Intro to Psychology: Crash Course Psychology #1

CrashCourse
3 Feb 201410:54

Summary

TLDREste guión de video ofrece una visión panorámica de la psicología, desde sus orígenes en la curiosidad humana por la mente hasta su desarrollo en una ciencia que estudia el comportamiento y los procesos mentales. Aborda la influencia de pensadores como Aristóteles, la psicología estructuralista y funcionalista, y el impacto revolucionario de Sigmund Freud con su teoría de la psicoanálisis. Explora la diversidad de escuelas de pensamiento y subraya la importancia de la integración de diferentes enfoques para comprender la complejidad del cerebro humano.

Takeaways

  • 🧠 La mente humana es considerada la pieza más complicada del universo conocida por los humanos.
  • 📚 La palabra 'psicología' proviene del latín y se relaciona con el estudio del alma; hoy en día se entiende como la ciencia del comportamiento y los procesos mentales.
  • 🔬 La psicología como una práctica científica comenzó en el siglo XIX, aunque el interés humano por el funcionamiento mental es mucho más antiguo.
  • 🤔 La psicología aborda preguntas profundas como la naturaleza del mal, la existencia del libre albedrío, la definición de la enfermedad mental y la conciencia de uno mismo.
  • 🛋️ La figura del psiquiatra escuchando a un paciente es una representación común de la psicología, influenciada en gran medida por la figura de Sigmund Freud.
  • 👨‍⚕️ Freud desarrolló la psicoanálisis, una técnica terapéutica que sugiere que los trastornos mentales pueden ser tratados a través de la terapia de conversación y el autodescubrimiento.
  • 🔍 La psicoanálisis de Freud introdujo la idea revolucionaria de que nuestras personalidades están moldeadas por motivos inconscientes.
  • 🐾 El comportamiento y las funciones mentales son estudiados desde diferentes perspectivas como el estructuralismo, el funcionalismo y la psicoanálisis.
  • 🌐 La psicología moderna es una ciencia integrativa que combina enfoques diversos para entender el comportamiento y los procesos mentales.
  • 🌟 La psicología reconoce la complejidad del cerebro humano y aboga por un enfoque multidisciplinario para explorar la mente.

Q & A

  • ¿Cuál es el origen de la palabra 'psicología' y cómo ha evolucionado su definición?

    -La palabra 'psicología' proviene del latín 'study of the soul' y su definición formal ha evolucionado a lo largo de las últimas décadas. Hoy en día, se puede definir como la ciencia del comportamiento y los procesos mentales.

  • ¿Cuándo se estableció la práctica de la psicología como una ciencia moderna?

    -La práctica de la psicología como una ciencia moderna se estableció en el siglo XIX, alrededor de mediados de ese siglo.

  • ¿Qué descubrimientos importantes se realizaron en la psicología en China y Persia hace dos mil años?

    -Hace dos mil años, los gobernantes chinos llevaron a cabo los primeros exámenes psicológicos del mundo, exigiendo que los funcionarios públicos tomaran pruebas de personalidad e inteligencia. En el siglo 9, el médico persa Al-Rhazes fue uno de los primeros en describir el trastorno mental y tratar pacientes en lo que se asemeja a una unidad psiquiátrica temprana en su hospital de Bagdad.

  • ¿Cuáles son algunas de las preguntas fundamentales que aborda la psicología?

    -Las preguntas fundamentales que aborda la psicología incluyen cómo los humanos pueden cometer actos horribles, si tenemos libre albedrío, qué es el trastorno mental y qué podemos hacer al respecto, y qué es la conciencia o la noción de sí mismo.

  • ¿Quién fue Sigmund Freud y cómo influyó en la psicología?

    -Sigmund Freud fue uno de los pensadores más influyentes y controvertidos de su tiempo. Sus teorías influyeron en nuestras visiones sobre la infancia, la personalidad, los sueños y la sexualidad, y su trabajo generó un legado de apoyo y oposición.

  • ¿Qué es el estructuralismo y cómo contribuyó a la psicología?

    -El estructuralismo fue una escuela de pensamiento en psicología que se basó en entender las estructuras de la conciencia a través de la introspección. Fue propuesto por Wilhelm Wundt y Edward Bradford Titchener, pero debido a su dependencia de la introspección y la subjetividad, su influencia fue efímera.

  • ¿Qué es el funcionalismo y cómo se diferencia del estructuralismo?

    -El funcionalismo, propuesto por William James, se enfocó en la función del comportamiento, en lugar de en sus estructuras internas. Se basó en la idea de que los comportamientos adaptativos son conservados a lo largo del proceso evolutivo, lo que lo distingue del estructuralismo.

  • ¿Qué innovaciones introdujo Sigmund Freud con su técnica de asociación libre y su teoría de la psicoanálisis?

    -Freud introdujo la técnica de asociación libre, donde animaba a sus pacientes a hablar libremente sobre lo que les viniera a la mente, lo que formó la base de su carrera y de una rama entera de la psicología. Su teoría de la psicoanálisis sugirió que nuestras personalidades están moldeadas por motivos inconscientes, algo que en 1900 no era obvio.

  • ¿Cómo cambió la percepción de los trastornos mentales con la introducción de la psicoanálisis de Freud?

    -La psicoanálisis de Freud sugirió que los trastornos mentales podían ser curados a través de la terapia de habla y el autodescubrimiento, lo que fue un gran avance en comparación con los métodos previos que incluían confinamiento y trabajos menial para los pacientes.

  • ¿Qué es el comportamentalismo y qué contribuyó a su popularidad en el siglo XX?

    -El comportamentalismo se enfocó en el estudio del comportamiento observable, impulsado por figuras como Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson y B. F. Skinner. Se popularizó en el siglo XX debido a su enfoque en la condición y la respuesta observables, en lugar de en los procesos mentales internos.

  • ¿Cómo se define la psicología hoy en día y qué aspectos diferentes de la disciplina abarca?

    -La psicología moderna se define como el estudio del comportamiento y los procesos mentales, y abarca una amplia gama de escuelas de pensamiento y métodos, desde el comportamentalismo y las teorías psicoanalíticas hasta la psicología humanista, la ciencia cognitiva y la neurociencia.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introducción a la Psicología

El primer párrafo introduce la complejidad del cerebro humano y su influencia en la sociedad. Explica que la psicología es la ciencia del comportamiento y los procesos mentales, con raíces que se remontan a la curiosidad humana por sí misma. Se menciona que la palabra 'psicología' proviene del latín y que su definición ha evolucionado. También se aborda la historia de la psicología, desde Aristóteles y los exámenes psicológicos en China, hasta la descripción de la enfermedad mental por parte de Rhazes. Finalmente, se presentan algunas de las grandes preguntas que la psicología busca responder, como la naturaleza del mal humano, la libertad de voluntad, la enfermedad mental y la conciencia.

05:03

🕵️‍♂️ La Influencia de Freud y las Teorías Psicológicas

Este párrafo se centra en la figura de Sigmund Freud y su impacto en la psicología, incluyendo sus teorías sobre la infancia, la personalidad, los sueños y la sexualidad. Se habla de su vida y su trabajo, que se desarrolló a lo largo de un período histórico significativo. Además, se menciona la diversidad de la psicología, con diferentes escuelas de pensamiento como el estructuralismo, el funcionalismo y el psicoanálisis. Se explica el inicio de la psicología científica con Wilhelm Wundt y cómo su enfoque en la introspección llevó al estructuralismo, que eventualmente se hizo obsoleto. William James, por otro lado, abordó el funcionalismo, centrada en la función del comportamiento y enfocada en la adaptación evolutiva.

10:05

🔬 Avances en Psicología y la Integración de Diversas Escuelas de Pensamiento

El tercer párrafo continúa explorando el desarrollo de la psicología, con énfasis en el psicoanálisis de Freud y su técnica de terapia a través de la asociación libre y la interpretación de sueños. Se discute la idea revolucionaria de que las motivaciones inconscientes modelan nuestras personalidades y cómo el psicoanálisis permitió un enfoque terapéutico hacia la salud mental. También se mencionan las contribuciones de otros psicólogos como Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson y B. F. Skinner, quienes formaron el behaviorismo, un enfoque que se centra en el comportamiento observable. Finalmente, se habla de cómo la psicología moderna es una amalgama de diversas escuelas de pensamiento, reconociendo tanto la observación del comportamiento como la importancia de los procesos mentales internos.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Psicología

La psicología es definida en el guion como la ciencia del comportamiento y los procesos mentales. Se relaciona con el tema del video al ser el campo de estudio que aborda preguntas sobre la mente humana, el comportamiento y la conciencia. En el guion, se menciona que la psicología ha evolucionado desde la 'estudio de la alma' hasta incluir una amplia variedad de preguntas y métodos.

💡Conciencia

La conciencia se refiere a la capacidad de un ser humano para ser consciente de sus pensamientos, sentimientos y percepciones. En el guion, se discute cómo la conciencia es un aspecto complicado de la mente y se cuestiona si una persona que pierde su sentido de 'yo' aún sería considerada humana.

💡Personalidad

La personalidad es el conjunto de características y comportamientos que definen a una persona. El guion menciona que, según Freud, la personalidad está moldeada por motivos inconscientes, lo que sugiere que muchas veces nuestras acciones y pensamientos están influenciados por factores de los que no somos conscientes.

💡Libre albedrío

El libre albedrío es la capacidad de tomar decisiones independientemente de la influencia externa. En el guion, se plantea la pregunta de si realmente tenemos libre albedrío o si somos simplemente impulsados por nuestro entorno, biología y factores no conscientes.

💡Enfermedad mental

La enfermedad mental es un término que abarca una amplia gama de trastornos que afectan la cognición, el comportamiento y las emociones. El guion explora la pregunta de qué es la enfermedad mental y qué se puede hacer al respecto, destacando la importancia de entender y tratar estas condiciones.

💡Estructurismo

El estructurismo es una escuela de pensamiento en psicología que se centra en el estudio de las estructuras de la conciencia. En el guion, se menciona cómo Wilhelm Wundt y Edward Bradford Titchener utilizaron el introspección para entender la mente, aunque este enfoque resultó ser demasiado subjetivo.

💡Funcionalismo

El funcionalismo es una teoría psicológica que se enfoca en la función y el propósito del comportamiento y los procesos mentales. El guion destaca cómo William James, siguiendo la idea de Charles Darwin, consideró que los comportamientos adaptativos son conservados a lo largo del proceso evolutivo.

💡Psicoanálisis

El psicoanálisis es un enfoque terapéutico y teórico desarrollado por Sigmund Freud que se centra en la importancia de los conflictos y deseos inconscientes. El guion describe cómo Freud utilizó técnicas como la asociación libre y la interpretación de sueños para explorar la mente humana.

💡Comportamentalismo

El comportamentalismo es una escuela de pensamiento en psicología que se enfoca exclusivamente en el estudio del comportamiento observable y las respuestas a estímulos externos. En el guion, se menciona cómo Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson y B. F. Skinner fueron pioneros en este enfoque, que dominó la psicología hasta mediados del siglo XX.

💡Humanismo

El humanismo en psicología es una escuela de pensamiento que se centra en el crecimiento personal y la capacidad de los individuos para auto-realización. Aunque no se menciona directamente en el guion, es una corriente importante en la psicología moderna que contrasta con el comportamentalismo y el psicoanálisis.

Highlights

The human mind is considered the most complex part of the universe known to us.

The word 'psychology' originates from Latin, meaning 'study of the soul'.

Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.

Early psychological exams were conducted by Chinese rulers two thousand years ago.

Persian doctor Rhazes described mental illness and treated patients in an early psych ward.

Psychology tackles big questions like human behavior, free will, and consciousness.

Sigmund Freud was a highly influential and controversial figure in psychology.

Freud's theories shaped our views on childhood, personality, dreams, and sexuality.

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

Structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis were early schools of thought in psychology.

William James focused on the function of behavior in his approach to psychology.

Freud's psychoanalysis introduced the idea that our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives.

Behaviorism, led by Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner, focused on the study of observable behavior.

Psychoanalysis remains an important concept and practice in modern psychology.

Psychology is an integrative science, drawing from various schools of thought.

The human brain is the most complex physical object known in the cosmos.

Crash Course Psychology will explore how psychology applies to our lives and understanding of ourselves.

Transcripts

play00:00

That dream about the dinosaur in the leotard, those times that you said that thing that

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you know you shouldn't have said, or even that thing you didn't even know you were gonna

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say. The little cogs of your consciousness cranking away, making your life possible,

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making society function, all of the things that you're so glad you can do and all of

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the ones that you wish you could stop doing. Excluding other human minds, your mind is

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the most complicated piece of the universe that humans currently know about. The rules

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that govern it are mysterious and elusive. Maybe our brains just aren't complex enough

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to understand themselves. But that's not going to stop us from trying!

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The word 'psychology' comes from the Latin for the "study of the soul." And while its

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formal definition has evolved over the last several decades, today we can safely call

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it the science of behavior and mental processes. The term 'psychology' wasn't coined until

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around the turn of the sixteenth century, and the practice that we would actually call

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science today wasn't established until the mid-1800s. But of course, humans have always

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been curious about themselves and what's going on up here. Aristotle pondered the seed of

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human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head -- being, as we

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have seen quite a lot here on Crash Course, absolutely and completely wrong.

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Two thousand years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world's first psychological exams, requiring

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public officials to take personality and intelligence tests. And in the late 800s, Persian doctor

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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Rhazes, also known as Rhazes, was one of the first to describe

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mental illness, and even treated patients in what was essentially a very early psych

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ward in his Baghdad hospital.

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From the efforts of those early thinkers up until today, the field of psychology has been

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all about tackling some of the big questions: How can humans do horrible things like commit

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genocide and torture other humans, and how come we know those things are horrible? Do

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we have free will, or are we simply driven by our environment, biology, and non-conscious

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influences? What is mental illness, and what can we do about it? And what is consciousness?

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Or the notion of self? If I lose my awareness of myself, am I still human?

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I DON'T KNOW!

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But over the next 6 months, these are the questions that we're gonna be exploring together:

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how our brains work, how they can break, how they can be healed, why we behave the way

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we do, even when we don't want to, and what it means to be thinking and feeling and alive.

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[Intro]

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When hearing the word psychology, most people probably think of a therapist listening to

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a patient unpacking the details of his day while reclining on a couch. Maybe that therapist

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is wearing glasses, chewing on a cigar, stroking his whiskered chin.

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Admit it! If you're thinking about psychology, you're probably picturing Freud.

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Sigmund Freud was one of the most tremendously influential and controversial thinkers of

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his time, maybe of all time. His theories helped build our views on childhood, personality,

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dreams and sexuality. And his work fueled a legacy of both support and opposition.

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His life was long and spanned an important swath of history from the American Civil War

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to World War II. But like most great scientists, Freud developed his revolutionary ideas by

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building on the work of others, and of course innovation in the field didn't stop with him.

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In truth, psychology is one of the most wildly diverse sciences in terms of the questions

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it proposes, the methods it applies, and the different schools of thought and disciplines

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it contains.

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Perhaps more than any other science, psychology is just a big old integrated melting pot.

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For instance, right around Freud's time, there were a lot of different schools of thought

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of about how the study of the human mind should be tackled. Mainly, there were the ideas of

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structuralism, functionalism and psychoanalysis.

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Scientific psychology got its start in 1879 in Germany when physician Wilhelm Wundt set

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up the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig just a few years after

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publishing his Principles of Physiological Psychology, considered the first true psychology

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textbook.

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Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener took cues from chemists and physicists and

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argued that if those people could break down all matter into simple elements or structures,

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why couldn't they do the same for the brain?

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They tried to understand the structures of consciousness by getting patients to look

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inward, asking them how they felt when they watched the sun set, or smelled a coffee,

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or licked a kitten, or whatever.

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Titchener named this approach 'structuralism', but despite its rigid sounding name, it really

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relied so much on introspection that it became too subjective. I mean, you may sense and

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feel something different that I do, even if we lick the same kitten. Psychologists, of

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course, can't actually observe a patient's inner thoughts or feelings, so ultimately,

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the structuralist school of thought was fairly short-lived.

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By contrast, American physician and philosopher William James proposed a different set of

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questions, focusing on why we think and feel and smell and lick, or whatever. Basically,

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he focused on the function of behavior. This approach, 'functionalism', was based on Charles

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Darwin's idea that adaptive behaviors are conserved throughout the evolutionary process.

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James published his seminal book, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890, defining psychology

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as the science of mental life, just as Freud was starting to flex his big brain.

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Sigmund Freud began his medical career at a Viennese hospital, but in 1886, he started

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his own practice, specializing in nervous disorders. During this time, Freud witnessed

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his colleague Josef Breuer treat a patient called Anna O with a new talking cure. Basically,

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he just let her talk about her symptoms. The more she talked and pulled up traumatic memories,

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the more her symptoms were reduced. It was a breakthrough, and it changed Freud forever.

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From then on, Freud encouraged his patients to talk freely about whatever came to mind,

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to free associate. This technique provided the basis for his career, and an entire branch

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of psychology.

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In 1900 he published his book The Interpretation of Dreams, where he introduced his theory

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of psychoanalysis. Now, you probably think of psychoanalysis as a treatment -- the whole

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patient on the couch scenario. And that's definitely part of it. But Freud's concept

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was actually a lot more complex than that, and it was revolutionary.

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A radical kernel of psychoanalysis was the theory that our personalities are shaped by

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unconscious motives. Basically Freud suggested that we're all profoundly affected by mental

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processes that we're not even aware of.

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Now that sounds almost obvious to us now, but part of the genius of Freud's theory was

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that in 1900, it wasn't obvious at all. The idea that our minds could be driven by something

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that our minds themselves didn't know about was hard to grasp. As hard as like, uhh, maybe

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organisms evolving by natural selection. It was abstract, invisible, and there was something

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about it that seemed irrational.

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But the other important part of Freud's theory was that the unconscious, literally the thing

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below consciousness, was still discoverable. Even though you weren't aware of it, you could

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come to understand it through a therapeutic technique that used dreams, projections and

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free association to root out repressed feelings and and gain self-insight.

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So what Freud was really saying was that mental disorders could be healed through talk therapy

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and self-discovery. And this was a really big breakthrough. Because prior to this, people

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with mental illnesses would be confined to sanatoriums and at best given menial labor

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to do and at worst, shackled to a bed frame.

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After The Interpretations of Dreams, Freud went on to publish over 20 more books and

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countless papers with an iconic cigar in hand all the while. He believed smoking helped

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him think, but it also helped him get jaw cancer. During the last sixteen years of his

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life, he underwent at least thirty painful operations while continuing to smoke.

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By the late 1930s, the Nazis had taken over Austria, and Freud and his Jewish family narrowly

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escaped to England. By September 1939, the pain in his cancerous jaw was too great and

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a doctor friend assisted him in suicide through morphine injection. He was eighty-three.

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Whether you love him or hate him - and make no mistake, plenty of people vehemently disagreed

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with him - there is no question that Freud's impact on psychology was monumental. While

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competing theories in the young field of psychology either fell away or evolved into something

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else, psychoanalysis remains an important concept and practice today.

play07:51

The next big shake-up rolled in during the first half of the 20th century when behaviorism

play07:55

gained a higher profile. Heavy hitters like Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner

play08:00

were key players here. They focused on the study of observable behavior. You may remember

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Skinner as the dude who put rats and pigeons and babies in boxes and conditioned them to

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perform certain behaviors. Right around when Freud escaped to England, Skinner published

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his Behavior of Organisms, ushering in the era of behaviorism which remained all the

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rage well into the 1960s.

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The other major force at the time was, of course, Freud's psychoanalysis, and its many

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descendents collectively known as the psychodynamic theories. These focused on the importance

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of early experiences in shaping the unconsciousness and how that process affects our thoughts,

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feelings, behaviors, and personalities.

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By the mid-20th century, other major forces in psychology were also brewing -- schools

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we'll explore later in this course including humanist psychology, which focuses on nurturing

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personal growth; cognitive science and neuroscience, all of which contributed their own unique

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takes on the study of mind.

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Today's formal definition of psychology, the study of behavior and mental processes, is

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a nice amalgamation that pulls from all these different schools of thought. It recognizes

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the need for observing and recording behavior, whether that's screaming, crying or playing

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air saxophone to an imaginary audience, but it also gives credit to our mental processes:

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what we think and feel and believe while we're tearing it up on our invisible instruments.

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Because again, the point I really want you to take home is that psychology is an integrative

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science. Yes, folks still get grumpy and disagree plenty, but the essence of the discipline

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has everything to do with creating different ways of asking interesting questions and attempting

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to answer them through all kinds of data-gathering methods. The human mind is complicated. There

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is no single way to effectively crack it open; it must be pried at from all sides.

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Harvard astronomer Owen Gingerich has gazed into the distant horizon of space, and even

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he has acknowledged that the human brain is by far the most complex physical object known

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to us in the entire cosmos. And we all get to have one! Of our very own! Just knocking

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around right up in here.

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We here at Crash Course are really excited to spend the next several months delving into

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the world of psychology -- how it applies to our lives, our minds, and our hearts, and

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how it deepens our understanding of each other, our world, and ourselves.

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Thanks for watching this first lesson in Crash Course Psychology, and I'd like to especially

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thank all of our Subbable subscribers, without whom we would literally not be able to do

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this. Would you like a personalized signed Crash Course Chemistry Periodic Table, or

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even to see yourself animated in one of our episodes? To find out about these and other

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perks, go to Subbable.com/CrashCourse.

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And thanks to our crew. This episode was written by Kathleen Yale and edited by Blake de Pastino.

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Our psychology consultant is Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat, our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins.

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The script supervisor was Michael Aranda who was also our sound designer, and our graphic

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team is Thought Cafe.

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