Sistema Imunológico e Imunidade Inata | Anatomia etc

Summary

In this lesson, Professor Natália Remec explores the immune system, focusing on innate immunity and its role in defending the body against harmful microorganisms. The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immunity, with the former being the first line of defense, using mechanisms like physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and internal defenses (phagocytes, interferons). The video also explains autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells. The lesson provides an in-depth look at how these immune responses work together to protect us from infections and diseases.

Takeaways

• 😀 The immune system protects the body from harmful microorganisms, some of which can cause diseases.
• 😀 Microorganisms exist both in the environment and inside the body, and most are beneficial or neutral, but some can be harmful.
• 😀 The immune system consists of structures and processes that work together to defend against pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms).
• 😀 There are two types of immunity: innate (non-specific) immunity and adaptive (specific) immunity.
• 😀 Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense and is present from birth, providing general protection against all pathogens.
• 😀 External barriers like the skin, stomach acid, mucus in the respiratory system, and urinary tract acidity help prevent pathogen entry.
• 😀 Internal defenses of innate immunity include phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), which engulf and destroy pathogens.
• 😀 Interferons are produced by infected cells to help protect neighboring cells from viral infections by inhibiting viral replication.
• 😀 The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that enhances inflammation and helps destroy pathogens.
• 😀 Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, with examples like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.

Q & A

What is the immune system and what is its primary function?

The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism designed to protect it against harmful microorganisms, called pathogens, that can cause diseases. Its primary function is to identify, neutralize, and eliminate these harmful organisms.

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, acting as a non-specific defense against all pathogens. It is present from birth. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is specific to particular pathogens and develops over time, typically after exposure to an antigen.

What are examples of diseases related to problems in the immune system?

Examples of diseases related to immune system dysfunction include autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body.

How does the body interact with microorganisms that are not harmful?

The body coexists with many microorganisms that are beneficial, such as those on the skin or in the digestive tract. These microorganisms often help with physiological functions and do not cause harm unless they enter parts of the body where they shouldn't be.

What are the two main types of immunity discussed in the video?

The two main types of immunity discussed are innate immunity (also called non-specific immunity) and adaptive immunity (specific immunity). Both work together to protect the body from pathogens.

How does innate immunity protect the body from pathogens?

Innate immunity protects the body through external mechanisms, such as the skin, the acidity of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and the mucus in the respiratory system. If pathogens breach these barriers, internal mechanisms like phagocytes and the complement system are activated to neutralize the threat.

What are some examples of external mechanisms of the innate immune system?

External mechanisms of innate immunity include the skin (physical barrier), the acidity of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts (which kills pathogens), and mucus-producing cells in the respiratory system (which trap microorganisms).

What is the role of phagocytes in the innate immune response?

Phagocytes are immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, that ingest and destroy pathogens like bacteria. These cells are crucial in the internal response of innate immunity.

What are interferons and how do they contribute to immune defense?

Interferons are proteins produced by cells that are infected with viruses. They act as messengers to alert neighboring cells about the viral infection, helping to protect those cells by inhibiting the virus’s ability to replicate.

What is the complement system and how does it assist in immune defense?

The complement system is a group of over thirty proteins circulating in the blood. When activated by pathogens, these proteins work together to destroy bacteria and enhance the inflammatory response, aiding both the innate and adaptive immune systems.