¿CÓMO dibujar estructuras de LEWIS? 1º parte.

Al fin entendí
9 Aug 202108:58

Summary

TLDRThis educational video script teaches viewers how to draw Lewis structures for both ionic and covalent compounds. It begins with a refresher on valence electrons and their representation in Lewis structures. The script then guides through creating Lewis structures for ionic compounds like potassium iodide and lithium oxide, emphasizing the transfer of electrons to achieve a full octet. For covalent compounds, examples like chlorine diatomic and bromine monoxide illustrate how atoms share electrons to complete their octets. The script simplifies complex concepts, making it accessible for learners to grasp the basics of chemical bonding.

Takeaways

  • 😀 Lewis structures represent the valence electrons of an atom, which are the electrons in the outermost energy level.
  • 🔬 Elements from Group 1 in the periodic table have one valence electron, while Group 2 elements have two, and so on, increasing by one electron per group.
  • 🌐 Noble gases, except for helium, have a full octet of eight valence electrons and typically do not form bonds.
  • ⚛️ In ionic compounds, like potassium iodide, the metal (potassium) transfers its valence electron to the non-metal (iodine) to complete its octet.
  • 🔋 The charge of ions is indicated by a positive sign for the metal that loses an electron and a negative sign for the non-metal that gains an electron.
  • 🧠 For covalent compounds, atoms share electrons to complete their octet, as seen in the diatomic chlorine molecule where each chlorine atom shares one electron to form a single bond.
  • 🔬 The central atom in a Lewis structure is often the one that is not repeated in the compound, such as oxygen in lithium oxide.
  • 🔗 In covalent bonding, the number of bonds an atom forms is equal to the number of electrons it needs to complete its octet.
  • 🔍 To verify a Lewis structure, ensure that all atoms have a complete octet, which means they have eight electrons in their valence shell.
  • 📚 The process of creating Lewis structures is likened to solving a puzzle, where the central atom is found first, and then other atoms are added to complete the structure.

Q & A

  • What is the purpose of a Lewis structure?

    -The purpose of a Lewis structure is to represent the valence electrons of an atom, showing how they are arranged around the atom and how they participate in the formation of chemical bonds.

  • How many valence electrons does sodium have and how is it represented in a Lewis structure?

    -Sodium has one valence electron, which is represented by its symbol with a single dot in a Lewis structure.

  • What is the significance of an octet in Lewis structures?

    -An octet refers to having eight electrons in the valence shell, which is a stable electron configuration. Elements tend to form bonds to achieve this stable configuration.

  • Which group in the periodic table has one valence electron?

    -Group 1 elements in the periodic table have one valence electron.

  • Why are noble gases not typically involved in bond formation according to the script?

    -Noble gases are not typically involved in bond formation because they already have a full valence shell with eight electrons, making them chemically stable and less likely to react.

  • What is the chemical formula for potassium iodide and how does it form an ionic bond?

    -The chemical formula for potassium iodide is KI. It forms an ionic bond through the transfer of one electron from potassium (a group 1 element) to iodine (a group 7 element), resulting in potassium having a +1 charge and iodine having a -1 charge.

  • How do you determine the central atom in a Lewis structure?

    -The central atom in a Lewis structure is typically the least electronegative atom or the one that is not repeated in the compound. In the case of lithium oxide, oxygen is chosen as the central atom because it is not repeated.

  • What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds in the context of Lewis structures?

    -In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, while in covalent bonds, electrons are shared between atoms. Ionic bonds often involve metals and nonmetals, whereas covalent bonds typically involve nonmetals.

  • How does aluminum chloride form its Lewis structure?

    -In aluminum chloride, aluminum (with 3 valence electrons) forms covalent bonds with three chlorine atoms (each with 7 valence electrons). Each chlorine atom shares one electron with aluminum to complete its octet, resulting in a -1 charge for each chlorine and a +3 charge for aluminum.

  • What is the process to ensure that all atoms in a Lewis structure satisfy the octet rule?

    -To ensure that all atoms satisfy the octet rule, count the total number of electrons around each atom, including those in bonds. Each bond counts as two electrons, and the goal is for each atom to have eight electrons in its valence shell.

  • How do you verify the correctness of a Lewis structure for a covalent compound?

    -You verify the correctness of a Lewis structure for a covalent compound by ensuring that all atoms have a complete octet (eight electrons in their valence shell) and that the total number of electrons used in the structure matches the sum of the valence electrons of the atoms in the compound.

Outlines

00:00

🧪 Lewis Structures for Ionic and Covalent Compounds

This paragraph introduces the concept of Lewis structures, focusing on how to draw them for both ionic and covalent compounds. It explains that Lewis structures represent the valence electrons of an atom, which are the electrons in the outermost energy level. The paragraph provides a brief overview of how to determine the number of valence electrons for elements in the periodic table, using group numbers as a guide. It then delves into the process of creating Lewis structures for ionic compounds, using potassium iodide as an example. The process involves identifying the number of valence electrons for each element, choosing an atom to donate electrons (potassium), and an atom to receive them (iodine), resulting in the formation of an ionic bond. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of completing the octet for non-metals and assigning charges to the ions based on electron transfer.

05:02

🔬 Lewis Structures for More Complex Compounds

The second paragraph continues the discussion on Lewis structures, focusing on more complex examples such as lithium oxide and aluminum chloride. It reiterates the steps for creating Lewis structures, including identifying valence electrons, choosing a central atom, and forming bonds to complete the octet for non-metals. The paragraph explains the concept of sharing electrons in covalent bonds, contrasting it with the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Examples are used to illustrate the process of forming Lewis structures for covalent compounds, emphasizing the need to ensure that all atoms achieve a stable octet. The paragraph concludes with a brief mention of noble gases, which are not typically involved in bonding due to their complete octets, and helium, which is an exception with only two valence electrons.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Lewis Structure

A Lewis structure is a graphical representation of the valence electrons of an atom, molecule, or ion. It helps to predict the bonding and molecular geometry of a compound. In the video, Lewis structures are used to illustrate how atoms form bonds to achieve a stable electron configuration, such as the octet rule. For instance, the script describes how the sodium (Na) atom, with one valence electron, forms an ionic bond with chlorine (Cl), which has seven valence electrons, to complete its octet.

💡Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, which are involved in chemical bonding. They are crucial in determining an element's reactivity and bonding behavior. The video script explains that valence electrons are represented by dots around the element's symbol in a Lewis structure, and these electrons are involved in forming bonds to achieve a stable configuration, like the octet.

💡Octet Rule

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valence shell. This rule is a fundamental concept in the video, as it guides the formation of Lewis structures. For example, the script mentions that elements in Group 1 have one valence electron and thus form one bond, while elements in Group 17 (halogens) have seven valence electrons and need one more electron to complete their octet.

💡Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are formed by the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. The video explains the formation of ionic compounds through the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal to achieve a stable electron configuration. An example given is potassium iodide (KI), where potassium (K), a metal from Group 1, transfers its single valence electron to iodine (I), a non-metal from Group 17.

💡Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are formed when two or more non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The video script describes the process of forming covalent bonds, where electrons are shared rather than transferred. An example is the diatomic molecule of chlorine (Cl2), where two chlorine atoms each share one electron to complete their octets.

💡Central Atom

In a Lewis structure, the central atom is the one that is typically least electronegative and around which other atoms bond. The video script discusses how to identify the central atom in a compound, often by choosing the one that is not repeated in the chemical formula. For example, in lithium oxide (Li2O), oxygen is chosen as the central atom because it is not repeated, unlike lithium.

💡Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. It plays a role in determining the type of bond formed between atoms. The video script implies the concept of electronegativity when discussing which atoms are likely to form ionic or covalent bonds, with metals typically being less electronegative and non-metals more electronegative.

💡Charge

The charge on an atom in a compound is the net positive or negative charge it carries due to the transfer or sharing of electrons. The video script explains how to assign charges to atoms in a Lewis structure based on the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds or the formation of covalent bonds. For example, in potassium iodide, iodine gains an electron and carries a negative charge, while potassium loses an electron and carries a positive charge.

💡Bonding Pair

A bonding pair refers to a pair of electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond. The video script emphasizes the importance of bonding pairs in completing the octet of each atom involved in the bond. For instance, in water (H2O), oxygen shares two pairs of electrons with hydrogen atoms, forming two covalent bonds and achieving an octet for oxygen.

💡Lone Pair

A lone pair of electrons is a pair of non-bonding electrons that remains on an atom in a molecule. The video script discusses how lone pairs affect the geometry of a molecule and contribute to the octet rule. For example, in water, oxygen has two lone pairs in addition to the two bonding pairs, making a total of eight electrons in its valence shell.

Highlights

Introduction to Lewis structures for both ionic and covalent compounds.

Explanation of valence electrons and their representation in Lewis structures.

Sodium's single valence electron and its Lewis dot notation.

Chlorine's eight valence electrons and the concept of a complete octet.

General rule for valence electrons based on the periodic table groups.

Exception of helium as a noble gas with only two valence electrons.

Formation of ionic bonds through electron transfer exemplified by potassium iodide.

Identification of valence electrons for ionic compounds using the periodic table.

Electron transfer from potassium to iodine to achieve an octet in ionic bonding.

The importance of assigning charges after electron transfer in ionic compounds.

Example of lithium oxide and its Lewis structure with multiple atoms.

Selection of a central atom in Lewis structures for covalent compounds.

Formation of covalent bonds by sharing electron pairs, demonstrated with chlorine molecules.

Ensuring all atoms achieve an octet in Lewis structures through electron counting.

Verification of correct Lewis structures by checking the octet rule for all atoms.

Practical application of Lewis structures in understanding molecular bonding.

Comparison of Lewis structure construction to solving a puzzle.

Link provided for further examples and practice with Lewis structures.

Transcripts

play00:00

hola a todos en este vídeo aprenderemos

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cómo hacer la estructura de lewis de

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compuestos iónicos y covalentes

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sencillos en un vídeo pasado vimos que

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las estructuras de lewis es la

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representación de los electrones de

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valencia que tiene un átomo recordemos

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que los electrones de valencia son

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aquellos que se encuentran en el último

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nivel de energía o sea los más alejados

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del núcleo por ejemplo el sodio al tener

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un solo electrón de valencia se escribe

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su símbolo con un solo punto o el león

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que tiene 8 electrones de valencia lo

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que llamamos tener el octeto completo se

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representaría con su símbolo y 8 puntos

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alrededor y esto lo podemos hacer con

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todos los elementos de la tabla

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periódica pero comúnmente sólo

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utilizamos estos los elementos

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representativos que de manera sencilla

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conociendo un poco la tabla periódica

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podemos decir que todos los elementos

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del grupo 1 tienen un solo electrón de

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valencia entonces todos tendrían la

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misma estructura de lewis los del grupo

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2 tienen 2 electrones de valencia 2 del

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grupo 3 o grupo 13 el del boro tienen 3

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el grupo del carbono tienen 4 electrones

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y así de sencillo vas agregando un

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electrón a cada grupo

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llegar a los gases nobles que tienen 8

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aunque la única excepción sería el helio

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que sólo tiene 2 pero como los gases

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nobles ni siquiera forman enlaces hoy no

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los ocuparemos en fin una vez que

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aprendes está tabla ya todo súper

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sencillo empecemos con un compuesto

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iónico fácil el yoduro de potasio la

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fórmula química nos indica que se está

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uniendo un solo átomo de yodo a uno de

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potasio y el primer paso para unirlos es

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identificar cuántos electrones de

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valencia tiene cada elemento para eso

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los buscamos en la tabla periódica y

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vemos que el potasio está en el grupo 1

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entonces tiene un electrón de valencia

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mientras el yodo está en el grupo 7

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entonces tiene 7 electrones ahora sí de

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qué se trata esto de las estructuras de

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lewis se trata de formar enlaces para

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que él no metal complete el octeto en

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este caso que el yodo tenga 8 puntos

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alrededor y es muy sencillo aquí como se

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trata de un enlace iónico lo que ocurre

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es una transferencia de electrones

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[Música]

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por lo tanto el potasio le puede ceder

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su electrón al yodo para que éste

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complete su objeto solo recuerda poner

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las cargas el que gana electrones es

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negativo y el que los pierde es positivo

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y básicamente ese es todo el chiste

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mover electrones hasta poder ver el

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octeto vamos con otro ejemplo para

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agarrarle mejor la onda el óxido de

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litio que tiene esta fórmula entonces

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aquí tenemos que hacer una estructura de

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lewis que incluye dos átomos de litio y

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uno de oxígeno y vamos de nuevo por

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pasos el primero es identificar cuántos

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electrones de valencia tiene cada átomo

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sacamos en la tabla periódica y vemos

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que el litio es del grupo 1 entonces

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tiene un electrón mientras el oxígeno

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está en el grupo 6 entonces tiene 6

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electrones aquí hay un detalle como

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tenemos más de dos átomos el siguiente

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paso es elegir un átomo central que es

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eso mira todos estos compuestos

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podrías verlos todos muy diferentes pero

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en si hay una constante todos tienen un

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rato en el centro que es donde

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prácticamente se unen los demás átomos

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digamos que es el pilar de una

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estructura de lewis es el átomo central

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y una vez encontrando lo ya nada es

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complicado en sí hay varias reglas que

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te dicen cuál debería ser el átomo

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central pero cada regla siempre tiene

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una excepción entonces por ahora solo

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usemos la regla más básica el átomo

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central es el que no se repita en este

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caso vemos que hay dos litros y un

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oxígeno

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entonces mejor ponemos al oxígeno como

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el átomo central es uno solo a eso nos

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referimos con que no se repita ahora si

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el último paso es formar enlaces para

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completar el octeto del no metal en este

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caso del oxígeno que vemos le faltan dos

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electrones para completar el objeto

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entonces puede robarle su electrón a

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cada litio y ya tiene sus 8 electrones

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de valencia así de fácil ya sólo ponemos

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las cargas correspondientes el oxígeno

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con -2 porque ganó 2 electrones y los

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videos con + 1 y por último veamos el

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caso del cloruro de aluminio donde según

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la fórmula tenemos un aluminio y 3

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cloros igual por pasos primero

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identificamos los electrones de valencia

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el aluminio tiene 3

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mientras cada cloro tiene 7 después

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elegimos un átomo central que en este

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caso sería el aluminio de nuevo por ser

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el átomo que no se repite ahora si

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formamos enlaces vemos que el cloro

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tiene 7 electrones entonces le puede

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robar un electrón al aluminio para

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completar los 8 y podemos hacer lo mismo

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con los otros 2 cloros cada quien le

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quitaría otro electrón al aluminio

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ponemos las cargas correspondientes y

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listo el cloruro de aluminio en

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estructura de lewis y con estos ejemplos

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creo que es suficiente para entenderlos

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en la sesión y coss ahora sí vamos con

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los compuestos covalentes que en ellos

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tienen más importancia de la estructura

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del evento

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[Música]

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[Aplausos]

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vamos con uno fácil el cloro de atómico

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dos átomos de cloro unidos entre ellos

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prácticamente son los mismos pasos

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primero los buscamos en la tabla aunque

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ya vimos que tienen siete electrones de

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valencia en este caso no hace falta

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identificar el átomo central porque solo

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son dos átomos nos podemos ir directo a

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formar enlaces pero aquí vamos a formar

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enlaces covalentes recuerda que un

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enlace covalente es cuando se comparte

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un par de electrones

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esa es la diferencia con los ejemplos

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pasados no podemos pasar electrones de

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un átomo a otro aquí se tienen que

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compartir entre ellos aunque aquí creo

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es más fácil ahí te va el truco como ya

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supimos que el cloro tiene 7 electrones

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de valencia significa que le falta un

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electrón para completar su objeto por lo

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tanto el cloro tiene que formar un solo

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enlace entonces simplemente cada cloro

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comparte un electrón y se forma un

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enlace sencillo entre ellos esa sería la

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estructura de lewis pero aquí vamos a

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agregar un paso asegurarnos que los

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átomos complete en el octeto simplemente

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tenemos que contar electrones por

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ejemplo vemos este cloro y tiene 6

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electrones libres y un enlace recuerda

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que el enlace es un par de electrones

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compartidos entonces prácticamente vale

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por dos lo que nos daría el total de 8

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electrones el octeto completo

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y lógicamente sería lo mismo con el otro

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cloro 1 2 3 4 5 6 y 8 electrones con

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esto te aseguras que la estructura de

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lewis es correcta ahora veamos otro

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ejemplo para que confirmes estos pasos

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hagamos el monóxido de de bromo 2 bramos

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con un oxígeno iniciamos identificando

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el número de electrones el oxígeno tiene

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6 mientras los bromas tienen 7 de

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acuerdo con su acomodo en la tabla ahora

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elegimos el átomo central que sería el

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oxígeno recuerda el que no se repita y

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empezamos a formar enlaces usando el

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mismo razonamiento el bromo tiene 7

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electrones de valencia entonces tiene

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que formar un enlace para completar el

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octeto entonces empecemos por ahí

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formemos un enlace lógicamente con el

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átomo central para eso tiene que

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compartir un electrón el bromo y 1 el

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oxígeno así se forma un enlace sencillo

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ok

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hasta ahí todo bien

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podemos pensar que ocurre lo mismo con

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el otro bromo necesita formar un solo

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enlace pues lo unimos al oxígeno de la

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misma manera

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y me lo creas o no ya acabamos la

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estructura de lewis y te lo compruebo de

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dos maneras el oxígeno tiene 6

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electrones entonces le faltan 2

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electrones para completar el octeto por

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lo tanto tiene que formar dos enlaces

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para completar los 8 y eso es lo que

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vemos en la estructura que hicimos un

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oxígeno con dos enlaces y ni siquiera

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pensamos en eso nosotros nos estábamos

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ocupando de los globos primero otra

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forma de confirmarlo sería con el cuarto

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paso verificar que todos los átomos

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cumplan el octeto empezamos por este

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bromo tiene 2 4 6 y recuerda que el

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enlace vale por dos tiene 8 electrones

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ahora vemos el oxígeno y tiene 24 un

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enlace son 6 más otro enlace ya son 8

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todos cumplen el octeto aquí entonces

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esta estructura es correcta es fácil

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como yo lo veo hacer las estructuras de

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lewis es como hacer un rompecabezas

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simplemente encuentras la pieza central

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y vas uniendo las demás piezas tratando

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de que en bonn el o sea tratando de que

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cumplan su objeto y con el tiempo vas

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aprendiendo nuevos trucos para que

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embonan las piezas

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por ejemplo veamos el caso del oxígeno

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de atómico te dejo el link para la

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continuación es rápido sólo 34 ejemplos

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más para entender mejor este tema ahí

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nos vemos

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