Histoire et évolution de l'Empire romain

Summary

Le script vidéo présente une chronique de l'Empire romain, débutant par sa fondation mythique en 753 av. J.-C. et explorant les différentes étapes de son évolution, de la conquête de l'Italie à la chute de l'Empire d'Occident en 476. Les conflits clés, tels que les guerres puniques, les guerres macédoniennes, les guerres serviles et les guerres civiles, sont détaillés, ainsi que l'importance de personnalités comme Pyrrhus, Hannibal, César, Augustus et Constantin. La transition de la République à l'Empire et la division entre l'Empire d'Orient et d'Occident sont également abordées, mettant en évidence l'héritage considérable de Rome qui a façonné la culture occidentale moderne.

Takeaways

• 🏗️ Fondation légendaire de Rome en -753, marquant le début de son histoire.
• 🏰 La chute de la monarchie en -509 ouvre la période de la République romaine.
• 🛡️ Conquête de l'Italie, notamment la victoire sur les Samnites et les Grecs du Sud.
• 🏹 Les Guerres Puniques, essentielles dans l'histoire romaine, aboutissent à la victoire de Rome et à l'annexion de Carthage.
• 🏺 La guerre contre les Macédoniens et les autres royaumes grecs, qui conduisit à l'influence romaine sur les territoires grecs.
• 🏛️ Les guerres serviles, marquées par les révoltes des esclaves,尤其是 les guerres de Spartacus.
• 🗝️ Les guerres civiles, qui ont conduit à l'instauration du Principat par Augustus en -27.
• 🏰 La Pax Romana, une période de paix et de prospérité sous l'Empire romain.
• 🏹 Les tentatives d'expansion en Germanie et en Perse, ainsi que la conquête de la Bretagne et de la Dacie.
• 🏙️ La division de l'Empire en 395 entre l'Empire d'Occident et l'Empire d'Orient.
• 🏰 La chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident en 476, marquant la fin de la domination romaine et le début du Moyen Âge.

Q & A

Quelle est la date officielle de la fondation de Rome?

La fondation officielle de Rome est en 753 avant J.-C.

Qu'est-ce que la Latin League et à quel moment a-t-elle été fondée?

La Latin League est une confédération de plusieurs villes fondée avec l'aide de Rome pour se soutenir mutuellement. Elle a été fondée pendant la période de la conquête de l'Italie par Rome.

Qui étaient les Samnites et comment ont-ils interagi avec Rome?

Les Samnites étaient un peuple italien qui ont créé une confédération pour lutter contre l'expansion romaine. Ils ont combattu Rome dans les trois guerres samnites, mais ont finalement été vaincus.

Qu'est-ce que la Pyrrhic War et d'où vient l'expression 'victoire pyrrhique'?

La Pyrrhic War était un conflit entre Rome et les cités grecques en Italie du Sud. L'expression 'victoire pyrrhique' vient de la bataille d'Heraclea, où le roi grec Pyrrhus a remporté une victoire à grands sacrifices, illustrant une victoire qui coûte très cher.

Quels ont été les enjeux des guerres puniques contre Carthage?

Les guerres puniques étaient des conflits pour le contrôle des territoires et des colonies en Méditerranée. Rome a cherché à s'expandre et à partager les zones d'influence avec Carthage, un empire phénicien basé en Afrique.

Comment Hannibal Barca a-t-il influencé le cours des Secondes Guerres puniques?

Hannibal Barca a lancé une offensive surprise contre Rome en traversant les Alpes, ce qui a marqué le début des Secondes Guerres puniques. Bien que ses armées aient atteint Capua, elles n'ont pas pu progresser davantage, ce qui a abouti à la victoire romaine finale à la bataille de Zama.

Quels ont été les événements clés qui ont conduit à la fin de la République romaine et au début de l'Empire romain?

Les événements clés incluent la guerre civile entre Sylla et Marius, la formation du Triumvirat avec Pompey, Crassus et Julius Caesar, les guerres civiles suivant la mort de Caesar, et finalement la victoire d'Octavian qui devient Augustus et instaure le Principat, marquant le début de l'Empire romain.

Quelle est la signification de la Pax Romana et pendant combien de temps a-t-elle duré?

La Pax Romana est une période de paix et de stabilité qui a caractérisé le règne de l'Empire romain après la fin des guerres civiles. Elle a duré environ 200 ans, depuis l'ascension d'Augustus au pouvoir jusqu'à la fin du règne de Trajan.

Comment les invasions barbares ont-elles affecté l'Empire romain?

Les invasions barbares, principalement des peuples germaniques, ont affaibli l'Empire romain, entraînant à terme la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident. Cette période est souvent appelée la Crise du IIIe siècle et a conduit à la formation de la Tetrarchie pour mieux gérer et protéger l'Empire.

Quelle est la différence entre l'Empire romain d'Occident et l'Empire romain de l'Est après la division de l'Empire en 395?

Après la division de l'Empire en 395, l'Empire romain d'Occident a très rapidement perdu le contrôle de ses territoires et a été remplacer par des royaumes barbares, tandis que l'Empire romain de l'Est, ou Empire byzantin, a continué à prospérer avec Constantinople comme capitale, mais a également finalement été conquis par les Ottomans en 1453.

Comment l'Empire romain a-t-il influencé la culture occidentale moderne?

L'Empire romain a laissé un héritage considérable qui a été la base de la culture occidentale moderne. Il a influencé la politique, la philosophie, l'art, l'architecture, la langue et les lois, et a dominé l'économie et la culture mondiales pendant des siècles.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Naissance et Conquête de l'Italie

Ce paragraphe retrace les débuts de Rome, fondée officiellement en 753 avant J.-C., et son évolution vers un empire méditerranéen. Il décrit la conquête de l'Italie, en passant par la fondation de la Ligue latine, la conquête de Veies en 396 avant J.-C., les guerres samnites, la guerre pyrrhique contre les Grecs, et la fin de la conquête italienne en 264 avant J.-C. L'objectif est de présenter brèvement les principales étapes de l'expansion romaine, de sa fondation à sa chute.

05:02

🏹 Les Guerres Puniques et la Conquête du monde grec

Ce paragraphe détaille les trois guerres puniques, qui ont été cruciales dans l'histoire de Rome, allant de 264 à 146 avant J.-C. Il explique comment Rome a d'abord tenté de s'emparer de Messine pour dominer le détroit, ce qui a conduit à la première guerre contre Carthage. Rome a finalement annexé la Sardaigne et la Corse, et a réformé son armée pour se préparer à la deuxième guerre, qui a vu Hannibal Barca l'emporter jusqu'en Italie. La troisième guerre a abouti à la division de la Macédoine en petits états sous l'influence romaine. Le paragraphe conclut avec la guerre contre Carthage en 149 avant J.-C., qui a vu Rome annexer définitivement Carthage comme province d'Afrique.

10:02

🏰 Les Guerres de Macédoine et les Guerres Serviles

Ce paragraphe aborde les guerres de Macédoine, qui ont eu lieu entre 214 et 168 avant J.-C., et qui ont vu Rome affronter la Macédoine pour la domination des terres grecques. Il décrit également les guerres serviles, qui ont eu lieu entre 140 et 104 avant J.-C., résultant de la transformation de l'esclavage à Rome et de la révolte des esclaves. Le paragraphe met en évidence les personnages clés de la République romaine, tels que Caius Marius et Sylla, ainsi que les conflits internes qui ont conduit à la guerre sociale et à la guerre civile, marquant la fin de la République et le début de l'Empire romain.

15:02

🥂 La Transition vers l'Empire Romain et les Guerres Civiles

Ce paragraphe décrit la transition de la République romaine à l'Empire romain, marquée par la guerre civile et la formation du Triumvirat avec Jules César, Pompey et Crassus. Il détaille les conquêtes de César en Gaule, sa tentative de se rendre à Rome avec son armée, la guerre civile qui a suivi et sa victoire en 45 avant J.-C. Le paragraphe se termine avec l'assassinat de César, la formation du Second Triumvirat avec Marc Antoine, Octave et Lepidus, et la fin de la République romaine avec Octave devenu Augustus et la mise en place du Principat en 27 avant J.-C.

🏰 L'Empire Romain et son Évolution

Ce paragraphe présente l'ère de l'Empire romain, commençant avec Augustus et la Pax Romana, une période de paix et de prospérité. Il décrit les conquêtes et les expansions territoriales, notamment en Bretagne et en Dacie, ainsi que les conflits militaires, comme la guerre de Judea et la crise du IIIe siècle. Le paragraphe détaille également les changements dynastiques et la division de l'Empire en 395, la chute de l'Empire d'Occident et la persistance de l'Empire de l'Est, qui deviendra l'Empire byzantin, jusqu'à sa chute en 1453.

🏰 Héritage et Chute de l'Empire Romain

Ce paragraphe explore l'héritage et la chute de l'Empire romain, soulignant l'influence de Rome sur la culture occidentale moderne. Il décrit la division de l'Empire en 395, les événements marquants comme le sac de Rome en 410 et la fin de l'Empire d'Occident en 476. Il détaille également la survie de l'Empire de l'Est, plus tard connu sous le nom de l'Empire byzantin, et son combat pour maintenir son territoire face aux invasions barbares et à l'expansion ottomane, culminant en la chute de Constantinople en 1453 et la fin de l'Empire.

Keywords

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Highlights

The Roman Empire's conquest of the Mediterranean and its historical significance.

The legendary founding of Rome in 753 BC, despite uncertainty about the actual year.

The transition from the Roman Kingdom to the Republic in 509 BC after the fall of the monarchy.

The Conquest of Italy, marking Rome's initial expansion and the formation of the Latin League.

The sack of Rome in 390 BC by Gallic invasions, a significant setback in Rome's early history.

The Pyrrhic War with the Greeks, leading to the famous term 'Pyrrhic victory' for a costly win.

The Punic Wars, crucial conflicts between Rome and Carthage, leading to Rome's dominance in the Mediterranean.

The Second Punic War, notable for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and the eventual Roman victory.

The Macedonian Wars, which involved Rome's interventions in the affairs of the Greek states.

The transformation of slavery in Rome and its impact on the Republic, leading to the Servile Wars.

The Social War, sparked by the debate over granting citizenship to Italians, not just Romans.

The rise of powerful generals like Marius and Sulla, and their eventual conflicts leading to civil wars.

The formation of the Triumvirate by Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar, a significant political alliance.

Julius Caesar's Civil War and his assassination, leading to further instability in Rome.

The Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability under the rule of Augustus.

The division of the Roman Empire into the Western and Eastern Empires in 395 AD.

The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages.

The final fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, with Romulus Augustulus as the last emperor.

The Byzantine Empire's continuation and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire's legacy.

Transcripts

Oh the Roman Empire! This great empire which had conquered the whole Mediterranean.

It's been a long time since I made a history video,

I think I need to get back to it.

In this video, I will take a map of the Mediterranean

and see the different stages that allowed the evolution of Rome.

From its foundation to its fall.

The purpose of this video is to be brief,

and to understand as quickly as possible

all the main lines of this empire.

Let's go !

Officially, Rome was founded in 753 BC.

This foundation is obviously legendary.

We have no idea of ​​the year of the real foundation of Rome.

However, I will take this year as a reference

that I will post in the corner.

You will therefore have two chronological markers.

In -753, Rome was founded.

It is a small kingdom consisting of a single city.

And in -509, the monarchy fell to make way for the Republic.

I made a great leap in history because,

firstly, Rome did not expand in territory

and secondly, everything we know is legendary.

Chapter 1: Conquest of Italy

We will stay in Latium for now.

Rome, with the help of other cities, founds the Latin League.

It is a confederation of several cities to help each other.

Rome is on the border between the Latin world and the Etruscan world.

In 396, Rome took the Etruscan city of Veii.

It is a first conquest.

On the other side, the Latin League makes war on the peoples further south.

In 390, Rome would have suffered a sack.

The sack of Rome.

Due to the Gallic invasions.

Then in 343 BC,

Rome, once well unified with its Latin territory,

begins to attack towards the south.

This is the First Samnite War.

Rome wins.

In 340, it is the beginning of the Latin War.

The other Latin cities struggle

against the influence of Rome in the Latin world.

Rome wins again.

It is a regional power.

The Samnites are afraid and create a confederation

to fight against Roman expansion.

This is the Second Samnite War in 327.

It ends in 304.

Rome wins but without gaining territory.

There is a truce.

In -298, the war is relaunched,

it is the Third Samnite War.

Rome wins by far.

At that time, Rome possessed

a good part of the center of the Italian peninsula.

Even Naples is conquered.

The Appian Way is built between Rome and Capua.

It is the first Roman road.

But Rome will try to conquer towards the South.

But there, he will meet a sizeable enemy.

The Greeks ! Indeed, the Greeks colonized the South of Italy.

In -280, Rome meets the Greek cities,

it is the beginning of the Pyrrhic War in Italy.

It begins with the Battle of Heraclea.

The Greek Pyrrhus wins

and it is from this battle that the expression comes:

Pyrrhic Victory.

A victory but with many losses.

Pyrrhus will chain military losses to win battles

that do not bring him much.

In -275, with the Battle of Benevento,

Rome wins against the Greeks.

Pyrrhus withdraws.

Rome takes the rest of southern Italy.

The Etruscans had also tried to attack Rome,

they were finally conquered in -264.

Rome goes to the end of the peninsula.

And here, in -264, we can say

that the Roman conquest of Italy ends.

But Rome will go even further!

We will see that immediately, in the next chapter.

Chapter 2: The Punic Wars

The Punic Wars are very important in Roman history.

They start from -264.

Rome wasted no time.

Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica are three island colonies

that belong to Carthage.

Itself located in Africa.

The Carthaginians are a Phoenician people.

The Phoenicians originated from present-day Lebanon.

In the previous chapter,

Rome was just a small city in the beginning.

But in the end, it had become a very important city in the Mediterranean.

The two empires must share the areas of influence.

It is by trying to take the city of Messina,

to dominate the strait,

that Rome must face Carthage.

This is the beginning of the First Punic War in -264.

Rome takes all of Sicily in about ten years.

Carthage is in debt.

Syracuse, which was a Greek city, remains an independent Greek city.

In -241, the war ends.

Rome still lost a lot of money with this war,

it sets up slavery.

Sicily will be a very good agricultural land for Rome.

Carthage is bad after this big defeat.

And revolts take place on its territory and its colonies.

Rome took the opportunity to annex Sardinia from -238 then Corsica.

During the next 20 years, Carthage reformed its army,

developed its colonies in the Iberian Peninsula.

Then in -218, Hannibal Barca launched an offensive on Rome

via the Alps.

This is the beginning of the Second Punic War.

Hannibal's armies do well

and arrive as far as Capua.

Then they get a bit stuck

and can't grow anymore.

Rome then launches two offensives:

one towards the Iberian Peninsula,

another directly towards Carthage.

In -202, the war ends and Rome is again victorious

with the Battle of Zama, not far from Carthage.

Scipio Africanus is the Roman general

who becomes the hero of this battle.

Iberia becomes Roman, it is still a new agricultural territory.

And Numidia becomes a Roman ally.

Carthage must be content with its little piece of Africa.

Chapter 3: The Macedonian Wars

Carthage had attempted to make an alliance with Macedonia.

Macedonia is a small kingdom,

a residue of the Great Macedonian Empire

founded by Alexander the Great a century earlier.

The First Macedonian War took place between 214 and 205.

Rome had attempted a conquest of Illyria,

but it could not afford it because it was too focused

on waging war on the Carthaginians.

Rome loses this first Macedonian war.

But Little Macedonia,

it is no longer so small in -200.

It annexes the other Greek states,

makes alliances then invades the island of Rhodes

which calls Rome for help.

Rome intervenes and wins the war.

She imposes a peace treaty and recovers some lands in Illyria.

Macedonia is therefore a simple ally of Rome.

Just like the city of Pergamon.

A Greek city.

But the latter is attacked by the Seleucid Empire in -192

and Rome must intervene.

She wins in -188.

Macedonia is happy with the weakening of the Seleucid Empire

thanks to Roman intervention,

thinks that it could regain its influence,

even attack the Seleucid Empire.

Rome intervenes in -172 to stop Macedonian ambitions.

It is the Third Macedonian War

which ends in -168 with the victory of Rome, once again.

Macedonia is divided into several small Greek states

under Roman influence.

When around -150, a Greek king managed to unify the small states

in an attempt to recreate Macedonia,

Rome intervened and definitively annexed the Greek territories.

This is the Fourth Macedonian War between -150 and -148.

In -146, Macedonia becomes Roman.

Meanwhile, Rome had launched a war against Carthage in -149.

Them again !

Carthage had attempted to invade Numidia.

Rome intervenes, wins the war in -146

and definitively annexes Carthage as a province of Africa.

The 2nd century BC

was also an opportunity for Rome

to consolidate its presence in the Iberian Peninsula.

With the War of Numance between -155 and -133,

Rome finishes conquering all the peninsula.

These new territories will be used to the maximum for their resources.

Agricultural, mining but also slavers.

Many slaves are sent to Sicily for agriculture.

Chapter 4: Servile Wars Slavery

, which has existed for a long time

in the form of family slavery,

was transformed in Roman times.

The Roman Republic made a huge trade out of it.

In -140, in Sicily, the first slave revolt took place.

This is the First Servile War which ends in -132.

When the Romans manage to quell the revolt.

In -133, Pergame and its territories are integrated into Rome.

In -112, there is a problem of succession in Numidia.

Allied country of Rome.

Rome intervenes in Numidia.

And at the same time, there are barbarian invasions,

it's the Cimbrian War.

This is where a first important character of the Republic comes in:

Caius Marius.

You will see that several important characters

will follow one another in Republican history.

Marius intervenes in Numidia in the War of Jugurtha.

He wins in -105.

Then he intervenes in the north to fight the Cimbri.

He wins in -101.

Marius becomes the first of the great Roman generals.

But in this context of double war, another is looming…

…It is the Second Servile War

which begins in -104.

Revolt that ends in -101

once the Cimbrian War is over.

Moreover, it allows Rome

to obtain the Mediterranean coast between Italy and Hispania.

Let's take a look at what will become of this Marius.

He made a great name for himself.

His main lieutenant is Sylla, 20 years younger than him.

Sylla also achieves great exploits during the same wars.

In -96, Cyrenaica joined Rome.

That's starting to make a lot of territories that belong to Rome.

But most are just simple provinces.

And only the Romans, from Rome, are entitled to citizenship in this Republic.

And if Rome is powerful,

it is thanks to its provinces which bring army and resource.

In particular, the Italian peninsula.

So there is a debate about whether or not

to give citizenship to Italians.

It will all end in war.

It is the Social War which begins in -90.

Rome must fight the Italic League.

Marius, who is getting old,

and his former lieutenant turned general, Sylla,

lead the war against the Italic League.

It is Sylla who gains popularity through his exploits.

This war is won by giving citizenship to those

who stop rebelling against Rome.

But Marius and Sylla will start to hate each other.

They hate each other for personal but also political reasons

because they belong to different factions.

They will launch their army against each other.

It's the Civil War.

I won't go into more details.

Sylla is 50 years old, Marius 69 years old.

Sylla wins in -87 and Marius is forced into exile.

In -83 takes place a second civil war against Sylla

but with the armies of the son of Marius.

Said Marius the Younger.

Again, Sylla wins with the help of his precious allies,

among them the young Pompey.

In short, Sylla becomes dictator for life of Rome.

In the meantime, there have been other wars, especially towards the east.

Allowing to recover Anatolia around 70.

Then, there is Hispania

which rebels with the help of pro-Marius.

Sylla sends the young Pompey there who wins the war.

But Rome is in a really unstable situation,

especially after Sulla's death

and in -73 the Third Servile War breaks out.

It is led by the famous Spartacus.

Pompey intervenes as a general.

But so is Crassus, another general.

The revolt was stopped in -71 mainly thanks to Crassus.

Pompey and Crassus become Consul of Rome the following year

thanks to their exploits.

The year -70.

Chapter 5: Civil wars

With Sylla who becomes dictator after a civil war,

we understand that the Roman Republic is less and less stable.

Pompey had become Consul at only 36 years old!

He is therefore young and full of future.

He leads other wars in the East to recover the territories of Pontus.

But also Jerusalem.

Pompey and Crassus are very popular.

Pompey waged other wars, especially against piracy.

He became very popular.

Crassus has become terribly rich.

He is the richest man in the country!

But the two are rivals, a bit like Marius and Sylla.

They seek to find arrangements with a young lawyer.

In -60, the three men make a pact.

It is the Triumvirate.

To elect the young lawyer Consul in -59 and it works.

The latter is the well-known Julius Caesar.

After his year as Consul,

Julius Caesar obtains the management of a province:

Cisalpine Gaul.

Caesar is ambitious, he wants to make new conquests for Rome.

Between -58 and -50, Julius Caesar leads the Gallic Wars

and obtains many territories.

In -50, Caesar wants to return to Rome with his army.

Meanwhile, Crassus died in battle.

In -49, Caesar crosses the Rubicon,

the river he must not cross with his army.

He does it anyway, implying

that he intends to invade Rome with his own army.

This is the start of Caesar's Civil War.

Pompey intervenes immediately.

But it's Caesar who wins in -45.

The latter is helped by Marc Antoine,

a young cavalry master who had distinguished himself in Gaul.

In -44, Julius Caesar was elected dictator for life.

But he is immediately murdered.

Pompey dies during the civil war.

Marc Antoine tries to maintain the power obtained via Caesar.

But Caesar's adopted and murderous son,

Brutus, desires power too.

This is the Modena Civil War. Brutus is killed.

Marc Antony makes an alliance with Octavian,

another adopted son of Caesar and Lepidus.

But it ends in civil war between Octavian and Marc Antoine

who both want to reign over Rome.

In -32 begins the Last Civil War of the Roman Republic.

Marc Antoine goes into exile in Egypt and commits suicide with Cleopatra, his lover.

In -30, Octavian won the civil war

and annexed Egypt at the same time.

Numidia had also been annexed.

He proclaims himself Pharaoh.

Octavian changes his name and becomes Augustus in -27

when he sets up a new political regime:

The Principate.

Rome remains officially a Republic but in fact,

all powers are with Augustus.

It is considered that from this date,

the Roman Republic gave way to the Roman Empire.

Chapter 6: Roman Empire

Once Augustus is in power,

Rome experiences a form of peace.

It's called the Pax Romana.

There are a few wars to consolidate territories.

There are attempts to go to Germania and Persia.

In AD 43, Rome begins to conquer Britain.

In 106, Dacia was conquered.

At that time, Trajan is emperor

and we can say that the Empire is at its peak.

During Trajan's Parthian War,

he briefly conquered some territories.

There were still some periods of tension

during this Roman peace.

Already in the year 69 when four emperors succeeded each other.

There is a civil war where the Flavian dynasty takes power.

Before, it was the dynasty of Augustus.

Then between 66 and 73 with the First Judeo-Roman War.

Then in 96, the Antonine dynasty took power.

In 193, this dynasty was undermined.

It is the year of the Five Emperors who follow one another.

And the Severan dynasty takes power.

In the 3rd century, the so-called Barbarian Invasions began.

They are rather migrations of Germanic peoples.

There is even talk of the Crisis of the Third Century.

Especially around 235 when the Severan dynasty fell.

Then the dynasties are not maintained.

We are talking about military anarchy.

Since the emperors follow one another coming from the military ranks.

Between 253 and 268, this period of military anarchy

gave way to that of the Thirty Tyrants.

Then gives way to the period of the Illyrian Emperors until 285.

It becomes more and more complicated

since these last emperors are of Greek culture for many.

In 285, the Roman Empire became a Tetrarchy.

There are four heads of state in the Empire including two emperors.

Milan becomes one of the imperial cities.

Each is responsible for covering an area

and protecting it from barbarian invasions.

Constantine, one of the emperors in 324,

manages to unify power and suppresses the Tetrarchy.

He becomes the emperor of the entire Roman Empire

and launches a new dynasty:

The Constantinians.

Constantine I, as he was later called,

promulgated new laws that allowed Christianity to flourish.

This religion will become that of Rome.

Constantine will create a new capital in the east:

Constantinople.

In 363, the Valentinian dynasty took power.

Then in 379, a new dynasty took power:

The Theodosians.

With Theodosius I. But when the latter died in 395,

the Roman Empire could no longer remain unified.

It is thus divided between its two successors:

Western Empire and Eastern Empire.

Flavius ​​Honorius, the little brother,

takes the Western Empire while being in Milan.

His big brother takes Constantinople.

It is the division of the Roman Empire in 395.

Chapter 7: Decline and fall of the Empire

Milan had become the capital of the West

during the Tetrarchy in 286.

In 401, the capital is moved to Ravenna.

In 410, Rome was attacked by the Visigoths.

It's the Sack of Rome.

We can sometimes retain this date as the beginning of the Middle Ages

and the domination of the Germanic peoples over Europe.

From this date, the Western Roman Empire

loses control of all its territories.

In 455, the Theodosian dynasty fell to the Western Empire.

The Empire mainly controls the Italian peninsula

and much more elsewhere.

We are entering the period of the Last Emperors.

Romulus Augustulus is considered

the last Western Roman emperor.

He became emperor in 475 and died in 476.

The mercenary Odoacer then took power and proclaimed himself Patrice of Italy.

Then it is a succession of monarchs who kill each other

and whose Eastern Empire still thinks it has a certain influence.

On the other side, the Eastern Roman Empire resists.

Today it is called the Byzantine Empire.

It will continue to expand with Constantinople as its capital

and Greek as its main language.

After an attempt to recover the former territories of the Roman Empire,

the Byzantine Empire saw its size decrease

, being limited to European Greece and Anatolia.

In 1204, Constantinople was taken during the Crusades.

The Empire temporarily disappears.

The Empire of Nicaea, a remnant that had resisted,

again leads a conquest

to recover the territories of Anatolia and Constantinople.

The Byzantine Empire forms again

but is trampled little by little by the Ottoman Turks who encircle it.

In 1453, the Turks took Constantinople.

It is the final end of the Byzantine Empire

and of what could still be called the Roman Empire.

In reality, the Roman Empire has certainly disappeared,

but its heritage is gigantic.

It is the origin of modern Western culture

and the latter dominates the world,

economically and culturally.

Thank you for watching this video to the end!

I hope you have a better view

of the chronology of the Roman Empire.

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And I tell you, see you next time!