History of Global Politics: Creating International Order
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the history of global politics and the evolution of international relations, highlighting the concept of nation-states and their interactions through diplomacy and international organizations like the UN. It explores the Westphalian system's origin of sovereignty and the impact of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code. The script also examines various forms of internationalism, from liberal to socialist, and the role of figures like Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, and Woodrow Wilson in shaping global governance. It concludes by connecting international relations to the broader phenomenon of globalization and the increased interdependence of states.
Takeaways
- 🌐 International relations is the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements.
- 🌟 Internationalization refers to the deepening of interactions between states and the study of relations with international organizations.
- 🏛️ The global system is composed of sovereign states that interact through diplomacy and international organizations like the UN.
- 🏞️ The Philippines serves as an example of a country that gained independence and now has a voice in international affairs.
- 🏛️ The concept of the nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon, with states and nations being distinct yet interconnected entities.
- 🏙️ The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 is a key historical document that established the modern concept of state sovereignty.
- 📜 The Napoleonic Code and the French Revolution spread ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, influencing the development of modern states.
- 🌱 Liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism are two broad categories of internationalism, with differing views on nationalism and global cooperation.
- 🗽 Woodrow Wilson's advocacy for the League of Nations after World War I exemplifies the push for international cooperation and the prevention of future conflicts.
- 🔄 The League of Nations, despite its dissolution, laid the groundwork for future international organizations and the principles of liberal internationalism.
Q & A
What does the term 'international relations' refer to?
-International relations refers to the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements, allowing nations to cooperate and address global issues that surpass individual countries or regions.
What is the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia in the history of global politics?
-The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, marked the origin of the modern concept of sovereignty and the interstate system, ending the 30 Years War and establishing the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.
How does the concept of 'internationalism' differ from 'nationalism'?
-Internationalism is a system of heightened interaction between states, promoting cooperation and global governance, while nationalism is a focus on the interests and identity of a particular nation, often prioritizing its sovereignty and independence.
What are the four elements that constitute a state according to the script?
-The four elements that constitute a state are a defined population, a government that exercises authority over its citizens, a territory that the government governs, and sovereignty, which includes both external and internal authority.
What is the difference between a 'nation' and a 'state' as described in the script?
-A nation is an 'imagined community' of people who share a common culture and history, while a state refers to a country with its government, territory, and sovereignty. Not all states are nations, and not all nations are states.
How did the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code influence the concept of modern state policies?
-The French Revolution and Napoleonic Code promoted the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and forbade birth privileges, encouraging freedom of religion and meritocracy in government service. These ideas spread across Europe and influenced the development of modern state policies.
What was the role of the League of Nations and why was it created?
-The League of Nations was created after World War I to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. It was an attempt to establish a system for conciliation and arbitration among nations, with the hope of maintaining peace and resolving disputes.
What is the significance of the United Nations in the context of internationalism and global governance?
-The United Nations serves as the center of global governance, facilitating international relations and cooperation, and promoting global norms and policies. It is a key example of international organizations that help to manage and mediate state-to-state relations and global issues.
How did the concept of 'liberal internationalism' evolve over time, as mentioned in the script?
-Liberal internationalism evolved from the ideas of Immanuel Kant, who emphasized the need for a global government to prevent chaos, to Woodrow Wilson's advocacy for the League of Nations, which focused on democracy, self-determination, and international law. It has been reasserted in the creation of the United Nations and continues to influence global politics.
What is the concept of 'socialist internationalism' as opposed to 'liberal internationalism'?
-Socialist internationalism, as opposed to liberal internationalism, rejects nationalism and focuses on the idea that the working class, or proletariat, has no nation and should unite across borders. It was represented by the Communist International, which aimed to direct communist parties worldwide and promote socialist revolution.
How does the script connect the history of internationalism to the broader phenomenon of globalization?
-The script connects the history of internationalism to globalization by highlighting the increased interdependence of states and the role of international organizations in promoting global norms and policies. It suggests that international relations and internationalism are windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization.
Outlines
🌏 Understanding International Relations and Global Politics
This paragraph introduces the concept of international relations, focusing on the study of interactions between states in political, military, and diplomatic spheres. It discusses the importance of cooperation and information sharing to address global issues, and the role of international organizations like the UN in fostering these interactions. The paragraph also delves into the attributes of the global system, emphasizing the independence of countries, the facilitation of international organizations, and the historical context of nations gaining independence and participating in international affairs, using the Philippines as a case study.
🏛️ The Evolution of Nation-States and the Westphalian System
The second paragraph explores the concept of nation-states, distinguishing between 'nation' and 'state' and providing examples of how they can coexist or differ, such as Scotland within the UK and the Bangsamoro region in the Philippines. It traces the historical roots of the modern state system back to the Treaty of Westphalia, which established the principle of state sovereignty. The paragraph also discusses the impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Code on the spread of liberal ideas, and how these influenced the development of the modern state.
🕊️ Liberal Internationalism and the Pursuit of Global Peace
This section examines liberal internationalism, which advocates for increased cooperation and understanding among nations to address global issues. It highlights the views of Immanuel Kant, who proposed a global system of government, and Jeremy Bentham, who advocated for international law. The paragraph also discusses the ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, who believed in a system of free nations cooperating for peace, and Woodrow Wilson, who championed the League of Nations as a means to prevent conflict and promote democracy.
🌹 Socialist Internationalism and the Critique of Nationalism
The fourth paragraph contrasts liberal internationalism with socialist internationalism, as represented by Karl Marx, who rejected nationalism in favor of a global perspective that transcends national boundaries. It outlines Marx's vision of a socialist revolution and the establishment of the Comintern, an organization aimed at directing communist parties worldwide. The paragraph also touches on the collapse of the Second International and the rise of the Soviet Union, which promoted a more radical form of internationalism.
🌐 The United Nations and the Rise of Global Governance
The final paragraph reflects on the post-war period and the emergence of the United Nations as a central institution for global governance. It discusses the resurgence of liberal internationalism and the role of the UN in promoting global norms and policies. The paragraph also considers the broader phenomenon of globalization and its impact on state-to-state relations, emphasizing the increased interdependence of states and the facilitation of international relations by organizations like the UN.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡International Relations
💡International Organizations
💡Nation-State
💡Sovereignty
💡Nationalism
💡Global Politics
💡Liberal Internationalism
💡Self-Determination
💡Global Governance
💡Interdependence
💡Globalization
Highlights
Understanding international relations as the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements.
Internationalization as a phenomenon that deepens the interaction between states and transcends national boundaries.
The attributes of today's global systems, including the role of countries, international organizations, and their impact on global politics.
The historical tracing of nation-states, such as the Philippines' journey from Spanish and American control to gaining independence.
The concept of nation-states as a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, distinct from the idea of a nation.
The difference between a state and a nation, exemplified by Scotland as part of the United Kingdom but with its own national identity.
The elements that constitute a state: population, government, territory, and sovereignty.
Benedict Anderson's view of nations as 'imagined communities' with limited and defined boundaries.
The role of nationalism in the formation of nation-states and the concept of national settlements.
The Treaty of Westphalia as the origin of the modern concept of sovereignty and its impact on the interstate system.
The influence of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code on the spread of liberal ideas and the challenge to the Westphalian system.
The development of internationalism as a system of heightened interaction between states, with two broad categories: liberal and socialist internationalism.
Immanuel Kant's perspective on liberal internationalism, emphasizing the need for a global government to maintain peace and order.
Jeremy Bentham's advocacy for international law to govern interstate relations and the challenges it poses to state sovereignty.
Giuseppe Mazzini's view on nationalist internationalism, where free and unified nation-states form the basis of global cooperation.
Woodrow Wilson's vision of liberal internationalism, promoting self-determination and democracy as prerequisites for international cooperation.
The failure of the League of Nations and its role in giving birth to modern international organizations like the World Health Organization.
Karl Marx's interpretation of internationalism, rejecting nationalism and advocating for a socialist revolution led by the proletariat.
The establishment of the Communist International as a radical and less democratic organization directing communist parties worldwide.
The rise of the United Nations as the center of global governance, embodying the principles of liberal internationalism and the lessons learned from the League of Nations.
The impact of globalization on international relations, increasing interdependence among states and the role of international organizations in promoting global norms and policies.
Transcripts
good day today you will learn about
history of global politics creating an
international can you say something
about this picture a picture that is
very symbolic and records into ating
international order let's start with
understanding international relations as
a term refers to the scholars that study
bureaucracy interactions between States
either political military in other
diplomatic engagement between two or
more countries it allows nations to
cooperate with one another pull
resources and share information as a way
to face global issues that go beyond any
particular country or region and
internationalization a phenomenon that
exists exploring the deepening of
interaction between states the study of
relations of states with each other and
with international organizations and
certain sub-national entities and
presents a global reentered perspective
on issues that transcends national
boundaries in connection of global
politics may I present to you the
attributes of today's global systems
composed of 4-1 countries or states are
independent and governing themselves to
these countries interact with each other
through diplomacy three international
organizations facilitate these
interactions like UN and last
international organizations also take on
lives of their own so there are some
countries gained during independence
tracing the history like Philippines
after more than three hundred thirty
three years of being under Spain the
control of USA and the same with Japan
now Philippines has a voice in
international affairs that broaden its
identity to series of diplomatic process
its territory as could be one of the
example of it and with regards to its
interaction in global politics the
intervention of international
organizations helped the country to
promote
political identity and min cater to some
global to fully understand the
attributes of today's global system you
must first know what is nation-state as
it is relatively modern phenomenon in
human history
and people that always organize
themselves as countries and it is
composed of two non interchangeable
terms not all states and nations and not
all nations are States example Scotland
banks tomorrow in the Philippines North
and South Korea and Chinese nations
there is the big difference between
states in a nation as written in the
examples Scotland is a flag and national
culture yet belong to a state of United
Kingdom Bangsamoro after approved by the
Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte
became a separate nation existing within
a country yet recognized the authority
of the same country meanwhile if there
are states with multiple nations there
are also single nations with multiple
states like North and South Korea side
with one nation but still these two are
states the same with the People's
Republic of China and Taiwan so what is
the difference of nation in a state
according to layman's term state refers
to a country and its government and it
consists of four elements one population
exercise authority over citizens to
government crafts various rules the
people follow tree territory and area
which governments govern and last the
Serenity we reference to external and
internal authority without a population
there can be no state population can be
more or less but it has to be there the
injury rights in freedom as citizens as
well as perform several duties towards
the states different directory is an
essential component a state can't exist
in the air or at sea
it is essentially a territorial state
the state exercises its sovereign power
through its government
Serenity's the beauties on which the
state regulates
all aspects of the life of the people
living in its territory while according
to Benedict Anderson nature is an
imagined community it is limited because
it does not go beyond a given official
boundary being limited means that nation
has its boundaries based on the examples
of nation anyone can be a part of
different religion that exists in the
world and that is one of the fundamental
freedom of individual but no one can be
simple become as a Filipino it takes
years to become a citizens of one
country like an American can simply go
to the Philippine Embassy and convert
into a Philippine citizen and the same
process have made furthermore calling it
imagined does not mean that the nation
is made up rather the nation allows one
to feel a connection with the community
or people even if she/he will never meet
all of them in his or her lifetime
example Olympics and territory so how it
became as imagine for example when you
treat a Filipino athlete in the Olympics
are in sports like Manny Pacquiao in
boxing it is not because you personally
know that athlete rather to imagine your
connection as both members of the same
Filipino community
another is the Philippine Archipelago
urs in the comfort that the majority of
the people living in are also Filipinos
finally most nations tribe to become
States nation builders can only feel a
sense of fulfillment when that national
ideas assume an organizational form
whose authority and power are recognized
and accepted by the moreover if there
are communities that are not States they
often seek some form with sana me within
their mother states for example he Beck
dog belongs to Canada yet US different
law about language as their
french-speaking and required French land
competencies for their citizens Scotland
independence on the other hand as a
strong dependence movement led by the
Scottish Nationalist Party
so therefore nation-states are closely
related because it is nationalism that
facilitates States formation in the
modern in contemporary era it has been
the nationalist movements that have
allowed for the creation of
nation-states States become independent
and sovereign because of national
settlements there PlayMemories for this
independence nation and state has its
similarity and that is the severity so
the interstate system has the origin of
the present-day
concept of sovereignty can be traced
back to the Treaty of Westphalia which
was the state of agreement signed in
1648 to end up the 30 Years War between
the major continental powers of Europe
however spreading of French Revolution
promoting liberty equality and
fraternity expand to the rest of the
euro
Napoleonic Code forbids the birth
privileges encouraged freedom or
religion and promoted Marie Christie in
government service so serenity is dust
one of the fundamental principles of
modern state policies understanding how
this became the case of entails
going back as far as 400 years ago the
response system was destroyed by
Napoleon Bonaparte and spread these
ideas through Napoleonic Code to
continue the Anglo and pollution armies
finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle
of Waterloo in 1815 and England his
mission to spread liberal code across
Europe so the royal power is restored
the Westphalian system
performing the concert of Europe as
alliance of great powers it sought to
restore the world monarchical territory
and religious privileges of the time
before the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars it was an alliance to
restore the sovereignty of states the
implementation of Napoleonic Code
shock the monarchist and the retiree
elites of Euro and the mastery their
armies to push back against the French
Emperor then to prevent the situation
the royal power is created concentrate
of euro until such time on the metric
system name from the lead clemens von
Metternich an Austrian diplomat the
constrictor is in the charity lasted
from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World
War one until now states are considered
sovereign and the great powers still
hold significant influence over world
politics example the five permanent
members of UN Security Council so the
state restored the severity and based on
the example this powerful grouping in
the human the Security Council as the
core of five permanent members all
having veto powers over the council's
decision making process in addition to
the concept of stability
internationalism was developed as a
system of heightened interaction between
various German states particularly the
desire for greater cooperation immunity
among states and people and it has two
broad categories the liberal
internationalism and the socialist
liberalism it was an awareness of
internationalism shrines alight upon
nationalism and help us to better
understand the continued appeal of
nationalism within the global political
realm moreover the only means by which
one can resolve complex and multifaceted
issues is to tackle the cause of the
problem from international perspectives
Immanuel Kant express his understanding
with regards to liberal internationalism
like in states in a global system to
people living in a given territory
according to him states like citizens of
countries must give up some freedoms and
established continuously growing state
consisting of various nation which will
ultimately include the nations of world
in short can't imagine a form of global
government
in addition according to him if people
living together require government to
prevent lawlessness shouldn't that same
principle apply to state without a form
of government he argued the
international system would be chaotic
he gave emphasis on the vital role of
the government in order to obtain attain
peace and political order
aside from Kent Jeremy Benton advocated
the creation of international law that
would govern the interstate relation he
believed that objective global slaterys
should aim to propose obviously Jean
that would create the greatest happiness
of all nations taken together he focused
on analyzing to have a one system or law
that people may follow too many these
proposals for global governments in
international law seemed to represent
challenges the states would not avoid
government in effect become supreme and
would not its law overwhelm the
sovereignty of individual states on the
other hand giuseppe mazzini
argued that the voice italian min states
could unify one could scale up the
system to create Metheny was a
nationalist internationalist who
believes that free unified nation states
should be the basis of global
cooperation Mazzini clearly believed
that the spread of democracy in national
self-determination would be a powerful
force for peace in the long run although
the transition might often be violent
he believed in republican government and
proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an
international system
from Europe let's fly to United States
where what the Royal Sun also believes
in liberal internationalism he was the
US president from 1913 to 1921 Wilson
saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism with a principle of
self-determination I believe that the
world's Nation had the right to a free
and sovereign government he hoped that
these free nations would become
democracies because only by begin such
would they be able to build a free
system of international relations based
on the three national law and
cooperation in addition he became the
most notable advocate for the creation
of the League of Nations at the end of
World War one in 1918 he pushed to
transform the league into a venue for
conciliation and arbitration to prevent
another words for his efforts Wilson was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 to
become Democratic a country should
promote its nationalism and
internationalism would you believe that
pertaining this type of ideas a country
may maintain its freedom independence
and democracy through formation of
League of nation ironically the United
State was not able to join the
organization due to strong opposition
from the Senate and able to hinder
another war from breaking out and it was
practically helpless to prevent the
onset and intensification of worldwide -
on the one side of the world really Axis
powers led by Hitler Mussolini and uro
Ito over ultra-nationalists and had an
instinctive disdain for internationalism
and preferred to vitally impose the
dominance of other nations it was in the
means of this war between Axis powers
and the Allied powers composed of the
United States United Kingdom
and Holland and Belgium that
internationalism would be eclipsed
despite the failure the league gave
birth to some of the Moyes specific
international organizations that are
still around today these are World
Health Organization and International
Labour Organization it would serve as
the blueprint for future forms of
international cooperation in this
respect
despite its organizational dissolution
the League of Nations principles
survived World War two in addition the
league was the concrete decision of the
concepts of liberal internationalism
from Kent it emphasized the need to form
common international principles for
Mazzini it enshrines principle of
cooperation and respect among nation
speaks from Wilson it called democracy
and self-determination
these idiots would be reassert
themselves in creation of United Nations
in 1946 the idea of Karl Marx differs in
the interpretation of liberal
internationalism and he believed more in
nationalist internationalism a German
socialist philosopher and was also
internationalist and biggest critics of
messini he did not believe in
nationalism he believed that any true
form of internationalism should be
deliberately who reject nationalism
which rooted people in domestic concerns
instead of global ones the capitalist
class referred to the owners of
factories companies and other means of
production in contrast the project our
yacht was included those who did not own
the means of production but instead
worked for the okapi to continue he
believed that in a socialist revolution
seeking to overthrow the state and alter
the economy the proletariat had no
nation
hence they're now famous battlecry who
workers of the world unite you have
nothing to lose but your chains Marx
died in 1883 but his followers who
thought to make his vision concrete by
establishing their international
organization so what was the achievement
of Karl Marx in socialists entry
nationalism socialism 3 national was
European socialists and Labour Party's
established in Paris in 1889 the SI
achievements included May 1 as Labour
Day International Women's Day and a
campaign for an eight-hour work day the
SI collapse during World War 1 as the
members parties refused or were unable
to join the internationalist efforts to
fight for the war as the SI collapse
more radical version emerged and the
so-called Russian Revolution of 1917
then Khomeini's internationalism exists
as the a cycleops more radical version
emerged in the so-called Russian
Revolution of 1917 tsar nicholas ii
overthrown and replaced by a
revolutionary government led by
Bolsheviks party
Vladimir Lenin believes that this new
state was called the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics or USSR exhorted the
revolutionary Vanguard parties to lead
the revolutions across the world using
methods of terror if necessary today
parties like these are referred as
communists point he even established the
Communist international common term in
1990 it served as the central body for
directing communist parties all over the
world this international was not only
more radical than the socialist
international it was also less
democratic because it followed closely
the top-down governance of the
Bolsheviks
however a problem arose during World War
two when the Soviet Union joined the
Allied powers in 1941 together United
States of America and the United Kingdom
Joseph Stalin dissolved the common term
in 1943 after the while here we
established the common term as the
Communist Information Bureau or common
form it helped direct various communist
parties that had taken power in Eastern
Europe with eventual collapse of Soviet
Union in 1991 whatever existing thoughts
about feminist internationalism also
practically disappeared for the post-war
period however liberal internationalism
would once again be ascendant and the
biggest evidence of this is the rise of
United Nations as the center of global
governance for the conclusion these
layers and examine the roots of
international system it also discussed
the short history of internationalism
[Music]
there is also inclusion of the aspect of
globalization it also increased
interdependence of states
lastly international relations the
internationalism is one window into the
broader phenomenon of globalization
since global interactions are heightened
but increased interdependence of the
states it manifests itself not just
through state to state relations
international relations are also
facilitated by the international
organizations that promote global norms
in policies in the most prominent
example of these organization is united
nation
you
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