Reformismo y Separatismo en el Perú - III año - Curso Ciencias Sociales

Summary

In this virtual class, Dr. José Villavicencio explores the crisis of colonial order and the independence movements in South America, particularly in Peru. The lesson highlights the impacts of Spain’s weakness after the Napoleonic invasion in 1808, leading to two key movements: the reformist and separatist. While the reformist group sought to maintain Spanish control with minor adjustments, the separatists, including criollos and indigenous groups, aimed for full independence. The class covers the efforts of key figures like San Martín and Bolívar, but also discusses the failure to address social inequalities, leaving unresolved issues that later sparked socialist movements in the region.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Spanish monarchy faced a crisis in 1808 due to the Napoleonic invasion, which impacted colonial territories like Peru.
• 😀 Two key movements arose in Peru during this time: the reformist movement and the separatist movement.
• 😀 The reformist movement aimed to maintain ties with Spain but wanted minor reforms to the colonial system.
• 😀 The separatist movement was more radical and sought full independence from Spain, driven by the exploitation of indigenous people and the oppressive colonial system.
• 😀 The reformist movement had leaders like José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Hipólito Unanue, and Mariano Alejo Álvarez, who advocated for Spanish-led reforms.
• 😀 The separatist movement was led by figures such as Juan Pablo Vizcardo, José de la Riva-Agüero, and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, who wanted independence and freedom from Spanish rule.
• 😀 The Napoleonic occupation of Spain led to independence movements spreading throughout Latin America, including countries like Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, and Colombia.
• 😀 Key independence leaders like José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar fought Spanish forces to liberate South American countries, including Peru.
• 😀 Despite their victories, the independence movements failed to address social inequalities, with indigenous people, mestizos, and enslaved Africans still marginalized.
• 😀 The failure of these movements to achieve social equality later led to the rise of left-wing, socialist, and communist movements across Latin America.

Q & A

What major event in 1808 triggered the crisis of the Spanish monarchy?

The crisis of the Spanish monarchy was triggered by the invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte, which began with the Mutiny of Aranjuez in 1808.

What were the two main movements in Peru in response to the Spanish monarchy's crisis?

The two main movements in Peru were the reformist movement, which wanted to maintain allegiance to Spanish law with minor reforms, and the separatist movement, which sought independence from Spain.

Who were some key figures in the reformist movement in Peru?

Key figures in the reformist movement included José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Hipólito Unanue, and Mariano Alejo Álvarez.

What was the goal of the separatist movement in South America?

The separatist movement aimed for autonomy and independence from Spain, seeking to free the South American colonies from Spanish control and exploitation.

What role did the indigenous people and Creoles play in the separatist movement?

Indigenous people and Creoles supported the separatist movement because they wanted to break free from Spanish exploitation and oppression.

Who were the key leaders of the separatist movement in South America?

Key leaders of the separatist movement included Juan Pablo Vizcardo, José de la Riva-Agüero, and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión.

How did the occupation of Spain by Napoleon affect the independence movements in South America?

The occupation of Spain by Napoleon weakened Spanish control over its colonies, leading to increased efforts in South America to gain independence, inspired by other revolutions like those in the United States and France.

What were some of the key battles fought by the leaders of South America's independence movements?

Key battles included the battles led by José de San Martín, who defeated the Spanish in Chile, and Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Carabobo, which allowed him to enter Caracas.

What were some of the failures of the independence movements in South America according to the speaker?

One failure was the continued dominance of the elites after independence, with mestizos organizing the revolutions but not gaining real power. Indigenous people and Afro-descendants remained marginalized and without rights.

Why did left-wing, socialist, and communist movements emerge in Latin America after the independence revolutions?

These movements emerged because the independence revolutions did not address the deep inequalities and continued discrimination against indigenous people, mestizos, and Afro-descendants, leaving many people still oppressed and disenfranchised.