Histoire des juifs - Résumé depuis 750 av. J-C jusqu'aux conflit israélo-palestinien
Summary
TLDRThe video script chronicles the complex history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning with the ancient kingdoms of the Middle East. It details the conquests by various empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Romans, and the subsequent Jewish diaspora. The narrative continues through the rise of Christianity and Islam, the Jewish golden age in Al-Andalus, and the persecutions during the Crusades and the Black Death. It touches on the Jewish migration and the emergence of Zionism in response to pogroms and the need for a homeland. The script culminates in the political machinations of World War I, the Balfour Declaration, and the establishment of the British Mandate in Palestine, setting the stage for the modern conflict.
Takeaways
- 🏛 The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has ancient roots, dating back to 750 BC with the kingdom of Israel amidst the Assyrian and Egyptian empires.
- 🛡️ The Assyrians conquered the capital Samaria in -722, leading to a migration to Judah and Jerusalem, which later faced Babylonian conquest.
- 🕌 After the fall of Babylon, the Achaemenid Persian Empire allowed Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and culture, including the temple of Solomon and the writing of the Torah.
- 🗺️ Alexander the Great's conquests led to the division of his empire into Hellenistic kingdoms, with Judea under Ptolemaic control and later influenced by Hellenic culture.
- ⚔️ Roman conquest and subsequent revolts resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem's temple and the dispersal of Jews, with the Wailing Wall as a lasting symbol.
- 🕋 The rise of Islam and Arab conquests led to a period of tolerance for Jews, with Jerusalem becoming a holy city for three monotheistic religions.
- 📚 Jewish culture flourished in Al-Andalus during the Arab rule in the Iberian Peninsula, while in Europe, Jews played a crucial role as traders between Catholics and Muslims.
- 🛑 The Crusades brought violence against Jewish communities, who were seen as deicides, and led to further persecution and expulsions.
- 🗡️ The Black Death and the subsequent accusations of well-poisoning led to widespread persecution and expulsion of Jews from various European regions.
- 🏰 The Reconquista in Spain resulted in Jews being forced to convert or leave, with many settling in the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania.
- 🌍 The 17th-century massacres and subsequent migrations led to a significant Jewish population in the Russian Empire, where they faced pogroms and eventually emigrated to the USA and Western Europe.
- 🏛️ The First Zionist Congress in 1897 marked the beginning of the organized effort to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, setting the stage for the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Q & A
What was the historical context of the Middle East around 750 BC?
-Around 750 BC, the Middle East was divided into several small kingdoms and city-states, situated between the Assyrian Empire in the north and Egypt in the south, with the kingdom of Israel being one of them.
What significant event occurred in -722 when the Assyrian Empire took control of the capital Samaria?
-In -722, the capital Samaria fell to the Assyrian Empire, leading to a portion of the population fleeing to the kingdom of Judah and Jerusalem.
How did the Babylonians' conquest impact the region after the fall of the Assyrian Empire?
-After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonians took over the region, eventually razing Jerusalem and moving a significant part of the population to their capital.
What was the significance of the Achaemenid Persian Empire's takeover of Babylon in -539?
-In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire took over Babylon and allowed the formerly defeated peoples, including a good part of the Judeans, to return to their lands and rebuild their cities and culture.
How did Alexander the Great's conquests affect Judea and the Jewish community?
-Alexander the Great's conquests led to Judea coming under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and a Jewish community settling in Alexandria, where the Torah was translated into Greek.
What cultural conflict arose between Hellenic and Jewish cultures in Judea?
-A cultural conflict arose when an altar in the temple was dedicated to the worship of Zeus, leading to a traditionalist Jewish militia organizing and regaining control of Jerusalem, restoring the temple and making the kingdom of Judea independent.
What were the consequences of the Roman conquest of the region a century after Alexander the Great's death?
-Following the Roman conquest, the Judeans attempted two revolts, both of which were violently suppressed, resulting in the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, and the prohibition of Jews in Judea.
How did the rise of Islam and the Arab conquest in the seventh century affect the Jewish population?
-With the rise of Islam and the Arab conquest, Jews were generally tolerated by the Arabs, and only polytheistic peoples were converted by force. The city of Jerusalem became a holy city for the three monotheistic religions.
What was the situation of Jews in Western Europe during the time of the Seljuk Turks' expansion?
-During the time of the Seljuk Turks' expansion, Jews in Western Europe were persecuted, especially during the organization of the Crusades, where they were massacred as they were seen as a deicide people.
How did the Black Death of 1347 impact the Jewish communities in Europe?
-The Black Death led to rumors accusing Jews of poisoning wells, resulting in their persecution and eventual expulsion, particularly along the Rhine-Rhone axis.
What was the outcome of the first Zionist Congress in 1897 and how did it relate to the British Balfour Declaration?
-The first Zionist Congress in 1897 planned to establish a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine. This was followed by the Balfour Declaration, in which British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour promised a Jewish national home in Palestine in exchange for financial aid from Jewish banks.
Outlines
🏛️ Ancient Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
This paragraph delves into the historical roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning with the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East in 750 BC. It outlines the Assyrian Empire's control over the region, including the kingdom of Israel and its people's veneration of Yahweh. The narrative continues through the fall of Samaria, the Babylonian conquest, and the subsequent periods of Egyptian and Babylonian rule. The Achaemenid Persian Empire's takeover and the return of Judeans to Jerusalem to rebuild their city and culture are highlighted. The paragraph also covers the Hellenistic period, the Roman conquest, and the Jewish revolts, leading to the destruction of the temple and the dispersion of Jews. The rise of Christianity and Islam, the golden age of Jewish culture in Al-Andalus, and the shifting fortunes of Jews in Europe are also discussed, culminating in the Seljuk Turks' arrival and the beginning of the crusades.
🛡️ The Crusades and the Shifting Jewish Demographics
This paragraph explores the impact of the crusades on Jewish communities and the subsequent shifts in Jewish demographics across Europe and the Middle East. It starts with the Black Death's devastation in Europe and the false accusations against Jews, leading to their persecution and expulsion. The Reconquista in Spain and the forced conversion or expulsion of Jews are detailed, along with their migration to the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania. The paragraph then discusses the massacre of Jews during the 1648 Ukrainian Cossack revolt and the subsequent diaspora within the Russian Empire. The rise of pogroms and the Jewish emigration to the USA and Western Europe are covered, setting the stage for the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897. The paragraph concludes with the geopolitical machinations during World War I, the Balfour Declaration, and the post-war division of the Near East, marking the beginning of the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Israeli-Palestinian conflict
💡Assyrian Empire
💡Babylonians
💡Achaemenid Persian Empire
💡Alexander the Great
💡Ptolemaic dynasty
💡Roman Empire
💡Wailing Wall
💡Zionist Congress
💡British Mandate
💡Ottoman Empire
Highlights
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the most complex and controversial conflicts in the world.
The conflict began over a century ago between two very different peoples for the same territory.
In 750 BC, the Middle East was divided into several small kingdoms and city-states.
The kingdom of Israel was among them, with people venerating many gods including Yahweh.
In -722, the Assyrian Empire conquered the capital Samaria, leading to a population exodus to Judah and Jerusalem.
The Babylonians took over the region after the fall of Nineveh, with Jerusalem resisting and being besieged.
In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire allowed Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and culture.
Alexander the Great conquered the region in -334, but his empire was divided after his death.
Judea came under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and a Jewish community settled in Alexandria.
Hellenistic and Jewish cultures competed after Judea switched sides in a war against the Seleucid dynasty.
A traditionalist Jewish militia regained control of Jerusalem in -164, restoring the temple and making Judea independent.
The Roman army conquered the region a century later, leading to two violent revolts by the Judeans.
The first revolt in 66 resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem's temple and the creation of the Wailing Wall.
During the second revolt, Jerusalem was razed, and Jews were forbidden in Judea, leading to mass migration.
Jews faced persecution in the Mediterranean basin, especially from the Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire.
The Arab conquest in the 7th century led to Jews being tolerated, and Jerusalem became a holy city for three monotheistic religions.
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks expanded, persecuted Christians, and forbade pilgrims to Jerusalem, prompting European crusades.
The Black Death in 1347 led to rumors accusing Jews of poisoning wells, resulting in their persecution and expulsion.
The Reconquista in Spain ended with Jews being forced to convert or leave, leading many to settle in the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania.
The 17th-century revolt of Ukrainian Cossack peasants against the nobility and Jews led to mass killings and the weakening of Poland-Lithuania.
Jews emigrated to the USA and Western Europe, where conditions improved, leading to the 1897 Zionist Congress in Basel.
The Ottoman Empire opposed the Zionist project, but the British promised a Jewish national home in Palestine for financial aid.
After WWI, the Near East was divided among European powers, with Palestine coming under British mandate, marking the beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Transcripts
a hundred years ago was born a conflict that would quickly become
one of the most complex and controversial in the world
A conflict between two very different peoples for the same territory
To understand the origins of this conflict
let's take a map of the history of the Jewish people
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict will be explained in the second video
We start in 750 BC
the Middle East is divided into several small kingdoms and city-states
stuck between the Assyrian Empire in the north and Egypt in the south.
Among these is the kingdom of Israel
whose people venerate many gods including Yahweh
In -722, the capital Samaria falls to the hands of the Assyrian Empire
Part of the population then fled to the kingdom of Judah and Jerusalem
but they will be followed by the Assyrian army which continues its expansion towards the south
The region remains under control for a century
until the fall of the capital Nineveh facing the Babylonians
Egypt and Babylon will then dispute the territories of the former empire
but quickly the Babylonians take over and impose themselves in the region
Jerusalem resists this new domination and rebels
The Babylonian army then returns to besiege and ransack the city
A good part of the population is then moved to the capital
In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire takes over Babylon
The new king authorizes a return on their lands to the formerly defeated peoples
A good part of the Judeans return to Jerusalem
to build the city and organize the basics of Jewish culture
by building the temple of Solomon and writing the Torah
In -334, the young and ambitious king of Macedonia Alexander the Great
share with his army to conquer the known world
In a little more than ten years he submits a huge territory and built many cities
But exhausted by the conquest he dies at 32 years old in Babylon
No heir in old age
The empire is then divided by its generals into different Hellenistic kingdoms
Judea passes under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty
A Jewish community then settles in the new city of Alexandria
the Torah is translated into Greek
Following a war against the dynasty Seleucid, Judea changes sides
Hellenic culture and Jewish culture become competitors
to the point that an altar of the temple is now dedicated to the worship of Zeus
A traditionalist Jewish militia organizes itself and regains control of Jerusalem in -164
The temple is restored and the kingdom of Judea becomes independent
A century later, the region is conquered by the Roman army
The Judeans will try two revolts that will be violently muted
The first in 66 causes the siege of Jerusalem then the destruction of his temple
Only a wall of the enclosure resists will become the Wailing Wall
During the second revolt, the city is razed and a large part of the people are massacred
This time Jews are forbidden in Judea
Many migrate to the Galilee but also in the empire
Towards the end of the Roman Empire, the Christianity is the dominant religion
and Jerusalem a place of pilgrimage
The Jewish community that is then prosperous in the Mediterranean basin
is gradually persecuted especially among the Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire
In the seventh century, following the birth of Islam begins an Arab conquest
In some cases Jews support this conquest in the hope of better conditions
They are then tolerated by the Arabs and only the polytheistic peoples are converted by force
In Jerusalem, the dome of the rock is built
The city is now a holy city for the three monotheistic religions
The Arabs arrive to the Iberian Peninsula, which they call Al-Andalus
5% of the population and is Jewish and their culture begins a golden age
While in Europe they are tolerated as people witnesses of times before Jesus Christ
but also as sole traders between Catholics and Muslims
Which allows the Jews to establish themselves progressively throughout Western Europe
In the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks, a people from Central Asia
begins expansion and reaches Jerusalem
They persecute Christians and forbid pilgrims to the city
In response, Christians in Europe organize crusades
military and religious expeditions to the Holy City
On the way, they massacre Jewish communities
that they now see as a deicide people, who killed Jesus Christ
In 1347, the Black Death accompanies boats of Genoese traders from Caffa
In five years, the disease is spreading all of Europe
and decimates almost half of the population
Rumor spreads accusing Jews of poisoning wells
They are then persecuted mainly on the Rhine-Rhone axis and then gradually expelled
In Spain, the Reconquista ends
Catholic kings require Jews to convert or leave
A large part chose the departure and will settle along the Mediterranean coast
Mainly in the Ottoman Empire where they are welcome
Poland-Lithuania also begins a reception policy
and becomes a haven for Jews from Western Europe
In the 17th century, there are then more than 300 000, about half of the Jews in the world
But everything changed in 1648 with the revolt of the Ukrainian Cossack peasants
against the nobility and the Jews to whom they reproach a privileged relation with the power
More than 100,000 of them are massacred or fleeing the area
This episode will weaken Poland-Lithuania
which is besieged on all sides by the neighboring powers.
In 150 years, the country and eradicated and its lands are shared
The Jewish community is divided and 900,000 of them are now in the Russian Empire
where they are not welcome
They quickly become the target of popular attacks called pogroms
a Russian term meaning "devastated"
Faced with the lack of reaction from the authorities, these attacks are becoming more and more frequent
and increase in intensity until they become deadly
Jews then emigrate to the USA and Western Europe where their condition has improved
It is in this context that is organized in Basel in 1897
The first Zionist congress that plans to found a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine
But the Ottoman Empire is fiercely opposed to the project
A few years later, begins the first world war
The Ottoman Empire fights alongside Germany
Opposite, the allies are in trouble and seek new supports
The Minister of Foreign Affairs British Arthur Balfour
then writes an open letter promising a Jewish national home in Palestine
against financial aid from Jewish banks
In parallel the British push Arabs to rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
by promising them independence in the liberated territories
At the end of the war, the Near East is dismantled and shared between the European powers
Palestine goes under British mandate
This is the beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
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