians that is in
the third millennium BCE, when the city of Ashur first emerged. However, the ruins that you can see
if you visit the site today date to 1900 BCE which is now considered the date the city was founded.
After the first king, Tudiya, the following kings were known as "kings who live in tents,"
which suggests a pastoral community, not an urban one. Despite this though,
the city of Ashur was already an important centre for commerce and in circa 1900, the king Erishum
I built a temple to the god Ashur at the site. An important trade colony for sure was Karum Kanesh,
or the Port of Kanesh in Anatolia. Merchants from Ashur travelled to Kanesh;
they would set up their business and after putting a trusted employee in charge,
then they would return to Ashur and supervise business dealings from there. From the trade with
Karum Kanesh came a lot of wealth which meant that the people of Ashur had the stability and security
to expand their city, and in doing this they laid the foundation from their empire. The Assyrians
got a lot of their raw materials from Anatolia which made it an important trade relationship,
and with the iron from Anatolia, the Assyrians were able to perfect the craft of ironworking.
The fact that the Assyrian military had iron weapons would prove to be a major advantage
during their later campaigns and conquests, while expanding their empire. During the Old Kingdom of
Assyria, there were the powerful civilisations of the Hurrians and the Hatti in Anatolia
holding dominance, while Ashur, to the north of Mesopotamia, remained in their shadow. There were
also the Amorites who were steadily expanding and increasing their territory and resources.
It was under the Assyrian king Shamashi Adad I, between 1812 and 1791 BCE, that the Amorites
were driven out of the region and the borders of Assyria were secured. By circa 1700 BCE, the
Hatti were invaded by the Hittites and assimilated into their kingdom. While all this was going on,
there was another city that was slowly gaining power and becoming a bit of a concern and that
city was Babylon. Under Hammurabi, between 1792 and 1750, Babylon conquered Assyria and made it
their vassal state. Not only that, but at this time the trade between Ashur and Karum Kanesh
came to an end and so Babylon became the dominant kingdom in the region and took
control of the Assyrian trade. I guess it's lucky for the Assyrians that after the death
of Hammurabi in 1750 BCE, the Babylonian Empire completely fell apart, and Assyria
had the chance to reassert its dominance in the region around their city of Ashur.
Unfortunately, the kings of Assyria during this time didn't seem up to the task and their region
fell into a period of civil war and instability, until the Assyrian king Adasi. Adasi was able to
secure the region and his successor continued the policies he introduced, but for whatever reason,
whether they were unwilling or unable, his successors did not work to expand their kingdom.
And now on to the Middle Empire, which begins in the 15th century with the Hurrians from Mittani
sacking Ashur and making Assyria a vassal state. The Mittani grew from eastern Anatolia
and by the 14th century, they also held power in Mesopotamia. Mittani's power was
broken by invasions by the Hittites, who replaced Mittani rulers with their own.
During this time, the Assyrian king Eriba Adad I was able to gain influence in the Mittani court,
which was now mostly Hittite. The Assyrians saw an opportunity for expansion and started to push the
boundaries of their region outward from Ashur and into the regions previously held by the Mittani.
The Hittites didn't just let this expansion happen though, and fought back against the
Assyrians and were able to keep them at bay until the Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I defeated what
was left of the Mittani forces under the Hittite commanders. He was able to take pretty substantial
portions of the region and was succeeded by two kings who didn't lose the regions,
but also didn't expand any further, that was until Adad Nirari I who ruled between 1307 and 1275 BCE.
He's the first Assyrian king that we know anything about with certainty because he left inscriptions
of his achievements, and it was under his rule that the Assyrian Empire drove out the Hittites
and the standard Assyrian policy of deporting large portions of the population began. Adad
Nirari I thought that removing the occupants of the land he had conquered and replacing them with
Assyrians was a good way to prevent any future rebellion or uprising, but anyone deported was
never in bonds and not everyone was displaced. Deportees were chosen based on their talents
and placed elsewhere in the empire where they could make the most of their skills,
and families weren't ever separated. It was when people resisted the presence and
policies of the Assyrians that they were killed or sold into slavery, but overall,
the populations were absorbed into the Assyrian Empire and thought of as Assyrians.
Under Adad Nirari I's, son Shalmaneser I, the destruction of the Mittani was completed,
and he also continued his father's policies and relocations of large chunks of the population.
Shalmaneser I's son, Tukulti-Ninurta I, continued these policies as well, but took it even further
especially with his desire to preserve knowledge and cultures of the people he conquered.
He took more care in deporting people where they could be utilised; with scribes and scholars being
relocated to urban centres where they could help with written works. In circa 1254 BCE,
Tukulti-Ninurta I defeated the Hittites at the Battle of Nihriya, which pretty much ended Hittite
power in the region and initiated their period of decline. In response to Babylon making incursions
into Assyria, he sacked Babylon, desecrated and sacked their temples, and took both the king
and some of their people to Ashur as slaves. Since Babylon and Assyria shared many of the same
deities, his sons and court officials rebelled against him claiming that his sack of Babylonian
temples was an offence to their shared gods. He was assassinated, probably by one of his sons
Ashur-Nadin-Apli, who then took the throne. After the murder of Tukulti-Ninurta I, Assyria neither
expanded nor declined, and while the Near East and beyond fell into a so-called 'dark age' with
civilisations completely collapsing following the Bronze Age Collapse in circa 1200 BCE,
Ashur and the Assyrian Empire remained intact. When Tiglath Pileser I ascended the throne in
circa 1115 BCE, he revitalized the economy and the military through his campaigns, which then
added more resources and skilled populations to the Assyrian Empire. Under Tiglath Pileser I,
the arts and literacy flourished and his preservation of cuneiform tablets would become the
model for Ashurbanipal's famous library at Nineveh later on. After Tiglath Pileser I died, his son,
Asharid-apal-ekur, ruled for two years and was succeeded by his brother Ashur-bel-Kala, who ruled
successfully in the beginning until the usurper challenged him and initiated a civil war. The
rebellion was crushed and the participants were executed, but during the turmoil, Assyria lost the
region of Eber Nari, which is modern-day Syria, Lebanon and Israel. This was a bummer for Assyria
because this region was important to the empire due to their established seaports, all of which
were now held by the Aramaeans. The Assyrians were not only dealing with incursions from
the Aramaeans, but the Amorites and the Mari were trying to free themselves from the empire's grasp.
The empire shrank under the following kings, and although they maintained their city of Ashur,
they weren't able to take back Eber Nari or drive the Amorites and Aramaeans from their borders.
The Neo-Assyrian Empire, also known as the Late Empire, is the period of the greatest expansion
of the empire, and it's where their reputation has come from for ruthlessness and cruelty.
Under the reign of King Adad Nirari II, between circa 912 and 1891 BCE, he was able to recapture
the lands lost during the Middle Empire, including the important region of Eber Nari,
and their borders were secured as their expansions continued.
Adad Nirari II conquered Babylon, but he learnt from his predecessors and instead of plundering
the city, he entered into a peace treaty with the king by marrying each other's daughters;
this meant that Babylon became a powerful ally rather than a problem to be dealt with.
The expansion continued under Adad Nirari II's successors with Tukulti Ninurta II,
who was king between 891 and 884 BCE, expanding the empire towards Anatolia, and Ashurnasirpal II,
between 884 and 859 BCE, consolidating a Syrian rule in the Levant through Canaan.
The method that afforded them so many victories was siege warfare,
which was started with a brutal attack on the city; they would light fires under wooden gates,
mobile ladders were used to cross moats and ramps were used to breach high sections of wall,
and all of these actions were covered with archers who made up the core of the Assyrian infantry.
After the initial assault, they would bring in their four-wheeled wooden towers with turrets on
top and one or two battering rams at the base, and either break down the walls or if the walls held,
lay siege to the city until it surrendered. It wasn't all about the expansion and conquering
but also about other advancements, with the notable one being in the field of medicine.
the Assyrians built on the foundation of Sumerian medical knowledge with king Ashurnasirpal II
formulating the first systematic lists of plants and animals in the empire, who even brought his
scribes with him on campaign to record new findings. Plus, there was the establishment
of schools, but these were reserved only for the sons of the wealthy and the elite, since
girls weren't allowed to go to school and women weren't able to hold any position of authority.
The rights of women, who were once almost equal in the early history of Mesopotamia,
steadily declined with the rise of Assyrian monotheism. The Assyrians worshipped their god
Ashur only at the temple in the city but as they went on campaign their god Ashur went with them,
so this meant that they had to come up with a new way of worshipping and imagining their god. The
vision resulted in Ashur as the supreme deity and as the Assyrians conquered peoples, they absorbed
the gods and religious practices of these peoples into their worship of Ashur. The Neo-Assyrian
Empire continued to grow as it became more cohesive with the spread of the worship of Ashur
and the assimilation of conquered people. The region expanded up the coast of the Mediterranean,
where they received tribute from the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon, and defeated the
Armenian kingdom of Urartu, under Shalmaneser III. The expansion of the empire ceased
after Shalmaneser III with his successor Shamshi Adad V fighting with his brother for control and
inciting civil war, which was eventually put down. The next king, Adad Nirari III,
was too young to assume the throne so his mother Shammuramat, who was also known as Semiramis;
who later became a mythical goddess queen, held the throne and organised successful campaigns,
until her son came to age. She handed her son a strong empire at the end of the 9th century BCE,
but his successors were happy to just chill out and ride the wave of the earlier king's success
and the empire ceased to develop until the eighth century under Tiglath Pileser III,
between 745 and 727 BCE. Tiglath Pileser III reorganised the government and the military,
and these reforms allowed him to reassert control of the Assyrian Empire over his conquered regions,
including the kingdom of Urartu, which had risen again and started to cause trouble. It was under
Tiglath Pileser III, that the Assyrian military was at its most effective. Tiglath Pileser III was
followed by Shalmaneser V between 727 and 722 and then Sargon II between 722 and 705. Sargon II's
rule was challenged by the Assyrian nobles who claimed that he had illegally seized the throne,
but their problems didn't seem to worry Sargon who brought the Neo-Assyrian Empire to its greatest
heights; completely conquering Urartu in 714 BCE, sacking the city and bringing its vast wealth back
to Assyria. He was succeeded by Sennacherib, who was king between 705 and 681 BCE, who campaigned
widely and ruthlessly. Sennacherib's annals, inscribed on what is known as the 'Taylor Prism,'
describes Sennacherib's military exploits in his sacking of Jerusalem, where he claims that
he captured 46 cities and overwhelmed the people of Jerusalem after trapping them in their city.
Sennacherib grew the wealth of the empire with his military victories and moved the Assyrian
capital from Ashur to Nineveh, where he improved the city and planted all sorts of orchards and
gardens. Sennacherib failed to learn from history though and decided to capture and sack Babylon,
and once again, his desecration of sacred temples led to his assassination by his sons.
His son, Esarhaddon, claimed the throne and ruled between 681 and 669 BCE. The first
thing he did was rebuild Babylon, and under his reign, the Assyrian Empire flourished,
especially with his success in conquering Egypt; something Sennacherib tried and failed to do.
Esarhaddon's campaigns were successful and allowed for stability in the empire, so that advancements
could be made in areas like medicine, mathematics, astronomy, literacy, architecture and the arts.
Esarhaddon died in the midst of preparing a campaign against the Nubians, and he was
succeeded by the last great Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Ashurbanipal ruled between 668
and 627 BCE and was the most literate of the Assyrian kings. This isn't surprising since he
is best known in the modern day for the huge library he collected at Nineveh. Although he
was a patron for arts and culture, he was just as ruthless as the previous rulers in securing his
empire. He defeated the Elamites and expanded his regions further east, and with his belief that it
was important to preserve the past, he sent envoys to all of the lands under his control and had them
either copy or bring back books from the various towns and cities to Nineveh for his royal library.
Ashurbanipal died in 627 BCE, after ruling effectively for 42 years. But in that time,
the regions dominated by the Assyrian Empire became too large, which made it difficult to
defend the borders and also meant the regions were overtaxed. His successors couldn't hold
all of the territories, and regions broke away with the vassal states revolting against
the Assyrian dominance. In 612, Nineveh was sacked and burned by a group of Babylonians,
Medes, Persians and Scythians, among others, which destroyed the palace and the library.
The Assyrians were so despised that their cities were all so thoroughly destroyed that within two
generations no one knew where they had once been and they lay covered in sand for the next two
thousand years. After the fall of Assyria, Babylon assumes supremacy in the region from 605 until its
fall to the Persians in 549 BCE, under Cyrus the Great, who founded the Achaemenid Empire.
Cyrus learned from history and did not repeat the mistakes of the Assyrians; he instituted a more
humane form of government, creating an even larger empire and more stable one. Herodotus, the Greek
historian referred to the entirety of Mesopotamia as 'Assyria,' and Herodotus' works were well-known
to early scholars who therefore knew of Assyria's existence. When serious excavations began of the
fallen Assyrian cities in the 19th century, thousands of clay tablets were discovered.
The fires that destroyed Nineveh and other cities baked the clay cuneiform tablets of Assyrian works
and the broken walls covered them until they were discovered by modern-day archaeologists.
At first, no one could decipher them but the Aramaic language turned out to be key. Akkadian
was the initial language of the Assyrians until Tiglath Pileser III introduced Aramaic, and with
the survival of Aramaic written language, it was used to decipher first Akkadian and then Sumerian.
Once the texts could be read, they were found to contain myths that inspired some of the most
famous stories from the Bible, details on early agriculture, architecture, beer brewing and
warfare, which previously were credited to later cultures. The discovery of Ashurbanipal's library
and those at other cities revolutionised our understanding of the ancient Near East
and the development of culture, the arts and religion of neighbouring civilisations as well.
Did you know about Ashurbanipal's library? What do you imagine we'd think about the ancient Middle
East if archaeologists hadn't discovered it? Let us know what you think in the comments below!
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