SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN

Summary

In this lecture, the instructor explores the three main government systems: presidential, parliamentary, and mixed systems. They explain how these systems define the roles of the executive and legislature, highlighting Indonesia’s own political evolution. The presidential system features a clear separation of powers with the president holding executive authority, while the parliamentary system blends executive and legislative roles. The mixed system combines elements of both, as seen in countries like France. The discussion also touches on Indonesia’s post-2002 constitutional reforms, focusing on the presidency and the shift towards clearer governance structures.

Takeaways

• 😀 The three main systems of government are parliamentary, presidential, and mixed systems, each with distinct characteristics.
• 😀 In a parliamentary system, the executive and legislative branches are closely connected, with the Prime Minister and ministers also being members of the parliament.
• 😀 A key feature of the parliamentary system is that the executive is divided into two parts: the real executive (Prime Minister) and the nominal executive (head of state, often a monarch).
• 😀 In a presidential system, the executive (President) is separate from the legislature, and the President holds both the roles of head of state and head of government.
• 😀 In a presidential system, the President cannot dissolve or disband the legislature, and the legislature cannot remove the President except through impeachment.
• 😀 The mixed system, also known as the hybrid or semi-presidential system, combines elements of both the presidential and parliamentary systems, with a President as head of state and a Prime Minister as head of government.
• 😀 In a mixed system, the President is directly elected by the people and is responsible to them, while the Prime Minister answers to the legislature.
• 😀 Countries like France have a semi-presidential system, where the President has significant power, but the Prime Minister is responsible for the day-to-day administration and reports to the parliament.
• 😀 The Indonesian system has undergone changes, particularly with constitutional amendments that clarify the separation of powers and the role of the President.
• 😀 Before the amendments, Indonesia's political structure was heavily influenced by the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR), which had the authority to elect and dismiss the President.
• 😀 In the reformed Indonesian system, the President is no longer subject to the MPR's authority, and the term limit for the President was introduced, limiting the presidency to two terms.

Q & A

What are the three main types of government systems discussed in the lecture?

The three main types of government systems discussed are the Presidential system, Parliamentary system, and the Mixed (or Hybrid) system.

What is the primary characteristic of the Presidential system?

In a Presidential system, there is a clear separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The president serves as both the head of state and the head of government.

How does the relationship between the executive and legislature differ in a Parliamentary system?

In a Parliamentary system, the executive is drawn from the legislature. The head of government (prime minister) is a member of the legislature and is accountable to it, creating a closer relationship between the two branches.

Can the president dissolve the parliament in a Presidential system?

No, in a Presidential system, the president cannot dissolve the parliament. The president and the parliament are separate, and the president can only be removed through impeachment, not through dissolution of the parliament.

What distinguishes a Mixed (Hybrid) system of government?

A Mixed or Hybrid system combines elements from both the Presidential and Parliamentary systems. In this system, there is typically a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.

What is meant by 'prerogative powers' in the context of a Presidential system?

Prerogative powers refer to the president's exclusive right to make decisions, such as appointing and dismissing ministers, without requiring the approval of the legislature or other state institutions.

In the Indonesian context, how is the President's role structured?

In Indonesia, the president holds both the roles of head of state and head of government, making it a clear example of the Presidential system. The president appoints ministers without needing the legislature's approval.

How are ministers appointed in a Parliamentary system?

In a Parliamentary system, ministers are appointed by the prime minister, who is typically chosen from the legislature. The ministers are usually members of the parliament and are accountable to it.

What is the key difference in the accountability of a President in a Presidential system versus a Parliamentary system?

In a Presidential system, the president is directly accountable to the people, whereas, in a Parliamentary system, the prime minister and the government are accountable to the legislature, which can dismiss them through a vote of no confidence.

How does the system of government in France illustrate a Mixed (Hybrid) system?

In France, the president is the head of state, directly elected by the people, while the prime minister is the head of government and is accountable to the parliament. This hybrid model combines elements of both the Presidential and Parliamentary systems.