#16 ATPL Training Piston Engines Lubrication Part 1
Summary
TLDREl video analiza los componentes de los motores de pistón, que están sometidos a cargas, temperaturas y velocidades altas, generando fricción y desgaste. La fricción aumenta con el calor y la velocidad, pero puede reducirse usando lubricantes, en especial aceite. Se describen diferentes sistemas de lubricación, como el de mezcla de aceite y combustible, presión, salpicadura y una combinación de ambos. También se habla de los sistemas de cárter húmedo y seco, destacando que el sistema de cárter seco es más eficiente en condiciones extremas. Además, el aceite cumple funciones secundarias como la refrigeración, limpieza y protección contra la corrosión.
Takeaways
- ⚙️ Los componentes de los motores de pistón están sometidos a altas cargas, temperaturas y velocidades, lo que genera fricción entre ellos.
- 🔥 La fricción y el desgaste aumentan a medida que la carga, la temperatura y la velocidad de los componentes en movimiento se incrementan.
- 🛢️ La fricción y el desgaste se pueden reducir separando los componentes con una sustancia lubricante, como el aceite.
- 🚗 Existen cuatro métodos principales para lubricar los motores: sistema petroil, sistema de presión, sistema de salpicadura y método combinado de presión y salpicadura.
- 🔧 Los motores modernos utilizan el método combinado de presión y salpicadura para la lubricación.
- ❄️ Una función secundaria del sistema de lubricación es la de enfriar los componentes internos del motor, eliminando el calor generado.
- 🧼 El sistema de lubricación también limpia el motor, eliminando partículas y subproductos de la combustión, como el carbón y la laca.
- 🛡️ El aceite protege los componentes metálicos internos contra la corrosión y reduce la vibración actuando como medio hidráulico.
- ✈️ Los motores de aviación utilizan principalmente dos sistemas de lubricación: cárter húmedo y cárter seco, dependiendo del tipo de motor y la función del avión.
- 🌡️ El sistema de lubricación también sirve como indicador del estado del motor, monitoreando la temperatura y presión del aceite para detectar fallos mecánicos.
Q & A
¿Qué es la fricción en los motores de pistón y cómo se genera?
-La fricción en los motores de pistón se genera cuando los componentes del motor se deslizan entre sí bajo altas cargas, temperaturas y velocidades. Esta fricción resiste el movimiento de las piezas y aumenta a medida que aumentan la carga, temperatura y velocidad de contacto.
¿Cómo afecta la fricción al desgaste de los componentes del motor?
-La fricción provoca el desgaste de los componentes metálicos del motor, lo que se manifiesta en la pérdida parcial o destrucción del metal debido al contacto constante entre las piezas en movimiento.
¿Qué es un lubricante y cómo ayuda a reducir la fricción y el desgaste?
-Un lubricante es una sustancia que se utiliza para reducir la fricción entre las superficies en movimiento al separarlas. Esto disminuye el desgaste de los componentes del motor. Los lubricantes pueden ser aceites, grasas, polvos o incluso aire.
¿Cuáles son los cuatro métodos principales de lubricación en los motores?
-Los cuatro métodos principales de lubricación son: el sistema de mezcla de petróleo y combustible (petroil), el sistema de presión, el sistema de salpicadura y el sistema combinado de presión y salpicadura, que es el más utilizado en motores modernos.
¿Qué diferencias existen entre el sistema de cárter húmedo y el sistema de cárter seco?
-El sistema de cárter húmedo almacena el aceite en la parte inferior del motor, mientras que el sistema de cárter seco almacena el aceite en un tanque separado. El sistema de cárter seco ofrece mejor control de la temperatura y evita problemas de lubricación durante maniobras de vuelo.
¿Qué función secundaria tiene el sistema de lubricación, además de reducir la fricción?
-Además de reducir la fricción, el sistema de lubricación tiene funciones secundarias importantes, como la refrigeración del motor, la limpieza de partículas y subproductos de la combustión, la protección contra la corrosión y la reducción de la vibración entre los componentes del motor.
¿Cómo ayuda el aceite a enfriar el motor?
-El aceite fluye a través del motor y absorbe el calor de los componentes internos. Luego, este calor es disipado a través de un radiador que está expuesto al flujo de aire para enfriar el aceite y el motor.
¿Cuál es el papel del aceite en la protección contra la corrosión?
-El aceite protege los componentes metálicos internos contra la corrosión al formar una película delgada en las superficies, especialmente si contiene una proporción de aceite graso, que se adhiere mejor al metal.
¿Qué es el 'hot pot' en el sistema de cárter seco y cuál es su función?
-El 'hot pot' es un compartimento dentro del tanque de aceite que reduce el tiempo necesario para calentar el aceite al restringir su cantidad en circulación cuando el motor está frío. Esto ayuda a que el aceite alcance rápidamente la temperatura adecuada para lubricar el motor.
¿Cómo actúa el aceite como medio hidráulico en un motor?
-El aceite actúa como medio hidráulico proporcionando potencia para operar componentes como las hélices de paso variable. También reduce las cargas de choque entre los ejes y cojinetes del motor, disminuyendo la vibración.
Outlines
🔧 Fricción y lubricación en los motores de pistón
Los componentes de los motores de pistón enfrentan altas cargas, temperaturas y velocidades, generando fricción y desgaste. La fricción aumenta con la carga, temperatura y velocidad de los componentes, lo que produce un desgaste de las piezas metálicas. Para reducir fricción y desgaste, se usa un lubricante, siendo el aceite el enfoque de esta lección. Existen cuatro métodos de lubricación en motores: sistema petroil, sistema a presión, sistema splash y el sistema combinado. La lubricación también ayuda a enfriar, limpiar y proteger contra la corrosión, así como a reducir vibraciones y actuar como medio hidráulico en ciertos componentes del motor.
✈️ Sistemas de cárter húmedo y seco en motores de aeronaves
Los motores de aeronaves usan sistemas de lubricación de cárter húmedo o seco, según la potencia del motor y el uso del avión. El sistema de cárter húmedo almacena el aceite en el cárter del motor, lo que simplifica la construcción pero presenta problemas durante maniobras aéreas, como vuelo invertido. El aceite en el cárter está expuesto a altas temperaturas, lo que complica el control de su temperatura y promueve la oxidación. El sistema de cárter seco soluciona estos problemas almacenando el aceite en un tanque externo y usa bombas de recogida para devolver el aceite al tanque y evitar el desbordamiento del cárter.
💡 Componentes y funcionamiento del sistema de cárter seco
El sistema de cárter seco incluye varios componentes como filtros de aceite, bombas de presión y recogida, enfriadores de aceite, medidores de presión y temperatura, y un tanque de aceite. El tanque de aceite está diseñado para evitar daños causados por el movimiento del aceite durante maniobras aéreas. Este tanque está colocado en un nivel más alto que el motor para permitir el suministro de aceite por gravedad. El tanque también cuenta con un espacio de aire necesario para diversas situaciones, como la expansión del aceite al calentarse, o la formación de espuma por la agitación del aceite durante el funcionamiento del motor.
🔥 Funcionamiento del Hot Pot en el sistema de cárter seco
El 'Hot Pot' es una característica en los sistemas de cárter seco que acelera el calentamiento del aceite durante el arranque en frío, al limitar la cantidad de aceite en circulación. A medida que el motor calienta el aceite, este se vuelve menos viscoso, permitiendo que más aceite fluya por los puertos del Hot Pot, aumentando gradualmente la circulación. El Hot Pot también proporciona una reserva de aceite en caso de fallos en la línea de alimentación principal. El aceite retornado al tanque pasa por una placa desaireadora para separar el aire del aceite y reducir la formación de espuma.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Motor de pistón
💡Fricción
💡Desgaste
💡Lubricante
💡Sistema de lubricación a presión
💡Sistema de cárter seco
💡Sistema de cárter húmedo
💡Enfriamiento
💡Protección contra la corrosión
💡Indicadores de temperatura y presión del aceite
Highlights
Piston engine components face high loads, temperatures, and speeds, generating friction as they slide against each other.
Friction and wear increase with higher loads, temperatures, and speeds, causing partial loss or destruction of metal components.
Lubricants, like oil, grease, or air, reduce friction and wear by separating moving surfaces and preventing direct contact.
Four methods of lubricating an engine with oil include the petroil system, pressure system, splash system, and combination pressure-splash method.
The combination pressure-splash method is commonly used in modern engines, lubricating major components with pressurized oil and others with splash lubrication.
Wet sump and dry sump systems are the two primary methods of oil storage and delivery in engines.
The lubrication system's primary function is to reduce friction and wear, but it also cools the engine by dissipating heat through oil flow.
Oil in the engine carries away unwanted particles and byproducts of combustion, such as carbon deposits and sludge, which are filtered out.
Lubricants protect internal metal components from corrosion, especially those containing fatty oils that adhere to surfaces.
Oil serves as a hydraulic medium, reducing shock loading between engine shafts and bearings and lowering vibrations.
The oil system provides indicators of engine condition, such as oil temperature and pressure, giving early warnings of mechanical failure.
Wet sump systems store oil in the engine's bottom, simplifying construction but causing issues during aircraft maneuvers like inverted flight.
Dry sump systems store oil in a separate tank, solving the overheating, contamination, and limited oil capacity problems of wet sump systems.
Oil tanks are often placed higher than the engine to allow gravity-fed oil to the pressure pump, ensuring efficient lubrication.
Scavenge pumps in dry sump systems return oil from the engine sump to the tank, preventing flooding and ensuring consistent lubrication.
Transcripts
the components of piston engines are
subjected to high loads high
temperatures and high speeds as the
components slide against each other a
force is generated which resists their
movement this force is called
friction the friction produced will
increase as the load on the components
their temperature and the speed at which
they are rubbing together
increases the fact that the components
rubb together also produces wear which
is evinced by the partial loss or
destruction of the metal
components both friction and wear can be
reduced by preventing the moving
surfaces coming into contact by
separating them with a substance which
has lower frictional properties than the
component parts this substance is
referred to as a
lubricant lubricants come in many forms
grease powder and even air can be used
as lubricating
substance however this lesson will
concentrate on the use of oil as a
lubricant there are four methods of
lubricating the moving parts of an
engine with
oil they are the petroil system where
lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel
this system is used mostly in small
two-stroke
engines the pressure system which has a
high pressure oil pump Incorporated in
the design which supplies oil under
pressure for lubrication of the major
components the splash syst system where
oil is thrown onto the major components
by the rotation of the crankshaft in the
oil
sump and the combination pressure Splash
method whereby the major components are
supplied by pressure oil from a pump and
remaining components are supplied by
Splash
lubrication most modern generation
engines use the combination pressure
Splash method however there are two
types of systems available for
controlling and delivering the oil to
the engine components they are the wet
Sump System and the dry Sump
System the primary task of the
lubrication system of the engine is to
reduce friction and component
wear it also has a number of secondary
functions of these secondary functions
of the lubrication system perhaps the
most important is the task of
cooling the flow of oil through the
engine helps to remove the heat from the
internal components of the
engine this heat can then be dissipated
in a radiator which must be exposed to
the cooling effect of the air flowing
past or through the engine
countings as the oil flows through the
engine it also carries away unwanted
foreign particles and also the
byproducts of the combustion process
such as carbon which forms on the Piston
Crown varnish which forms on the Piston
skirts and grease-like sludge in the
crank
case these deposits are strained out of
the oil by the oil filter thus the oil
can be set to clean the
engine the internal metal components are
protected against corrosion by the
lubricant particularly if it contains a
proportion of fatty oil a thin film of
which tends to stick to the metal
surfaces the oil can act as a hydraulic
medium in two ways firstly it can
provide the power source for the
operation of various components on the
engine such as variable pitch
propellers secondly it also acts as a
hydraulic medium by reducing the shock
loading between the shafts and bearings
in the engine thus reducing
vibration the oil system's use as an
indicating medium is of great importance
to the pilot as it can give an early
warning of impending mechanical failure
or loss of
power the lubricant can be used to show
the condition of the engine both in
terms of its oil temperature and its oil
pressure on some engines the oil can
also be used in a torque meter to show
the power being
developed it should be remembered that
an increase in friction will cause an
increase in friction
horsepower and therefore a reduction in
the brake horsepower developed by the
engine thus the ability of the lubricant
to reduce friction and wear is of prime
importance but the secondary functions
of the lubricant such as cooling
cleaning Corrosion Protection and as
hydraulic and indicating mediums should
not be
ignored there are two lubrication
systems in common use in aircraft
engines they are the wet sump and dry
sump
systems the system used is normally
dependent on the power output of the
engine and the role of the
aircraft the principle of lubrication of
the engine is the same whichever system
is used the main difference between the
two systems being the method which is
used to store the supply of
oil most light non- aerobatic aircraft
engines use the wet Sump System in this
system the oil is stored in the bottom
or sump of the
engine this method simplifies the
construction of the engine but it has a
number of
disadvantages the first of these
disadvantages is that lubrication
difficulties arise during aircraft
Maneuvers the oil enters the crank case
is flung around by the revolving shafts
possibly causing both over and under
oiling of the engine inverted flight
being a particularly hazardous
undertaking for the wet sump
engine of the heat energy available in
the fuel up to 25% is wasted as cooling
losses of this up to 10% is removed from
the engine by lubricating
oil as it's stored within the hot engine
casing the temperature of the oil is
difficult to
control the oil becomes contaminated and
oxidizes more easily because of the
continual contact of the oil with a hot
engine for instance a plain hydrocarbon
oil under the conditions of high
temperature which it will endure inside
the sump will start to crack or break
down and also combine with some of the
free oxygen remaining from the
combustion
products finally the oil supply is
limited by the sump
capacity the dry Sump System overcomes
these problems by storing the oil in a
remotely mounted
tank as previously stated the principle
of oil supply is the same for both wet
and dry sump systems both use a
combination method of pressure and
splash duplication after which the oil
is returned to the engine sump by
gravity in a dry sump system system
however one or more scavenge pumps
return the oil from the sump to the tank
to prevent flooding of the engine
sump the arrangement of the oil systems
in different aircraft engines varies
widely however the functions of all such
systems are the same a study of one
system will clarify the general
operation and maintenance requirements
of other
systems the principal units in a typical
reciprocating engine oil system includes
oil filters pressure and scavenge pumps
oil cooler oil pressure and temperature
gauges plus the necessary
interconnecting oil lines and in the dry
sump engine an oil
tank all of these components are shown
here this diagram illustrates a dry Sump
System remember the oil tank would not
be necessary in a wet Sump
System oil tanks are made of sheet metal
suitably baffled and strengthened
internally to prevent damage due to the
oil surging during aircraft
Maneuvers the tank is placed whenever
possible at a higher level than the
engine to enable a gravity feed to the
pressure
pump the tank forms a reservoir of oil
large enough for the engine's
requirements plus an
airspace the air space is necessary to
cater for several
situations for instance the increased
will return when starting the
engine when after a run the engine is
stopped the walls of the crank case are
saturated with oil which will drain into
the
sump the oil will remain there until the
engine is started when the scavenge pump
will return it to the
tank next the expansion of the oil and
therefore its greater volume as the oil
absorbs heat from the bearings
necessitates a greater volume of space
than otherwise would be the case if the
oil was cold
likewise the oil suffers quite a beating
from the engine components as they
attempt to thrash air into it in a
similar manner to the preparation of a
sule this ation causes the oil to froth
which greatly increases its
volume another reason why the airspace
is necessary is the fact that oil can be
displaced from the variable pitch
propeller and any other automatic
controlling devices when they're
used the Hot Pot forms a separate
compartment within the oil tank its
purpose is to reduce the time taken to
raise the temperature of the oil when
starting the engine from cold by
restricting the quantity of oil in
circulation when the oil is cold and
viscous the Hot Pot consists of a
cylinder of metal fitted above the oil
Outlet to the engine the oil must pass
through the Hot Pot to reach the
pressure
pump during engine start the level of
oil in the hot pot drops DRS as it's
taken into the engine this uncovers a
ring of small diameter ports which are
cut in the wall of the hot pot these
ports offer a high resistance to the
flow of cold thick oil so that very
little of it passes into the hot pot to
join the oil going into the pressure
pump nevertheless it is this oil and the
oil which was already in the hot pot
which is passed to the engine and then
recirculated
after passing through the engine the now
hot oil is returned to the tank where
its heat raises the temperature of the
walls of the hot
pot the oil in the immediate vicinity
outside of the walls of the hot pot is
also heated and becomes less viscous as
a consequence so that the ports offer
less resistance to its flow and
progressively more and more oil is
brought into
circulation if a Feathering propeller is
fitted to the engine the lower ring of
feed port in the hot pot are placed
above the bottom of the
tank this provides a Feathering reserve
of oil even if the main tank has been
emptied through the normal Outlet as may
occur if the main feed pipeline was to
develop a leak or completely
fail scavenge oil from the engine sump
is passed over a deair rator plate to
the inside of the hot pot the plate
separates the air from the oil to reduce
frothing the oil tank is vented through
the crank case breather to prevent oil
losses during excessive Thro conditions
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