EDUCAÇÃO TRADICIONALISTA Antiguidade Oriental | História da Educação 2

Summary

In this video, the speaker discusses the second chapter of Maria Lúcia de Arruda Aranha's book, 'History of Education and Pedagogy,' which explores education in ancient civilizations. Focusing on the Eastern world, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and other cultures, the speaker highlights the rise of hierarchical societies, centralized governments, and the emergence of dual educational systems: one for elites and another for commoners. The video delves into the origins of written language, its connection to power, and the authoritarian nature of education in these early societies, with an emphasis on obedience and submission to authority.

Takeaways

• 😀 The video discusses the second chapter of the book 'História da Educação e da Pedagogia' by Maria Lúcia de Arruda Aranha, focusing on education in early Eastern civilizations.
• 😀 Early civilizations such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China are known as 'fluvial' or 'hydraulic' due to their proximity to important rivers, which favored fertile lands and trade.
• 😀 Unlike primitive societies, these civilizations had despotic, theocratic governments with absolute power, often claimed to be divinely ordained.
• 😀 These societies were highly traditional, with slow changes and clear class divisions, where elites governed while the majority worked in agriculture, trade, and services.
• 😀 The development of writing began with pictographs, followed by ideographs and phonetic writing systems, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese ideograms.
• 😀 Writing was initially restricted to elite groups, such as scribes and priests, and was treated with great respect, often considered sacred.
• 😀 Knowledge was tied to power, and only in 1500 BC did writing begin to spread more widely among the population.
• 😀 Education became more specialized, with dual systems: one for training the elite for governance and religious roles, and another for training the rest of the population in practical skills.
• 😀 The emergence of schools marked a shift from the more universal and holistic education of tribal communities to a formalized, segregated system.
• 😀 The education in these early civilizations was authoritarian, with a focus on obedience and submission to rulers, reflecting the hierarchical, theocratic nature of the societies.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the second chapter in 'História da Educação e da Pedagogia' by Maria Lúcia de Arruda Aranha?

The second chapter of the book focuses on education in ancient Eastern civilizations, exploring how education evolved in the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and other early societies around 5,000 years ago.

Why are these early civilizations referred to as 'fluvial' or 'hydraulic' civilizations?

These civilizations are called 'fluvial' or 'hydraulic' because they developed around rivers, which provided fertile land for agriculture and facilitated trade.

How did the government structure of these civilizations differ from primitive societies?

Unlike primitive societies, which lacked hierarchy, these early civilizations were governed by despotic rulers believed to have divine authority, leading to centralized, theocratic governments.

What social structures were introduced in these early civilizations?

These civilizations introduced social hierarchies, dividing people into the elite (such as rulers, priests, and scribes) and the majority (such as farmers, merchants, and slaves).

What role did writing play in these societies?

Writing became a powerful tool, initially used by the elite for religious and administrative purposes. It was seen as sacred and was restricted to a select few, marking a shift from the universal knowledge of earlier societies.

What is the 'dualism' in education mentioned in the video?

Dualism in education refers to the existence of two separate education systems: one for the ruling class, focused on sacred knowledge and governance, and one for the majority, focusing on practical skills and trades.

How was education in these civilizations different from that of primitive societies?

In contrast to the universal, informal education of primitive societies, early civilizations introduced a structured, class-based education system that catered to different social groups.

What was the purpose of education in these early civilizations?

Education served to maintain authority and power. It focused on obedience, discipline, and respect for the rulers, who were seen as divinely ordained and not to be questioned.

What does the narrator mean by 'authoritarian and punitive education'?

'Authoritarian and punitive education' refers to the rigid, discipline-focused educational practices aimed at ensuring obedience to the rulers, often involving punishment for disobedience.

How did the concept of education change over time in these civilizations?

Education evolved from a universal and informal system in primitive societies to a dual system in early civilizations, where the elite received formal, sacred education, and the majority underwent practical training, often in informal settings.