GI A and P review

Summary

This video provides an in-depth review of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, covering its anatomy, physiology, and digestive processes. It emphasizes active learning, encouraging students to reflect on their knowledge, experiences, and questions. The discussion details each part of the GI system, from the mouth to the intestines, and highlights the roles of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Additionally, it explores the impact of diseases and disorders on digestion, urging students to connect this knowledge to real-life patient care scenarios.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The discussion focuses on the gastrointestinal system, including anatomy and physiology, and emphasizes active learning and reflection.
• 📚 Students are encouraged to pause, reflect, and write down what they know, don't know, and their prior experiences before diving into the content.
• 👩‍⚕️ The purpose is to prepare students to be competent and compassionate nurses, thinking beyond exams and focusing on patient care.
• 🗣️ The gastrointestinal system includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, stomach, intestines, and supporting organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
• 🔄 The GI system is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, with processes like ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and elimination taking place in various organs.
• 🍽️ Mechanical (chewing, churning) and chemical (enzymes, acids) digestion occur throughout the system, with peristalsis aiding movement.
• 🧬 Absorption of nutrients occurs mainly in the small intestines, which has specialized areas for different nutrients like iron in the duodenum and other nutrients in the jejunum.
• 🚽 Transit through the large intestine can affect stool consistency, and the large intestine primarily reabsorbs water and electrolytes before elimination.
• ⚠️ Diseases or damage to any part of the GI system can impact overall digestion, with healthcare providers needing to intervene and assist in care.
• 📝 Reflection exercises throughout the lecture ask students to consider various GI disorders and how they affect the system, as well as to test their understanding of the material.

Q & A

What are the main organs involved in the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

The main organs involved in the GI system include the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines (colon), and external anal sphincter. Additionally, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas contribute to digestion.

How does the nervous system influence digestion?

The parasympathetic nervous system oversees the processes of digestion, controlling involuntary actions such as peristalsis, the movement of food through the GI tract.

What is peristalsis and why is it important?

Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles in the GI tract that moves food and digestive material forward. It is essential for the continuous propulsion of food through the system from ingestion to elimination.

What are the primary digestive processes in the GI system?

The primary digestive processes are ingestion, propulsion, digestion (both mechanical and chemical), absorption, and elimination.

How do mechanical and chemical digestion differ?

Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food through chewing and churning, while chemical digestion uses enzymes and acids to break down food into smaller, absorbable components.

What are the roles of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in digestion?

The liver produces bile to break down fats, the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) that aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What are some potential effects of a small bowel obstruction?

A small bowel obstruction would disrupt peristalsis, potentially leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation. It may also halt the secretion of digestive acids and enzymes, further impairing digestion.

What happens if a patient has damaged teeth and salivary glands?

Damaged teeth and salivary glands would affect the initial stages of digestion, as chewing (mechanical digestion) and salivary enzymes (chemical digestion) would be impaired, making it difficult to properly break down food.

How does the small intestine contribute to nutrient absorption?

The small intestine, divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, is responsible for nutrient absorption. Enzymes and bile salts aid in digestion, while villi provide a large surface area for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

What changes in digestion might occur in a patient with advanced liver disease?

In a patient with advanced liver disease, bile production would be impaired, reducing the body's ability to break down fats. The patient might need dietary adjustments, such as reducing fat intake, to compensate for the liver's reduced functionality.

Outlines

00:00

🩺 Introduction to the Gastrointestinal System and Learning Preparation

This section introduces the discussion on the gastrointestinal (GI) system, emphasizing the need for learners to be free from distractions, engage actively, and reflect on their knowledge. The speaker encourages thinking beyond classroom exams, focusing on real-world nursing skills to care for patients competently and compassionately. Learners are urged to pause, reflect on their current knowledge, and list prior experiences, feelings, and knowledge gaps before diving into the content.

05:02

🧠 Functions and Processes of the Gastrointestinal System

This section reviews the anatomy and function of the GI system, from the mouth to the external anal sphincter, along with contributions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The speaker explains the importance of each organ and how they contribute to digestion. The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating digestion is discussed, along with prompts to think about how diseases or damage to specific parts of the system could affect overall health and function.

10:04

🔄 Digestive Processes and Associated Conditions

The key digestive processes—ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and elimination—are described. The speaker explains how peristalsis moves food through the GI tract and how mechanical and chemical digestion occurs. Terms like food bolus, chyme, and stool are introduced as food passes through different stages of digestion. Learners are prompted to consider conditions like paralytic ileus and constipation and how these affect the digestive process, as well as the impact of damaged teeth and salivary glands on digestion.

15:07

👄 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Functions

The upper GI tract, from the mouth to the stomach, is discussed in detail. Salivary glands secrete enzymes like amylase to start the chemical breakdown of food, and chewing begins the mechanical process. The esophagus moves the food bolus into the stomach, where acids and enzymes further digest it. The speaker highlights how chewing and eating habits can impact the stomach's workload and the efficiency of digestion. The role of the small intestines in nutrient absorption is also mentioned.

🔬 The Small and Large Intestines

The small intestine, divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, is responsible for nutrient absorption, with enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase aiding digestion. Villi increase the surface area for absorption. The large intestine is responsible for water and electrolyte reabsorption and forms stool for elimination. Learners are asked to consider how conditions like a small bowel obstruction would affect peristalsis and the digestive process, along with other GI system diseases and disorders.

🧪 Contributions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas to Digestion

This section highlights the roles of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in digestion. The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fat, and the gallbladder stores and releases bile as needed. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions, producing enzymes like amylase, protease, and lipase that aid digestion in the small intestine. Learners are prompted to consider how advanced liver disease impacts digestion and what dietary changes a patient might need.

📝 Conclusion and Review of Learning Objectives

The video concludes by reviewing the key learning objectives, encouraging learners to test themselves on the content. The speaker advises learners to review the presentation, textbooks, videos, or seek tutoring if they still have gaps in their knowledge, ensuring a thorough understanding of the GI system's anatomy and functions before moving on.

Keywords

💡Gastrointestinal (GI) System

The gastrointestinal system refers to the organs and structures involved in digestion, from the mouth to the anus. In the video, the GI system is discussed in detail, emphasizing its components like the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas, and how they work together to digest food and absorb nutrients.

💡Peristalsis

Peristalsis is the process of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system. It is described in the script as an involuntary movement that propels food through the GI tract. The video relates it to how healthcare providers listen for bowel sounds to assess digestive activity.

💡Absorption

Absorption refers to the process by which nutrients from digested food are taken into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. In the video, this concept is explained in relation to the structure of the intestines, particularly the role of villi in increasing surface area for better absorption.

💡Small Intestine

The small intestine is the organ where most nutrient absorption occurs. The script breaks down its three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It describes the different enzymes and functions in each part, emphasizing their role in processing and absorbing nutrients from chyme.

💡Paralytic Ileus

Paralytic ileus is a condition where the movement of food through the intestines is stopped or significantly slowed due to a lack of peristalsis. The video prompts viewers to consider how a patient with this condition would be affected, especially in terms of digestive function.

💡Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in the body, including digestion. In the GI system, enzymes like amylase, protease, and lipase break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, respectively. The video explains how these enzymes are produced by organs like the pancreas and are essential for breaking down food.

💡Bile

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them, making them easier to break down. The video highlights how bile is released into the small intestine and its role in the overall digestive process.

💡Constipation

Constipation is a condition where stool moves too slowly through the digestive system, leading to infrequent or difficult bowel movements. The video invites learners to think about which part of the GI process is malfunctioning in cases of constipation, and how it affects elimination.

💡Pancreas

The pancreas is an organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. Its exocrine role involves secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion. The video discusses how the pancreas' enzymes, such as lipase and amylase, are critical for breaking down fats and carbohydrates.

💡Liver Disease

Liver disease affects the liver's ability to produce bile, which is essential for digesting fats. The video asks viewers to consider how liver disease impacts digestion and what dietary changes might be necessary for patients with this condition, thus emphasizing the liver's role in overall digestive health.

Highlights

This discussion will review the gastrointestinal system's anatomy and physiology.

Prepare to learn actively and participate in your own learning process.

The GI system has many parts, each contributing to health and wellness.

The parasympathetic nervous system oversees the process of digestion.

Digestion involves ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

Peristalsis moves digestive materials forward through the GI tract.

The food becomes a bolus after swallowing, chyme after the stomach, and stool in the large intestine.

Mechanical and chemical processes break down food; enzymes play a crucial role in digestion.

The small intestine, approximately 20 feet long, is where most nutrient absorption occurs.

The colon reabsorbs water and electrolytes and forms stool for elimination.

The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats and aids digestion.

The pancreas secretes enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) to assist in digestion.

Advanced liver disease impacts digestion and may require dietary changes.

Be sure to understand the anatomy, processes, and enzymes involved in digestion.

Review learning objectives and test yourself on the content to ensure understanding.

Transcripts

this will be a discussion of the

gastrointestinal system and a review of

the anatomy and physiology of the system

before you dive into this content

be sure you are free from distractions

and can debit your full attention

be sure that you have read the textbook

pages that are associated with this

content

be prepared to actively learn

I will be sharing my knowledge and

understanding with you but you must do

the learning

participate in your learning you will be

the nurse next to that patient not me

you need to acquire the knowledge skills

and attitudes to take care of that

patient safely competently and

compassionately

think beyond your next classroom exam

rather think about being that nurse

taking care of that patient that is what

you are preparing for not classroom

examinations

listen with curiosity asking questions

seeking answers

imagine being the nurse responsible for

the care of this patient

imagine being the patient needing this

nursing care

think about your prior experiences that

are related to this content

from both the health care provider's

point of view and or the patient's point

of view

think about building knowledge on the

foundation of what you already know

be prepared to change your understanding

of this content if new information is

presented

take advantage of this recorded source

pause as needed to think about the

content or write down notes or questions

be curious about learning more

review the content and your notes as

needed to gain understanding that you

seek

test yourself on the content to

determine if you really learned it or

not

the first thing I want you to do

is pause and reflect

I want you to start by stopping the

recording

and thinking and writing down

in these three areas

I want you to think about what you

already know about this topic

and write down at least three to five

items

I want you to stop and think about any

of your prior experiences related to the

content

I want you to write down your thoughts

and feelings related to your experiences

lastly I want you to think about what

you don't know

about this content

think about

you know Dax of knowledge and

understanding and things that you're

curious about learning

write down at least three to five items

then you'll be ready to dive into the

content

here are the learning objectives for

this discussion make sure that you

understand what the purpose of this is

and that you will be able to meet these

objectives upon the completion

this slide shows the organs of the GI

system

beginning with the mouth teeth tongue

and salivary glands and ending with the

external anal sphincter this image also

shows some organs outside the GI tract

that contribute to the processes of

digestion these include the liver or

bile is made the gallbladder were bile

is concentrated and stored and the

pancreas where digestive enzymes are

made and excreted into the GI tract

the system has many parts and each

contributes to health and wellness by

correct functioning

one part is unable to complete its

function due to disease disorder damage

Etc

then the rest of the system may have

problems completing their assigned

functions

the GI system is under the influence of

the nervous system and the

parasympathetic nervous system is what

oversees the processes of digestion

take a moment

to pause and think

think about each part of the GI system

and what it does in order for the system

to perform effectively

consider what affects this on the system

there would be if there was disease

disorder or damage to any individual

part

how would that affect the rest of the

system

how might the body compensate for the

lack of proper functioning

and how might Health Care Providers

intervene to help with the patient with

these issues

this very simplified image breaks down

the digestive processes that occur in

the GI system

the processes are ingestion propulsion

digestion absorption and elimination

once food is swallowed we had no direct

control over its movement through the

system

the entire GI tract experiences

peristalsis that moves the digestive

materials continuously forward through

the system

peristalsis is what we are listening to

when we auscultate vowel sounds

digestion takes place both mechanically

and chemically chewing and churning

mechanically break down food and enzymes

and acids are created and excreted by

various organs and Aid in the chemical

breakdown of food

we call what we put into our mouths food

once chewed and swallowed it is Charmed

a food bolus

after leaving the stomach it is called

chyme and once it enters into the large

intestines it is called stool

absorption of nutrients occurs in the

intestines and we'll talk more about

that

in a few slides

a time for you to pause and think

recall the term a paralytic Ileus

what part of the GI process is not

functioning correctly in this condition

recall the term constipation what part

of the GI process is not functioning

correctly in this condition

imagine a patient with damaged teeth and

salivary glands what part of the process

would be impacted by this deficit

the GI tract is divided into the upper

and lower parts

the upper part goes from the mouth the

front of the duodenum

the glands of the math secrete

approximately 1.5 liters of saliva a day

these secretions contain water mucus and

enzymes notably salivary amylase that

begins to break down of food chemically

chewing Begins the mechanical breakdown

of food food is then passed through the

esophagus into the stomach the esophagus

is a muscular tube that propels the food

bolus into the stomach the food bolus

enter the stomach or it is broken down

by acids and enzymes secreted by the

stomach that contribute to the chemical

breakdown and it is Charmed and mixed by

the action of the stomach contributing

to the mechanical breakdown of the food

bolus

as the stomach turns mixing the bones

with acids and enzymes the broken down

bits are propelled through the pyloric

sphincter and forced into the duodenum

of the small intestines

the stomach makes approximately 2.4

liters of fluid per day

in the form of acids and enzymes and

consider how what we eat and how well we

chew might impact the work of the

stomach that it must do to break down

the food bolus into time and pass it

through the small intestines

if not properly broken down the small

intestines will not be able to absorb

the nutrients in the in the crime

some foods that can be moved through

without being properly broken down

include corn nuts and seeds

most of the time these will pass

harmlessly through the GI tract but

sometimes they are the cause of problems

in the large or small intestines

the small intestine is made up of three

sections that process the chyme and

allow absorption of nutrients the total

length is approximately 20 feet

digestive enzymes of the small

intestines are maltase sucrose sucrase

and lactase the duodenum is the shortest

section it's about 10 to 15 inches and

it's the c-shaped passage where the

enzymes and bile salts are added to the

chyme to further digestion and promote

absorption

the duodenum is where iron is absorbed

the next section is the genome it is

approximately eight feet long most other

nutrients are absorbed in this section

the ilium is approximately 12 feet long

Villi provide a large surface area for

nutrients to be absorbed into the

bloodstream and distributed throughout

the body

the colon begins at the cecum in the

lower right quadrant of the abdomen

appendix is located at the joining of

the ilium and the cecum

the next Sun section is called the

ascending colon

and then the colon turns to cross the

abdomen and that section is called the

transverse colon then it turns again and

becomes the descending colon the colon

then turns again into the sigmoid colon

and then it enters into the anal canal

Transit through the large intestine

takes approximately 12 to 24 hours

and no significant digestion takes place

in the large intestines the colon

reabsorbs water and electrolytes from

the chyme and shapes the residual waste

products into a stool for elimination

the amount of time that food

um

the amount of time that the kind spends

in the colon impacts the consistency of

the stool

time for you to pause and think

I would like for you to consider a

patient with a small bowel obstruction

think about how that would impact

peristalsis

think about will that stop the rest of

the system from secreting its acids

acids and enzymes

and what kind of signs and symptoms

would this patient experience under this

condition

and then consider other patient

scenarios with a disease disorder or

damage to each piece of this process

and how it would impact the system as a

whole

as previously mentioned there are other

organs that contribute to the process of

digestion

and these include the liver the

gallbladder and the pancreas

the limit contributes to digestion by

creating bile that emulsifies and breaks

down fat

bile is stored and concentrated in the

gallbladder and then is released into

the duodenum by the common bile duct

which is shared with the pancreas

the liver produces 500 to a thousand

males a day of the bile and increases

production and release when the GI

system contains fatty time

so it senses the consistency and makeup

of the kind and changes its secretions

based on that

the pancreas has both endocrine and

exocrine functions

will um

remember that an endocrine gland

secretes into the bloodstream for

systemic use and an exocrine gland

secretes viaducts for local use

we're going to talk about the endocrine

function of the pancreas when we do the

endocrine system

but the exocrine function of the

pancreas includes production and

secretion of enzymes that aid in

digestion

including amylase protease and lipase

these are extraded through the

pancreatic duct into the common bile

duct and then into the duodenum of the

small intestines

all right now on to elimination

um the rectum is usually empty

but when stool or feces are moved into

the rectum pushed forward by peristalsis

then we get the reflex initiated to

defecate and the anal sphincter is what

holds the anus closed until we choose to

release that sphincter and release the

feces and stool that is within our

bodies and have a bowel movement

here's another opportunity for you to

pause and think I would like for you to

consider that a patient you're caring

for has advanced liver disease

how will that impact the digestive

process of the whole body

would the nurse need to teach the

patient to make any changes in their

diet related to this condition

some of the things that you'll need to

make sure that you review and recall are

all the anatomical parts of the GI

system

all of the processes that take place

throughout the system and which pieces

of the system do those

processes

and then the enzymes and digestive

secretions that come into play to

further the breakdown and digestion and

processing of the food

this is the end of the content

be sure to review these learning

objectives

test yourself on this information

if you still have gaps in your knowledge

review this presentation dig into your

textbook watch videos and or seek

tutoring until you are sure of your

knowledge and understanding of this

content

thank you